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Estrogen Metabolism-Associated CYP2D6 and IL6-174G/C Polymorphisms in Schistosoma haematobium Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122560. [PMID: 29182577 PMCID: PMC5751163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma haematobium is a human blood fluke causing a chronic infection called urogenital schistosomiasis. Squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (SCC) constitutes chronic sequelae of this infection, and S. haematobium infection is accounted as a risk factor for this type of cancer. This infection is considered a neglected tropical disease and is endemic in numerous countries in Africa and the Middle East. Schistosome eggs produce catechol-estrogens. These estrogenic molecules are metabolized to active quinones that induce modifications in DNA. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are a superfamily of mono-oxygenases involved in estrogen biosynthesis and metabolism, the generation of DNA damaging procarcinogens, and the response to anti-estrogen therapies. IL6 Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine expressed in various tissues. This cytokine is largely expressed in the female urogenital tract as well as reproductive organs. Very high or very low levels of IL-6 are associated with estrogen metabolism imbalance. In the present study, we investigated the polymorphic variants in the CYP2D6 gene and the C-174G promoter polymorphism of the IL-6 gene on S. haematobium-infected children patients from Guine Bissau. CYP2D6 inactivated alleles (28.5%) and IL6G-174C (13.3%) variants were frequent in S. haematobium-infected patients when compared to previously studied healthy populations (4.5% and 0.05%, respectively). Here we discuss our recent findings on these polymorphisms and whether they can be predictive markers of schistosome infection and/or represent potential biomarkers for urogenital schistosomiasis associated bladder cancer and infertility.
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Botelho M, Alves H, Richter J. Estrogen catechols detection as biomarkers in schistosomiasis induced cancer and infertility. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2017; 14:135-138. [PMID: 28018158 PMCID: PMC5179139 DOI: 10.2174/1570180813666160720165057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Urogenital schistosomiasis is a chronic infection caused by the human blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium. Schistosomiasis haematobium is a known risk factor for cancer leading to squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (SCC). This is a neglected tropical disease endemic in many countries of Africa and the Middle East. Schistosome eggs produce catechol-estrogens. These molecules are metabolized to active quinones that cause alterations in DNA (leading in other contexts to breast or thyroid cancer). Our group have shown that schistosome egg associated catechol estrogens induce tumor-like phenotypes in urothelial cells, originated from parasite estrogen-host cell chromosomal DNA adducts and mutations. Here we review recent findings on the role of estrogen-DNA adducts and how their shedding in urine may be prognostic of schistosome infection and/or represent potential biomarkers for urogenital schistosomiasis associated bladder cancer and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.C. Botelho
- INSA, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - H. Alves
- INSA, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - J. Richter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Botelho MC, Machado A, Carvalho A, Vilaça M, Conceição O, Rosa F, Alves H, Richter J, Bordalo AA. Schistosoma haematobium in Guinea-Bissau: unacknowledged morbidity due to a particularly neglected parasite in a particularly neglected country. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1567-72. [PMID: 26755362 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the major neglected tropical helminthic disease worldwide. Current knowledge on the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Guinea-Bissau is scarce and regarding to the absence of Schistosoma haematobium (S.h.). Therefore, a pilot study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and morbidity due to S.h. infection in randomly selected 90 children and adolescents aged 6 to 15 years. Prevalence of S.h. infection was 20.00 % (18/90). Microhematuria was observed in 61.11 % (11/18) of S.h.-egg-excreting vs. 37.50 % (27/72) of non-S.h.-egg-excreting children p ≤ 0.01. Body mass index (BMI) was less than 15 kg/m(2) in 52/90 (57.78 %) of all children and adolescents, but this proportion increased to 66.67 % (12/18) in S.h.-infected children who were more frequently stunted and wasted than in non-infected children. The mean weight-for-age Z score (WAZ) was reduced in S.h. infected as compared to non-infected children (-1.48 ± 1.08 SD vs. -0.80 ± 1.11 SD; p ≤ 0.01). To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiologic report on S. haematobium infection in Guinea-Bissau since 22 years. Even in this relatively small study sample, it appears that S. haematobium, besides the well-known symptoms such as hematuria, leads to significant, albeit commonly unacknowledged morbidity such as stunting and wasting. These observations underscore the notion that this vulnerable but neglected population urgently needs to be targeted for implementation of measures for treatment and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Botelho
- INSA, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP/I3S, Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology/Instituto de Investigação e Inovação, da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Machado
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Carvalho
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hospital Santo Antonio-Centro Hospitalar do Porto (CHP), Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Fernanda Rosa
- IICT, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Alves
- INSA, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joachim Richter
- Tropical Medicine Unit, Department for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Adriano Agostinho Bordalo
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Eissa S, Matboli M, Shawky S, Essawy NOE. Urine biomarkers of schistosomiais and its associated bladder cancer. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:985-93. [PMID: 26105083 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1051032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis (SCH) is the second only to malaria among the parasitic diseases affecting humans regarding the prevalence of infection worldwide. In this nonsystematic review, we summarize the existing data on commercially available and promising investigational urine markers for the detection of SCH and its associated bladder cancer (BC). We searched PubMed, Scopus and Cochran without time limits. We reviewed the recent literatures on urine-based markers for SCH and its associated BC. Many studies identified several urine biomarkers of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni worms and their associated BC using automated, inexpensive, quantitative assays in urine. These markers may aid in early detection of bladder carcinoma and have the potential to reduce the number of follow-up cystoscopy, thus reducing healthcare costs and patient discomfort, at the same time. Nevertheless, clinical evidence is insufficient to warrant the substitution of the cystoscopic follow-up scheme by any of the currently available urine marker tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa Eissa
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Oncology Diagnostic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, P.O. box 11381, Egypt
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Botelho MC, Alves H, Barros A, Rinaldi G, Brindley PJ, Sousa M. The role of estrogens and estrogen receptor signaling pathways in cancer and infertility: the case of schistosomes. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:246-50. [PMID: 25837311 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Schistosoma haematobium, a parasitic flatworm that infects more than 100 million people, mostly in the developing world, is the causative agent of urogenital schistosomiasis, and is associated with a high incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder. Schistosomiasis haematobia also appears to negatively influence fertility, and is particularly associated with female infertility. Given that estrogens and estrogen receptors are key players in human reproduction, we speculate that schistosome estrogen-like molecules may contribute to infertility through hormonal imbalances. Here, we review recent findings on the role of estrogens and estrogen receptors on both carcinogenesis and infertility associated with urogenital schistosomiasis and discuss the basic hormonal mechanisms that might be common in cancer and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica C Botelho
- INSA, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP, Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of the University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Helena Alves
- INSA, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Barros
- Centre for Reproductive Genetics Prof. Alberto Barros, Porto, Portugal; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Tropical and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Tropical and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Mário Sousa
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research-UMIB, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Schistosomiasis haematobia is among the most prevalent parasitosis in Angola. The pathology is characterized by serious and irreversible lesions in the urogenital tract induced by chronic infection with the parasite that can eventually lead to squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Considering the frequency and severe morbidity observed, even in younger ages, the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and morbidity of S. haematobium infection in Angola. A baseline survey was conducted between November 2007 and February 2008. A randomly sample of 300 inhabitants aged 15 to 75 years old participated in this study. Prevalence of S. haematobium infection was 71.7 % (215/300). Infection was higher in females (56.3 %) but no significant difference was found in prevalence and intensity between gender and age groups. The predominant selfreported symptoms were dysuria (91.2 %), hypogastralgia (88.7 %) and haematuria (87.1%) and these symptoms were strongly associated with S. haematobium infection (p<0.05). Ultrasound and cystoscopy examinations performed in a sub-sample of 29 individuals revealed pathological conditions at the urinary tract in all examined. Considering the high prevalence of S. haematobium infections in Angola and schistosomiasis-associated bladder cancer, our results indicate that this population should be targeted for follow up and implementation of measures for treatment and control of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Botelho
- INSA, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal ; IPATIMUP, Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of the University of Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Helena Alves
- INSA, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
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