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Fadare JO, Bankole I, Babatola A, Simeon Olatunya O, Aina F, Godman B. Adherence to WHO Criteria on Drug Promotion Literature: An Exploratory Study From a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in South-West Nigeria. Hosp Pharm 2023; 58:62-69. [PMID: 36644744 PMCID: PMC9837328 DOI: 10.1177/00185787221123217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In many low and middle-income countries (LMIC), drug promotional literature (DPL) remains one of the main sources of drug information for physicians. Studies conducted in many LMICs showed poor compliance to the WHO guidelines for ethical drug promotion especially in the area of information about excipients, adverse drug reactions, drug-drug interactions and contra-indications. These inadequacies in the information provided may mislead the prescriber with potential adverse consequences among patients using the medicines. Nigeria has a big pharmaceutical sector which is poorly regulated and we hypothesize that such unethical drug promotional practices may exist. This study therefore set out to assess compliance to the WHO ethical drug promotion (using DPL) at the Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital (EKSUTH), Ado-Ekiti, South-West Nigeria. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in several specialist clinics of EKSUTH, Ado-Ekiti. Printed DPLs (brochures and leaflets) were collected from these clinics, collated using a pre-designed data collection form and analyzed using the WHO ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion. Results:Two hundred seventy-five DPLs were screened A total of out of which 234 DPLs were selected after screening to after removal of duplications. Only 5 (2.1%) DPLs met all the WHO criteria. DPLs promoting antibiotics, cardiovascular drugs, and vitamins/nutritional supplements were in the majority (22.2%, 17.1%, and 11.5% respectively. Most of the DPLs had the generic (223; 95.3%) and brand (234; 100%) names, active ingredients (209; 89.3%), excipients (149; 63.7%), and indications (232; 99.1%). Information about adverse drug reactions (76; 32.5%), contra-indications (73; 31.2%), and drug interactions (46; 19.7%) was less represented. Only 59 (25.2%) DPLs had references. Fixed-dose combination drugs made up 34.6% of drugs being promoted. Conclusion:The DPLs assessed in this study had low adherence to WHO ethical drug promotion criteria especially those related to adverse drug reaction, drug interactions, and contra-indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O. Fadare
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University College of Medicine, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Iyanu Bankole
- Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Adefunke Babatola
- Department of Paediatrics, Ekiti State University College of Medicine, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Paediatrics, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Oladele Simeon Olatunya
- Department of Paediatrics, Ekiti State University College of Medicine, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Paediatrics, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Felix Aina
- Department of Family Medicine, Ekiti State University College of Medicine, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Family Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Brian Godman
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
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Manasirisuk P, Chainirun N, Tiamkao S, Lertsinudom S, Phunikhom K, Sawanyawisuth K. Long Term Efficacy of Generic Atorvastatin by a University Hospital Database. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is limited long term data of generic atorvastatin in terms of clinical efficacy and safety. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of generic atorvastatin in a 12-month period.
Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort study. The inclusion criteria were adult patients who received the original atorvastatin for at least three months and then switched to the generic atorvastatin for 12 months. Lipid profiles and safety profiles were evaluated after 12 months of switching therapy.
Results: During the study period, there were 297 patients met the study criteria. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 61.05 (11.51) years. Male sex accounted for 46.80% (139 patients). For lipid outcomes, only HDL-c was significantly increased by 2.05 mg/dL (p 0.001). Serum creatinine was increasing by 0.07 mg/dL, while eGFR was decreasing by 2.55 ml/min/1.73m2. Other laboratory outcomes were not significantly changed after one year including ALT, AST, and CK.
Conclusions: Generic atorvastatin had comparable effect on LDL-c reduction compared with the original atorvastatin. Renal deterioration were found with increasing HDL-c level in this study population with generic atorvastation. Physicians should be aware of declining of renal function in long term use of generic atorvastatin.
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3
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Manasirisuk P, Chainirun N, Tiamkao S, Lertsinudom S, Phunikhom K, Sawunyavisuth B, Sawanyawisuth K. Efficacy of Generic Atorvastatin in a Real-World Setting. Clin Pharmacol 2021; 13:45-51. [PMID: 33707972 PMCID: PMC7943322 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s285750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of statins to reduce LDL-c plays an important role in both primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Such treatment can often be costly, but using generic atorvastatin may reduce cost by up to US$2635. In addition, a previous 8-week study found that it exhibited comparable efficacy to the brand-name medication. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of generic atorvastatin over a longer period of six months in a real-world setting. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study in adult patients who had received brand-name atorvastatin for at least three months and then had switched to generic atorvastatin for at least six months. Lipid and safety profiles were evaluated at six months after switching. Adjusted analyses for age, sex, co-morbid disease, dosage, and indications for statin therapy were also performed. Results During the study period, there were 488 patients who met the study criteria. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 60.97 (12.26) years, and 48.36% were male (236 patients). At six months, average total cholesterol, HDL-c, and LDL-c were all lower, from 174.43 to 166.15 mg/dL, from 51.64 to 49.51 mg/dL, and from 110.08 to 100.78 mg/dL (p < 0.001), respectively. There were no significant differences in terms of any other laboratory test results. LDL-c exhibited the highest significant reduction at 9.30 mg/dL. Stratified analyses by age, sex, co-morbid disease, dose, and indications for statin therapy revealed similar decreases in HDL-c and LDL-c as in the study population as a whole. Conclusion Generic atorvastatin resulted in significantly lower LDL-c than name-brand atorvastatin but less of an increase in HDL-c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panisa Manasirisuk
- Department of Pharmacy Service, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nanthaphan Chainirun
- Department of Pharmacy Service, Srinagarind Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Integrated Epilepsy Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Somsak Tiamkao
- Integrated Epilepsy Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sunee Lertsinudom
- Division of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kutcharin Phunikhom
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Bundit Sawunyavisuth
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business Administration and Accountancy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Fadare JO, Enwere OO, Adeoti AO, Desalu OO, Godman B. Knowledge and Attitude of Physicians Towards the Cost of Commonly Prescribed Medicines: A Case Study in Three Nigerian Healthcare Facilities. Value Health Reg Issues 2020; 22:68-74. [PMID: 32798837 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One of the core principles of rational prescribing is consideration of the cost of the medicines prescribed, especially in countries with high patient copayments and low incomes such as Nigeria. Little is known about Nigerian physicians' knowledge about the cost of commonly prescribed medicines. The principal objective of the study was to assess the knowledge of Nigerian physicians about the cost of commonly prescribed medicines. METHODS Descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted among physicians in 3 tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Apart from socio-demographic and other information, questions about the estimated costs of branded and generic versions of 11 commonly prescribed medications were included in the questionnaire. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-nine (179; 95.7%) respondents agreed that costs of medicines were important when writing prescriptions, although only 7 (3.7%) of them had any formal training in the economics of healthcare. The median percentages of respondents with accurate estimated costs for generic and originator brands were 6.2% and 12%, respectively. Respondents were more knowledgeable about the cost of medicines used for the treatment of infectious diseases (malaria, bacterial infections) than noncommunicable diseases (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia). CONCLUSIONS The knowledge of Nigerian physicians in the 3 participating hospitals about the costs of commonly prescribed medicines was poor. This is despite their awareness about the importance of costs of medicines when prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Fadare
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University College of Medicine, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
| | - Okezie O Enwere
- Department of Medicine, Imo State University, Orlu, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Adekunle O Adeoti
- Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University College of Medicine, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi O Desalu
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Brian Godman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Godman B, Basu D, Pillay Y, Mwita JC, Rwegerera GM, Anand Paramadhas BD, Tiroyakgosi C, Okwen PM, Niba LL, Nonvignon J, Sefah I, Oluka M, Guantai AN, Kibuule D, Kalemeera F, Mubita M, Fadare J, Ogunleye OO, Distiller LA, Rampamba EM, Wing J, Mueller D, Alfadl A, Amu AA, Matsebula Z, Kalungia A, Zaranyika T, Masuka N, Wale J, Hill R, Kurdi A, Timoney A, Campbell S, Meyer JC. Review of Ongoing Activities and Challenges to Improve the Care of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Across Africa and the Implications for the Future. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:108. [PMID: 32265688 PMCID: PMC7098994 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been an appreciable increase in the number of people in Africa with metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in recent years as a result of a number of factors. Factors include lifestyle changes, urbanisation, and the growing consumption of processed foods coupled with increasing levels of obesity. Currently there are 19 million adults in Africa with diabetes, mainly T2DM (95%), estimated to grow to 47 million people by 2045 unless controlled. This has a considerable impact on morbidity, mortality and costs in the region. There are a number of issues to address to reduce the impact of T2DM including improving detection rates and current access to services alongside addressing issues of adherence to prescribed medicines. There are also high rates of co-morbidities with infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis in patients in Africa with T2DM that require attention. Objective Document ongoing activities across Africa to improve the care of patients with T2DM especially around issues of identification, access, and adherence to changing lifestyles and prescribed medicines. In addition, discussing potential ways forward to improve the care of patients with T2DM based on ongoing activities and experiences including addressing key issues associated with co-morbidities with infectious diseases. Our Approach Contextualise the findings from a wide range of publications including internet based publications of national approaches coupled with input from senior level government, academic and other professionals from across Africa to provide future guidance. Ongoing Activities A number of African countries are actively instigating programmes to improve the care of patients with T2DM starting with improved diagnosis. This recognises the growing burden of non-communicable diseases across Africa, which has been neglected in the past. Planned activities include programmes to improve detection rates and address key issues with diet and lifestyle changes, alongside improving monitoring of care and activities to enhance adherence to prescribed medicines. In addition, addressing potential complexities involving diabetes patients with infectious disease co-morbidities. It is too early to fully assess the impact of such activities. Conclusion There are a number of ongoing activities across Africa to improve the management of patients with diabetes including co-morbidities. However, more needs to be done considering the high and growing burden of T2DM in Africa. Ongoing research will help further benefit resource allocation and subsequent care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Godman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Division of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Health Economics Centre, University of Liverpool Management School, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Debashis Basu
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yogan Pillay
- HIV & AIDS, TB and Maternal, Child and Women's Health, National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Julius C Mwita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Medicine, Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Celda Tiroyakgosi
- Botswana Essential Drugs Action Program, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Patrick Mbah Okwen
- Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, Cameroon.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Loveline Lum Niba
- Effective Basic Services (eBASE) Africa, Bamenda, Cameroon.,Department of Public Health, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
| | | | - Israel Sefah
- Department of Pharmacy, Keta Municipal Hospital, Ghana Health Service, Keta, Ghana
| | - Margaret Oluka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anastasia N Guantai
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Dan Kibuule
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Francis Kalemeera
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Mwangana Mubita
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Joseph Fadare
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.,Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Olayinka O Ogunleye
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria.,Department of Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Larry A Distiller
- Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology (Pty) Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Enos M Rampamba
- Division of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Pharmacy, Tshilidzini Regional Hospital, Limpopo Department Of Health, Shayandima, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey Wing
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Debjani Mueller
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Charlotte Maxeke Medical Research Cluster, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abubakr Alfadl
- National Medicines Board, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan.,Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Aubrey Kalungia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Trust Zaranyika
- Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Nyasha Masuka
- Independent Health Systems Consultant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Janney Wale
- Independent Consumer Advocate, Brunswick, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruaraidh Hill
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amanj Kurdi
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Angela Timoney
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,NHS Lothian Director of Pharmacy, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Campbell
- Centre for Primary Care, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna C Meyer
- Division of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
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Akunne OO, Adedapo ADA. Antihypertensive prescription among black patients without compelling indications: prescription, effectiveness, quality and cost of medication. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:373. [PMID: 31196079 PMCID: PMC6567417 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension remains one of the leading causes of death in Nigeria. Appropriate and cost-effective treatment of the disease is necessary to reduce mortality. This study evaluates (i) the prescription patterns and quality (ii) blood pressure control and (iii) cost of medication among patients with hypertension uncomplicated by co-morbid diseases or compelling indications. METHOD Patients with uncomplicated hypertension attending three clinics in the University College Hospital, Ibadan in Nigeria were recruited into this study. Information on demographics, antihypertensive medication prescribed, blood pressure measurements, and cost of medications were collected for each patient. Antihypertensive medications were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system and the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) system. The frequency of usage of each drug class and their prescribed doses per patient/day were calculated and compared with the DDD to assess the quality of prescription. Cost of antihypertensive medication was calculated for each patient and reported as cost per patient/day and cost per patient/month. Effect of variables on BP control was ascertained. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS, chi-square and correlation test was used to test for associations. RESULT A total number of 1050 hypertensive patients were included in this study. The mean age was 60 years, females made up 62% of the study population. A high level of polypharmacy (87%) and sub-optimal blood pressure control was observed. An increase in blood pressure was observed with increase in the number of medication prescribed (χ2 = 33.618, p < 0.001; r = .18, p < 0.001). The most prescribed antihypertensive medication either as a single therapy or a fixed-dose combination was diuretic. About 54% of the prescribed daily doses of antihypertensive medication exceeded the DDD. The total monthly expenditure on antihypertensive drugs was approximately N3.2 million ($15,300). CONCLUSION Study findings show a high level of polypharmacy and non-generic prescribing. Increased prescribing of drugs that are cost-effective, as well as prescription of fixed dose combinations (FDCs), is recommended in hypertensive patients. This is necessary to control blood pressure while increasing treatment adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aduragbenro Deborah A. Adedapo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Leporowski A, Godman B, Kurdi A, MacBride-Stewart S, Ryan M, Hurding S, Do Nascimento RCRM, Bennie M, Morton A. Ongoing activities to optimize the quality and efficiency of lipid-lowering agents in the Scottish national health service: influence and implications. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2018; 18:655-666. [DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2018.1501558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Leporowski
- Department of Management Science, Strathclyde Business School, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Godman
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedicial Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Garankuwa, South Africa
| | - Amanj Kurdi
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedicial Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Sean MacBride-Stewart
- Pharmacy Prescribing Support Unit, National Health Service Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margaret Ryan
- Pharmacy Prescribing Support Unit, National Health Service Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Renata CRM Do Nascimento
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedicial Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Post-Graduate Program of Medicines and Pharmaceutical Assistance, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- SUS Collaborating Centre for Technology Assessment and Excellence in Health (CCATES), School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marion Bennie
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedicial Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alec Morton
- Department of Management Science, Strathclyde Business School, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Massele A, Burger J, Kalemeera F, Jande M, Didimalang T, Kalungia AC, Matshotyana K, Law M, Malone B, Ogunleye O, Oluka M, Paramadhas BD, Rwegerera G, Zinyowera S, Godman B. Outcome of the second Medicines Utilisation Research in Africa Group meeting to promote sustainable and appropriate medicine use in Africa. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2016; 17:149-152. [DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2017.1256775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amos Massele
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Johanita Burger
- Medicine Usage in South Africa (MUSA), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Mary Jande
- School of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | | | - Kidwell Matshotyana
- Management Sciences for Health Swaziland-Mbabane, Pharmaceuticals and Health Technology Group, Mbabane, Swaziland
| | - Michael Law
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Olayinka Ogunleye
- Department of Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital - Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Ikeja, Nigeria
| | - Margaret Oluka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Godfrey Rwegerera
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Brian Godman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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