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Farzamikia N, Hejazian SM, Mostafavi S, Baradaran B, Zununi Vahed S, Ardalan M. Podocyte-specific proteins in urinary extracellular vesicles of patients with IgA nephropathy: Vasorin and ceruloplasmin. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2023; 14:29981. [PMID: 38938751 PMCID: PMC11199928 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2023.29981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) can be considered biomarkers of kidney diseases. EVs derived from podocytes may reflect podocyte damage in different glomerular diseases. IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most common forms of glomerulonephritis (GN) characterized by proteinuria and hematuria. This study aimed to analyze the uEVs of IgAN patients to understand the pathophysiological processes of the disease at the protein level. Methods Patients with GN [biopsy-proven IgAN (n = 16) and membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN, n = 16)], and healthy controls (n = 16) were included in this study. The uEVs were extracted, characterized, and analyzed to evaluate the protein levels of candidate markers of IgAN, including vasorin precursor, aminopeptidase N, and ceruloplasmin by western-blot analysis. Results Higher levels of both podocytes and EVs-related proteins were observed in the pooled urine samples of GN patients compared to the healthy controls. In IgAN patients, uEV-protein levels of vasorin were statistically lower while levels of ceruloplasmin were significantly higher compared to MGN (P = 0.002, P = 0.06) and healthy controls, respectively (P = 0.020, P= 0.001). Conclusion Different levels of the studied proteins in uEVs may indicate podocyte injury and represent a direct association with the pathology of IgAN and MGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Farzamikia
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Soroush Mostafavi
- Department of Cardiology, Hazrat-e-Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Cara-Fuentes G, Smoyer WE. Biomarkers in pediatric glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:2659-2673. [PMID: 33389089 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glomerular diseases are often chronic or recurring and thus associated with a tremendous physical, psychological, and economic burden. Their etiologies are often unknown, and their pathogeneses are frequently poorly understood. The diagnoses and management of these diseases are therefore based on clinical features, traditional laboratory markers, and, often, kidney pathology. However, the clinical presentation can be highly variable, the kidney pathology may not establish a definitive diagnosis, and the therapeutic responses and resulting clinical outcomes are often unpredictable. To try to address these challenges, significant research efforts have been made over the last decade to identify potential biomarkers that can help clinicians optimize the diagnosis and prognosis at clinical presentation, as well as help predict long-term outcomes. Unfortunately, these efforts have to date only identified a single biomarker for glomerular disease that has been fully validated and developed for widespread clinical use (anti-PLA2R antibodies to diagnose membranous nephropathy). In this manuscript, we review the definitions and development of biomarkers, as well as the current knowledge on both historical and novel candidate biomarkers of glomerular disease, with an emphasis on those associated with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cara-Fuentes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Colorado, 12700 E 19th Ave, R2 building, Room 7420D, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - William E Smoyer
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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IgA nephropathy is associated with elevated urinary mitochondrial DNA copy numbers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16068. [PMID: 31690796 PMCID: PMC6831703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial injury plays important roles in the pathogenesis of various kidney diseases. However, mitochondrial injury in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) remains largely unexplored. Here, we examined the associations among mitochondrial injury, IgAN, and treatment outcomes. We prospectively enrolled patients with IgAN and age-/sex-matched healthy volunteers (HVs) as controls (n = 31 each). Urinary copy numbers of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes cytochrome-c oxidase-3 (COX3) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit-1 (ND1) were measured. Urinary mtDNA levels were elevated in the IgAN group compared with that in HVs (p < 0.001). Urinary ND1 levels were significantly higher in the low proteinuria group than in the high proteinuria group (p = 0.027). Changes in urinary levels of ND1 and COX3 were positively correlated with changes in proteinuria (p = 0.038 and 0.024, respectively) and inversely correlated with changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.033 and 0.017, respectively) after medical treatment. Mitochondrial injury played important roles in IgAN pathogenesis and may be involved in early-stage glomerular inflammation, prior to pathological changes and increased proteinuria. The correlation between changes in urinary mtDNA and proteinuria suggest that these factors may be promising biomarkers for treatment outcomes in IgAN.
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Chen J, Hu W, Xiao F, Lin L, Chen K, Wang L, Wang X, He Y. DCR2, a Cellular Senescent Molecule, Is a Novel Marker for Assessing Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis in Patients with Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy. Kidney Blood Press Res 2019; 44:1063-1074. [PMID: 31487717 DOI: 10.1159/000502233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Stress-induced cell senescence, which contributes to cell cycle arrest and is independent of age, plays an important role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. DcR2, as a senescent marker, exclusively expressed in senescent tubular epithelia. The objective of this study was to examine whether urinary DcR2 (uDcR2) could be a potential biomarker for tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). METHODS This study included 210 IgAN patients and 80 healthy volunteers, with uDcR2 levels measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We examined the relationship among uDcR2/Cr levels, renal function, and pathological parameters, using regression analysis to identify risk factors for TIF and the area under the curve (AUC) approach to predict TIF. Renal DcR2 expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry. Co-expression of DcR2 with fibrotic markers (α-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA], collagen III) was analyzed by confocal microscopy. RESULTS Levels of uDcR2/Cr were significantly higher in IgAN patients and in those with more severe TIF, compared with healthy controls. Serum DcR2 levels were similar across groups. The proportion of IgAN patients with stages 1-2 CKD and T0 was highest among those with uDcR2/Cr <130 ng/g. In contrast, the majority of those with uDcR2/Cr >201 ng/g had stages 4-5 CKD and T2. Levels of uDcR2/Cr were positively associated with urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (uNAG)/Cr, and TIF scores and negatively associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). uDcR2/Cr, uNAG, ACR, and eGFR were independent predictors for TIF, with AUC of 0.907 for uDcR2/Cr. This AUC value was higher than that observed for eGFR, uNAG/Cr, or ACR. The sensitivity and specificity of uDcR2/Cr in predicting TIF were 87.0 and 80.5%, respectively. Moreover, uDcR2/Cr levels were positively associated with the percentage of renal DcR2 expression. Renal DcR2 co-localized with α-SMA and collagen III in the kidneys of IgAN patients. CONCLUSIONS Levels of uDcR2/Cr were closely associated with the severity of TIF and renal function parameters. uDcR2/Cr represents a potential biomarker for predicting TIF in IgAN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Nephrology, Army 958 Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lirong Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kehong Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yani He
- Department of Nephrology, Daping Hospital, Research Institute of Surgery, Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, China,
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3'UTR variants of TNS3, PHLDB1, NTN4, and GNG2 genes are associated with IgA nephropathy risk in Chinese Han population. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 71:295-300. [PMID: 30928649 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis and is characterized by mesangial cell proliferation and agglomeration of the mesangial matrix. METHODS In this study, we aimed to explore the role of TNS3, PHLDB1, NTN4, and GNG2 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) polymorphisms with the risk of IgAN in a Chinese Han cohort. A logistic recession model was used to calculate the effects of candidate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on IgAN risk after adjusting age and gender difference. In silico prediction was conducted to identify potential functions of SNPs. RESULTS The analysis revealed a significant relationship between the homozygotic genotype for NTN4 rs1362970 A/A and higher risk of IgAN (p = 0.003). Statistically significant associations were found when the sample was stratified by gender and Lee's grade. As a result, NTN4 rs1362970 A/A and GNG2 rs3204008 G/G genotypes were associated with enhanced IgAN risk in males (p = 0.006, p = 0.023, respectively), and the association between the PHLDB1 rs7389 G/T genotype and higher IgAN risk was found in females (p = 0.008). In the Lee's grade III-V subgroup, the rs1369270 in NTN4 was significantly correlated with the risk of IgAN (p = 0.004). Bioinformatics prediction suggested that rs1362970 within NTN4 3'UTR was located in the potential target sequence of miR-483-5p. CONCLUSIONS Our research confirmed that NTN4, GNG2, and PHLDB1 gene polymorphisms were implicated in IgAN susceptibility in Chinese Han population. Further research should be conducted to investigate and validate the mechanism by which the above-mentioned polymorphisms affect IgAN.
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Development and assessment of a predictive nomogram for the progression of IgA nephropathy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7309. [PMID: 29743598 PMCID: PMC5943256 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is to establish a nomogram for predicting the prognosis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Of the 869 IgAN patients, four-fifths were randomly assigned to the development cohort and one-fifth to the validation cohort. The primary outcome was a composite event of either a ≥ 50% reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), end-stage renal disease or death. The mean follow-up time was 44 months. The Cox regression model identified urinary protein excretion (1–3.5 g/d, HR 11.639, 95% CI 3.601–37.625; ≥ 3.5 g/d, HR 32.435, 95% CI 10.079–104.380), eGFR (G2, HR 5.293, 95% CI 2.011–13.932; G3, HR 15.797, 95% CI 6.584–37.905; G4, HR 34.619, 95% CI 13.887–86.301; G5, HR 217.651, 95% CI 83.807–565.248), hyperuricaemia (HR 7.031, 95% CI 4.126–11.980), mesangial proliferation (HR 36.667, 95% CI 5.098–263.711), segmental glomerulosclerosis (HR 5.122, 95% CI 3.114–8.425), tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis (T1, HR 33.351, 95% CI 7.831–142.044; T2, HR 213.888, 95% CI 51.048–896.182), crescents (C1, HR 3.123, 95% CI 1.771–5.510; C2, HR 7.353, 95% CI 3.590–15.062) and glomerulosclerosis (25–49%, HR 3.123, 95% CI 1.771–5.510; ≥ 50%, HR 14.384, 95% CI 8.813–23.479) for developing the nomogram. The C-index was 0.945 (95% CI 0.914–0.976) in both the development and validation cohorts, showing good agreement between the nomogram-predicted probability and actual free-of-progression probability. Thus, our nomogram could accurately predict the progression of IgAN patients.
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Krochmal M, Cisek K, Filip S, Markoska K, Orange C, Zoidakis J, Gakiopoulou C, Spasovski G, Mischak H, Delles C, Vlahou A, Jankowski J. Identification of novel molecular signatures of IgA nephropathy through an integrative -omics analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9091. [PMID: 28831120 PMCID: PMC5567309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09393-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most prevalent among primary glomerular diseases worldwide. Although our understanding of IgAN has advanced significantly, its underlying biology and potential drug targets are still unexplored. We investigated a combinatorial approach for the analysis of IgAN-relevant -omics data, aiming at identification of novel molecular signatures of the disease. Nine published urinary proteomics datasets were collected and the reported differentially expressed proteins in IgAN vs. healthy controls were integrated into known biological pathways. Proteins participating in these pathways were subjected to multi-step assessment, including investigation of IgAN transcriptomics datasets (Nephroseq database), their reported protein-protein interactions (STRING database), kidney tissue expression (Human Protein Atlas) and literature mining. Through this process, from an initial dataset of 232 proteins significantly associated with IgAN, 20 pathways were predicted, yielding 657 proteins for further analysis. Step-wise evaluation highlighted 20 proteins of possibly high relevance to IgAN and/or kidney disease. Experimental validation of 3 predicted relevant proteins, adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1), SHC-transforming protein 1 (SHC1) and prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) was performed by immunostaining of human kidney sections. Collectively, this study presents an integrative procedure for -omics data exploitation, giving rise to biologically relevant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krochmal
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Center of Basic Research, Athens, Greece
- RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Szymon Filip
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Center of Basic Research, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Markoska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Clare Orange
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Center of Basic Research, Athens, Greece
| | - Chara Gakiopoulou
- Pathology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Goce Spasovski
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Harald Mischak
- Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christian Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Center of Basic Research, Athens, Greece.
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany.
- University of Maastricht, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Coppo R. Biomarkers and targeted new therapies for IgA nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:725-731. [PMID: 27324471 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) has variable clinical presentation and outcome. There is a need to identify children who have the potential to progress to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Biomarkers related to the pathogenetic process of IgAN can detect risk factors and identify targets for new therapies. Galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) is a specific biomarker of IgAN and could be the first treatment target. In experimental mice, reduction of IgA1 deposits and hematuria was observed after treatment with a bacterial protease that selectively cleaves human IgA1. Glycan-targeted drugs that may act to neutralize Gd-IgA1 inhibit abnormal enzymatic glycosylation of IgA1 or deplete cells producing Gd-IgA1. The autoimmune response to Gd-IgA1 produces autoantibodies that are sensitive and specific biomarkers of IgAN development and progression and suggests the possible benefits of anti-B cell therapies directed against CD20, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), or B cell receptor, and also proteasome inhibitors. The activation of complement in IgAN offers new biomarkers and the rationale for using complement inhibitors, including eculizumab. Renal pathological features represent sensitive biomarkers of added value over clinical data and may drive steroid therapy in selected cases. Finally, the hypothesis of the involvement of intestinal mucosal immunity in the pathogenesis of IgAN suggests the possibility of avoiding the systemic effect of steroid. Enteric budesonide targeting Peyer's patches at the ileocecal junction is an interesting option that has provided some preliminary favorable results in IgAN. In conclusion, the identification of new biomarkers is a promising area for therapies targeting IgAN in patients at risk of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Coppo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Regina Margherita Hospital, Fondazione Ricerca Molinette, Turin, Italy.
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徐 小, 祝 爽, 王 晓, 邵 小, 李 宾, 张 瑛, 刘 琴, 黎 嘉, 王 红, 李 永, 邹 和. [Clinical and pathological features in IgA nephropathy with IgG deposition in the glomerular mesangial area]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:308-311. [PMID: 28377344 PMCID: PMC6780451 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.03.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between the clinical and pathological findings in IgA nephropathy with or without IgG deposition in the glomerular mesangial area. METHODS The data were collected from 122 patients with a diagnosis of IgA nephropathy by renal biopsy in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University between November, 2009 and February, 2016. All the samples were examined by light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. According to the results of immunofluorescence assay, the patients were divided into IgA group (n=63) and IgA-IgG group (n=59). The pathological classification of IgA nephropathy was analyzed according to Oxford classification and Lee's classification. The clinical and pathological findings were compared between the two groups. RESULTS Compared with the patients with IgA nephropathy but without IgG deposition, patients with IgA nephropathy with IgG deposition had higher serum creatinine, higher 24-h urine protein, higher blood uric acid, higher triglyceride levels (P<0.05) and lower eGFR (P<0.05); more of these patients were in Lee's grade IV-V, had renal tubular atrophy and/or interstitial fibrosis, and had MEST scores more than 3 (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Patients with IgA nephropathy with IgG deposition in the glomerular mesangial have severer clinical symptoms and more serious pathological changes. Measures should be taken to control IgG deposition in patients with IgA nephropathy to delay the progress of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- 小蒙 徐
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院肾内科//泌尿疾病研究所,广东 广州 510630Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 爽爽 祝
- 广州金域医学检验中心肾脏病理室,广东 广州 510630Department of Renal Pathology, King Medical Diagnostics Center, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - 晓红 王
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院肾内科//泌尿疾病研究所,广东 广州 510630Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 小飞 邵
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院肾内科//泌尿疾病研究所,广东 广州 510630Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 宾 李
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院肾内科//泌尿疾病研究所,广东 广州 510630Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 瑛 张
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院肾内科//泌尿疾病研究所,广东 广州 510630Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 琴 刘
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院肾内科//泌尿疾病研究所,广东 广州 510630Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 嘉敏 黎
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院肾内科//泌尿疾病研究所,广东 广州 510630Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 红蕾 王
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院肾内科//泌尿疾病研究所,广东 广州 510630Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 永强 李
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院肾内科//泌尿疾病研究所,广东 广州 510630Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - 和群 邹
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院肾内科//泌尿疾病研究所,广东 广州 510630Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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