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Nguyen QN, Lee SR, Kim B, Hong JH, Jang YS, Lee DE, Pang C, Kang KS, Kim KH. Estrogenic Activity of 4-Hydroxy-Benzoic Acid from Acer tegmentosum via Estrogen Receptor α-Dependent Signaling Pathways. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3387. [PMID: 36501426 PMCID: PMC9740217 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Acer tegmentosum, a deciduous tree belonging to Aceraceae, has been used in traditional oriental medicine for treating hepatic disorders, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. We evaluated the estrogen-like effects of A. tegmentosum using an estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cell line, namely MCF-7, to identify potential phytoestrogens and found that an aqueous extract of A. tegmentosum promoted cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells. Five phenolic compounds (1-5) were separated and identified from the active fraction using bioassay-guided fractionation of crude A. tegmentosum extract and phytochemical analysis. The chemical structures of the compounds were characterized as vanillic acid (1), 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid (2), syringic acid (3), isoscopoletin (4), and (E)-ferulic acid (5) based on the analysis of their nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry data. All five compounds were evaluated using an E-screen assay for their estrogen-like effects on MCF-7 cells. Among the tested compounds, only 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid (2) promoted the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, which was mitigated by the ER antagonist, ICI 182,780. The mechanism underlying the estrogen-like effect of 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid (2) was evaluated via western blotting analysis to determine the expression levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), serine/threonine kinase (AKT), and ERα. Our results demonstrated that 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid (2) induced the increase in the protein expression levels of p-ERK, p-AKT, p-PI3K, and p-Erα, concentration dependently. Collectively, these experimental results suggest that 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid (2) is responsible for the estrogen-like effects of A. tegmentosum and may potentially aid in the control of estrogenic effects during menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Nhu Nguyen
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Baolo Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seo Jang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Eun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Skolariki A, D’Costa J, Little M, Lord S. Role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in mediating endocrine resistance: concept to clinic. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2022; 3:172-199. [PMID: 36046843 PMCID: PMC9400772 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2022.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of breast cancers express the estrogen receptor (ER) and for this group of patients, endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of systemic treatment. However, drug resistance is common and a focus for breast cancer preclinical and clinical research. Over the past 2 decades, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis has emerged as an important driver of treatment failure, and inhibitors of mTOR and PI3K are now licensed for the treatment of women with advanced ER-positive breast cancer who have relapsed on first-line hormonal therapy. This review presents the preclinical and clinical data that led to this new treatment paradigm and discusses future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aglaia Skolariki
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK
| | - Jamie D’Costa
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Little
- Department of Oncology, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Lord
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK
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Lee D, Ko Y, Pang C, Ko YJ, Choi YK, Kim KH, Kang KS. Estrogenic Activity of Mycoestrogen (3 β,5 α,22 E)-Ergost-22-en-3-ol via Estrogen Receptor α-Dependent Signaling Pathways in MCF-7 Cells. Molecules 2021; 27:36. [PMID: 35011267 PMCID: PMC8746416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Armillariella tabescens (Scop.) Sing., a mushroom of the family Tricholomataceae, has been used in traditional oriental medicine to treat cholecystitis, improve bile secretion, and regulate bile-duct pressure. The present study evaluated the estrogen-like effects of A. tabescens using a cell-proliferation assay in an estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). We found that the methanol extract of A. tabescens fruiting bodies promoted cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells. Using bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanol extract and chemical investigation, we isolated and identified four steroids and four fatty acids from the active fraction. All eight compounds were evaluated by E-screen assay for their estrogen-like effects in MCF-7 cells. Among the tested isolates, only (3β,5α,22E)-ergost-22-en-3-ol promoted cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells; this effect was mitigated by the ER antagonist, ICI 182,780. The mechanism underlying the estrogen-like effect of (3β,5α,22E)-ergost-22-en-3-ol was evaluated using Western blot analysis to detect the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and estrogen receptor α (ERα). We found that (3β,5α,22E)-ergost-22-en-3-ol induced an increase in phosphorylation of ERK, PI3K, Akt, and ERα. Together, these experimental results suggest that (3β,5α,22E)-ergost-22-en-3-ol is responsible for the estrogen-like effects of A. tabescens and may potentially aid control of estrogenic activity in menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Yuri Ko
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - You-Kyoung Choi
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (D.L.); (Y.-K.C.)
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Hormonresistenz in der Mammakarzinomtherapie. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-021-00392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ashrafizadeh M, Mohammadinejad R, Samarghandian S, Yaribeygi H, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Anti-Tumor Effects of Osthole on Different Malignant Tissues: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:918-931. [PMID: 32108003 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200228110704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer management and/or treatment require a comprehensive understanding of the molecular and signaling pathways involved. Recently, much attention has been directed to these molecular and signaling pathways, and it has been suggested that a number of biomolecules/players involved in such pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, NF-kB, STAT, and Nrf2 contribute to the progression, invasion, proliferation, and metastasis of malignant cells. Synthetic anti-tumor agents and chemotherapeutic drugs have been a mainstay in cancer therapy and are widely used to suppress the progression and, hopefully, halt the proliferation of malignant cells. However, these agents have some undesirable side-effects and, therefore, naturally-occurring compounds with high potency and fewer side-effects are now of great interest. Osthole is a plant-derived chemical compound that can inhibit the proliferation of malignant cells and provide potent anti-cancer effects in various tissues. Therefore, in this review, we presented the main findings concerning the potential anti-tumor effects of osthole and its derivatives and described possible molecular mechanisms by which osthole may suppress malignant cell proliferation in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
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Yang ZM, Yang MF, Yu W, Tao HM. Molecular mechanisms of estrogen receptor β-induced apoptosis and autophagy in tumors: implication for treating osteosarcoma. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:4644-4655. [PMID: 31526167 PMCID: PMC6833400 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519871373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ) are located in the nucleus and bind to estrogen to initiate transcription of estrogen-responsive genes. In a variety of tumor cells, ERβ has been shown to be a tumor suppressor. In particular, ERβ has anti-proliferative effects in osteosarcoma cells. Additionally, ERβ has been proven to regulate the apoptosis-related molecules IAP, BAX, caspase-3, and PARP, and to act on the NF-κB/BCL-2 pathway to induce apoptosis in tumors. Moreover, ERβ can regulate the expression of the autophagy associated markers LC3-I/LC-3II and p62 and induce autophagy in tumors by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and activating the AMPK pathway. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which ERβ induces apoptosis and autophagy in a variety of tumors to further delineate more specific molecular mechanisms underlying osteosarcoma tumorigenesis and pathogenesis. Considering the broad involvement of ERβ in apoptosis, autophagy, and their interaction, it is plausible that the critical role of ERβ in inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells is closely related to its regulation of apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ming Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min-Fei Yang
- Department of Emergency, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui-Min Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zhu X, Song X, Xie K, Zhang X, He W, Liu F. Osthole induces apoptosis and suppresses proliferation via the PI3K/Akt pathway in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1143-1151. [PMID: 28902342 PMCID: PMC5593451 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osthole is a natural coumarin isolated from Umbelliferae plant monomers. Previous research has indicated that osthole exerts a wide variety of biological effects, acting as anti-seizure, anti-osteoporosis and anti-inflammation. However, the regulatory effect and related molecular mechanism of osthole in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) remain unknown. In the present study, the authors found that osthole inhibited ICC cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Osthole also significantly induced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis by upregulating Bax, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase expression, and by downregulating Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, the levels of p-Akt and PI3K were significantly decreased, while total Akt protein levels were unchanged. Following transfection with wild-type-Akt and constitutively active (CA)-Akt plasmids, the effects of osthole were decreased. Osthole was also able to suppress tumor growth in vivo. Together, these data demonstrated that osthole induces mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt pathway, suggesting that osthole may represent a novel and effective agent for the treatment of ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical University of Anhui, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Song
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200082, P.R. China
| | - Kun Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical University of Anhui, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical University of Anhui, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Wei He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical University of Anhui, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Fubao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical University of Anhui, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Professor Fubao Liu, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical University of Anhui, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Shrivastav A, Bruce M, Jaksic D, Bader T, Seekallu S, Penner C, Nugent Z, Watson P, Murphy L. The mechanistic target for rapamycin pathway is related to the phosphorylation score for estrogen receptor-α in human breast tumors in vivo. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R49. [PMID: 24887419 PMCID: PMC4076628 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A phosphorylation score for estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα), called P7 score, was shown previously to be an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Since mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation is implicated in resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer we determined whether mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation, measured by phosphorylation on S2448 (p-mTOR), was associated with the P7-score and/or clinical outcome in the same cohort. METHODS mTOR phosphorylation status was determined at S2448 residue in vivo by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of more than 400 well-characterized ERα positive breast tumors. MCF7 cells were treated with estrogen and activation of mTOR pathway was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Contrary to earlier reports, p-mTOR expression, measured by immunohistochemistry, was negatively associated with size and nodal status. Additionally, p-S2448 mTOR expression was positively correlated with p-S118- ERα, p-S167-ERα and p-S282-ERα but negatively correlated with p-T311- ERα. Consistent with these, p-S2448 mTOR was negatively associated with P7-score and was significantly associated with overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.61, P = 0.028, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39 to 0.95, n = 337) and relapse-free survival (HR = 0.58, P = 0.0032, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.83, n = 337) following univariate but not multivariate analysis. Furthermore, we show that estrogen can regulate phosphorylation of mTOR and its down stream target p70S6 kinase. Additionally, recombinant mTOR can phosphorylate ERα in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that in breast tumors where there is intact estrogen regulated signaling, mTOR is regulated by estrogen and therefore associated with an increased likelihood of responsiveness to endocrine therapy.
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Lin IL, Chou HL, Lee JC, Chen FW, Fong Y, Chang WC, Huang HW, Wu CY, Chang WT, Wang HMD, Chiu CC. The antiproliferative effect of C2-ceramide on lung cancer cells through apoptosis by inhibiting Akt and NFκB. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:1. [PMID: 24393431 PMCID: PMC3893380 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-14-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The anticancer effects of ceramide have been reported in many types of cancers but less in lung cancer. In this study, we used C2-ceramide to further investigate its possible anticancer effects and mechanisms on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) H1299 cells. The result of cell proliferation in terms of trypan blue assay showed high dose of C2-ceramide inhibited cell survival after 24 h treatment. The flow cytometry-based assays indicated the effect of apoptosis, chromatin condensation, and G1 arrest in terms of Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI), DAPI, and PI stainings, respectively. Moreover, the decreased protein level of p-Akt, p-NFκB, survivin and cyclin A2 were detected by Western blot assay. Taken together, these results indicated the antiproliferative effect of C2-ceramide is majorly responsible for cell apoptosis in lung cancer H1299 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ling Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Han-Lin Chou
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lien Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ching Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Wei Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yao Fong
- Chest Surgery, Chi-Mei Foundation Medical Center, Yung Kang City, Tainan, 901, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chiao Chang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy; Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hurng Wern Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yi Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lien Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsan Chang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Tseng CH, Tzeng CC, Chiu CC, Yang CL, Lu PJ, Chou CK, Liu CY, Chen YL. Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of 9-methoxy-6-(piperazin-1-yl)-11H-indeno[1,2-c]quinoline-11-one derivatives. Part 4. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00133h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A number of 6,11-disubstituted indenoquinolines were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activities and mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hua Tseng
- School of Pharmacy
- College of Pharmacy
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Cherng-Chyi Tzeng
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
- College of Life Science
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology
- College of Life Science
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Li Yang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
- College of Life Science
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Lu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine
- National Cheng-Kung University
- School of Medicine
- Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Chon-Kit Chou
- Department of Biotechnology
- College of Life Science
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Liu
- Department of Life
- Science National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Yeh-Long Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
- College of Life Science
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
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