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Harris G, Stickland CA, Lim M, Goldberg Oppenheimer P. Raman Spectroscopy Spectral Fingerprints of Biomarkers of Traumatic Brain Injury. Cells 2023; 12:2589. [PMID: 37998324 PMCID: PMC10670390 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people of all ages around the globe. TBI is notoriously hard to diagnose at the point of care, resulting in incorrect patient management, avoidable death and disability, long-term neurodegenerative complications, and increased costs. It is vital to develop timely, alternative diagnostics for TBI to assist triage and clinical decision-making, complementary to current techniques such as neuroimaging and cognitive assessment. These could deliver rapid, quantitative TBI detection, by obtaining information on biochemical changes from patient's biofluids. If available, this would reduce mis-triage, save healthcare providers costs (both over- and under-triage are expensive) and improve outcomes by guiding early management. Herein, we utilize Raman spectroscopy-based detection to profile a panel of 18 raw (human, animal, and synthetically derived) TBI-indicative biomarkers (N-acetyl-aspartic acid (NAA), Ganglioside, Glutathione (GSH), Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE), Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), Cholesterol, D-Serine, Sphingomyelin, Sulfatides, Cardiolipin, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), S100B, Galactocerebroside, Beta-D-(+)-Glucose, Myo-Inositol, Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Neurofilament Light Chain (NFL)) and their aqueous solution. The subsequently derived unique spectral reference library, exploiting four excitation lasers of 514, 633, 785, and 830 nm, will aid the development of rapid, non-destructive, and label-free spectroscopy-based neuro-diagnostic technologies. These biomolecules, released during cellular damage, provide additional means of diagnosing TBI and assessing the severity of injury. The spectroscopic temporal profiles of the studied biofluid neuro-markers are classed according to their acute, sub-acute, and chronic temporal injury phases and we have further generated detailed peak assignment tables for each brain-specific biomolecule within each injury phase. The intensity ratios of significant peaks, yielding the combined unique spectroscopic barcode for each brain-injury marker, are compared to assess variance between lasers, with the smallest variance found for UCHL1 (σ2 = 0.000164) and the highest for sulfatide (σ2 = 0.158). Overall, this work paves the way for defining and setting the most appropriate diagnostic time window for detection following brain injury. Further rapid and specific detection of these biomarkers, from easily accessible biofluids, would not only enable the triage of TBI, predict outcomes, indicate the progress of recovery, and save healthcare providers costs, but also cement the potential of Raman-based spectroscopy as a powerful tool for neurodiagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Harris
- Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Clarissa A. Stickland
- Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Matthias Lim
- Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pola Goldberg Oppenheimer
- Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Institute of Healthcare Technologies, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
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2
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Agborbesong E, Li LX, Li L, Li X. Molecular Mechanisms of Epigenetic Regulation, Inflammation, and Cell Death in ADPKD. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:922428. [PMID: 35847973 PMCID: PMC9277309 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.922428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic disorder, which is caused by mutations in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes, characterizing by progressive growth of multiple cysts in the kidneys, eventually leading to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and requiring renal replacement therapy. In addition, studies indicate that disease progression is as a result of a combination of factors. Understanding the molecular mechanisms, therefore, should facilitate the development of precise therapeutic strategies for ADPKD treatment. The roles of epigenetic modulation, interstitial inflammation, and regulated cell death have recently become the focuses in ADPKD. Different epigenetic regulators, and the presence of inflammatory markers detectable even before cyst growth, have been linked to cyst progression. Moreover, the infiltration of inflammatory cells, such as macrophages and T cells, have been associated with cyst growth and deteriorating renal function in humans and PKD animal models. There is evidence supporting a direct role of the PKD gene mutations to the regulation of epigenetic mechanisms and inflammatory response in ADPKD. In addition, the role of regulated cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy and ferroptosis, have been investigated in ADPKD. However, there is no consensus whether cell death promotes or delays cyst growth in ADPKD. It is therefore necessary to develop an interactive picture between PKD gene mutations, the epigenome, inflammation, and cell death to understand why inherited PKD gene mutations in patients may result in the dysregulation of these processes that increase the progression of renal cyst formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewud Agborbesong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Linda Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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3
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Podbielska M, Ariga T, Pokryszko-Dragan A. Sphingolipid Players in Multiple Sclerosis: Their Influence on the Initiation and Course of the Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105330. [PMID: 35628142 PMCID: PMC9140914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) play a significant role in the nervous system, as major components of the myelin sheath, contributors to lipid raft formation that organize intracellular processes, as well as active mediators of transport, signaling and the survival of neurons and glial cells. Alterations in SL metabolism and content are observed in the course of central nervous system diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, we summarize the current evidence from studies on SLs (particularly gangliosides), which may shed new light upon processes underlying the MS background. The relevant aspects of these studies include alterations of the SL profile in MS, the role of antibodies against SLs and complexes of SL-ligand-invariant NKT cells in the autoimmune response as the core pathomechanism in MS. The contribution of lipid-raft-associated SLs and SL-laden extracellular vesicles to the disease etiology is also discussed. These findings may have diagnostic implications, with SLs and anti-SL antibodies as potential markers of MS activity and progression. Intriguing prospects of novel therapeutic options in MS are associated with SL potential for myelin repair and neuroprotective effects, which have not been yet addressed by the available treatment strategies. Overall, all these concepts are promising and encourage the further development of SL-based studies in the field of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-370-99-12
| | - Toshio Ariga
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
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Zirngibl M, Assinck P, Sizov A, Caprariello AV, Plemel JR. Oligodendrocyte death and myelin loss in the cuprizone model: an updated overview of the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of cuprizone demyelination. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:34. [PMID: 35526004 PMCID: PMC9077942 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary consumption of cuprizone – a copper chelator – has long been known to induce demyelination of specific brain structures and is widely used as model of multiple sclerosis. Despite the extensive use of cuprizone, the mechanism by which it induces demyelination are still unknown. With this review we provide an updated understanding of this model, by showcasing two distinct yet overlapping modes of action for cuprizone-induced demyelination; 1) damage originating from within the oligodendrocyte, caused by mitochondrial dysfunction or reduced myelin protein synthesis. We term this mode of action ‘intrinsic cell damage’. And 2) damage to the oligodendrocyte exerted by inflammatory molecules, brain resident cells, such as oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia or peripheral immune cells – neutrophils or T-cells. We term this mode of action ‘extrinsic cellular damage’. Lastly, we summarize recent developments in research on different forms of cell death induced by cuprizone, which could add valuable insights into the mechanisms of cuprizone toxicity. With this review we hope to provide a modern understanding of cuprizone-induced demyelination to understand the causes behind the demyelination in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zirngibl
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peggy Assinck
- Wellcome Trust- MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anastasia Sizov
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Andrew V Caprariello
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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5
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Nugent AA, Lin K, van Lengerich B, Lianoglou S, Przybyla L, Davis SS, Llapashtica C, Wang J, Kim DJ, Xia D, Lucas A, Baskaran S, Haddick PC, Lenser M, Earr TK, Shi J, Dugas JC, Andreone BJ, Logan T, Solanoy HO, Chen H, Srivastava A, Poda SB, Sanchez PE, Watts RJ, Sandmann T, Astarita G, Lewcock JW, Monroe KM, Di Paolo G. TREM2 Regulates Microglial Cholesterol Metabolism upon Chronic Phagocytic Challenge. Neuron 2020; 105:837-854.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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de la Monte SM, Gallucci GM, Lin A, Tong M, Chen X, Stonestreet BS. Critical Shifts in Cerebral White Matter Lipid Profiles After Ischemic-Reperfusion Brain Injury in Fetal Sheep as Demonstrated by the Positive Ion Mode MALDI-Mass Spectrometry. CELL MEDICINE 2020; 12:2155179019897002. [PMID: 34557326 PMCID: PMC8454457 DOI: 10.1177/2155179019897002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) injury to cerebral white matter during the perinatal period leads to long-term cognitive and motor disabilities in children. Immature white matter oligodendrocytes are especially vulnerable to metabolic insults such as those caused by hypoxic, ischemic, and reperfusion injury. Consequences include an impaired capacity of oligodendrocytes to generate and maintain mature lipid-rich myelin needed for efficient neuronal conductivity. Further research is needed to increase an understanding of the early, possibly reversible myelin-associated pathologies that accompany I/R white matter injury. This experiment characterized I/R time-dependent alterations in cerebral white matter lipid profiles in an established fetal sheep model. Fetal sheep (127 days gestation) were subjected to 30 min of bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by 4 h (n = 5), 24 h (n = 7), 48 h (n = 3), or 72 h (n = 5) of reperfusion, or sham treatment (n = 5). Supraventricular cerebral white matter lipids were analyzed using the positive ionization mode matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Striking I/R-associated shifts in phospholipid (PL) and sphingolipid expression with a prominent upregulation of cardiolipin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol monomannoside, sphingomyelin, sulfatide, and ambiguous or unidentified lipids were observed to occur mainly at I/R-48 and normalized or suppressed responses at I/R-72. In fetal sheep, cerebral I/R caused major shifts in white matter myelin lipid composition favoring the upregulated expression of diverse PLs and sphingolipids which are needed to support neuronal membrane, synaptic, metabolic, and cell signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. de la Monte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Providence VA Medical Center and the Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, RI, USA,Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Suzanne M. de la Monte, Rhode Island Hospital, 55 Claverick Street, Room 419, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Gina M. Gallucci
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Amy Lin
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Barbara S. Stonestreet
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA
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7
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Carbofuran hampers oligodendrocytes development leading to impaired myelination in the hippocampus of rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2019; 70:161-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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The role of sphingolipids in psychoactive drug use and addiction. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:651-672. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Podbielska M, O'Keeffe J, Hogan EL. Autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis: role of sphingolipids, invariant NKT cells and other immune elements in control of inflammation and neurodegeneration. J Neurol Sci 2017; 385:198-214. [PMID: 29406905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is classified as being an autoimmune response in the genetically susceptible individual to a persistent but unidentified antigen(s). Both the adaptive and the innate immune systems are likely to contribute significantly to MS pathogenesis. This review summarizes current understanding of the characteristics of MS autoimmunity in the initiation and progression of the disease. In particular we find it timely to classify the autoimmune responses by focusing on the immunogenic features of myelin-derived lipids in MS including molecular mimicry; on alterations of bioactive sphingolipids mediators in MS; and on functional roles for regulatory effector cells, including innate lymphocyte populations, like the invariant NKT (iNKT) cells which bridge adaptive and innate immune systems. Recent progress in identifying the nature of sphingolipids recognition for iNKT cells in immunity and the functional consequences of the lipid-CD1d interaction opens new avenues of access to the pathogenesis of demyelination in MS as well as design of lipid antigen-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA; Laboratory of Signal Transduction Molecules, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Joan O'Keeffe
- Department of Biopharmaceutical & Medical Science, School of Science & Computing, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Edward L Hogan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
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10
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Morel A, Bijak M, Niwald M, Miller E, Saluk J. Markers of oxidative/nitrative damage of plasma proteins correlated with EDSS and BDI scores in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Redox Rep 2017; 22:547-555. [PMID: 28521618 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2017.1325571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study was to evaluate oxidative/nitrative stress in the plasma of 50 patients suffering from the secondary progressive course of multiple sclerosis (MS), and to verify its correlation with physical and mental disability as assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). METHODS Oxidative and nitrative damage to proteins was determined by the level of carbonyl groups and 3-nitrotyrosine using ELISA test. Based on the reaction with Ellman's reagent, we estimated the concentration of oxidized thiol groups. Additionally, we measured the level of lipid peroxidation. RESULTS In plasma drawn from MS patients, we observed a significantly higher level of 3-NT (92%; P < 0.0003), carbonyl groups (29%; P < 0.0001) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (73%; P < 0.0001), as well as a lower concentration of thiol groups (33%; P < 0.0001), in comparison to healthy subjects. We noted positive correlations between the level of carbonyl groups or 3-NT and both diagnostic parameters, EDSS and BDI. Negative correlations were observed between concentration of -SH groups and EDSS and BDI. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that impaired red-ox balance can significantly promote neurodegeneration in secondary progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Morel
- a Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of General Biochemistry , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Michał Bijak
- a Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of General Biochemistry , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Marta Niwald
- b Department of Physical Medicine , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland.,c Neurorehabilitation Ward , III General Hospital in Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Elżbieta Miller
- b Department of Physical Medicine , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland.,c Neurorehabilitation Ward , III General Hospital in Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Joanna Saluk
- a Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of General Biochemistry , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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11
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Mohammadi AS, Phan NTN, Fletcher JS, Ewing AG. Intact lipid imaging of mouse brain samples: MALDI, nanoparticle-laser desorption ionization, and 40 keV argon cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6857-68. [PMID: 27549796 PMCID: PMC5012256 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the capability of nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (NP-LDI MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS, and gas cluster ion beam secondary ion mass spectrometry (GCIB SIMS) to provide maximum information available in lipid analysis and imaging of mouse brain tissue. The use of Au nanoparticles deposited as a matrix for NP-LDI MS is compared to MALDI and SIMS analysis of mouse brain tissue and allows selective detection and imaging of groups of lipid molecular ion species localizing in the white matter differently from those observed using conventional MALDI with improved imaging potential. We demonstrate that high-energy (40 keV) GCIB SIMS can act as a semi-soft ionization method to extend the useful mass range of SIMS imaging to analyze and image intact lipids in biological samples, closing the gap between conventional SIMS and MALDI techniques. The GCIB SIMS allowed the detection of more intact lipid compounds in the mouse brain compared to MALDI with regular organic matrices. The 40 keV GCIB SIMS also produced peaks observed in the NP-LDI analysis, and these peaks were strongly enhanced in intensity by exposure of the sample to trifluororacetic acid (TFA) vapor prior to analysis. These MS techniques for imaging of different types of lipids create a potential overlap and cross point that can enhance the information for imaging lipids in biological tissue sections. Schematic of mass spectral imaging of a mouse brain tissue using GCIB-SIMS and MALDI techniques ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Saeid Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.,National Center Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nhu T N Phan
- National Center Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John S Fletcher
- National Center Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,National Center Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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12
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Myelin recovery in multiple sclerosis: the challenge of remyelination. Brain Sci 2013; 3:1282-324. [PMID: 24961530 PMCID: PMC4061877 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3031282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating and an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by immune-mediated myelin and axonal damage, and chronic axonal loss attributable to the absence of myelin sheaths. T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, CD8+, NKT, CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells) and B cells are involved in this disorder, thus new MS therapies seek damage prevention by resetting multiple components of the immune system. The currently approved therapies are immunoregulatory and reduce the number and rate of lesion formation but are only partially effective. This review summarizes current understanding of the processes at issue: myelination, demyelination and remyelination—with emphasis upon myelin composition/architecture and oligodendrocyte maturation and differentiation. The translational options target oligodendrocyte protection and myelin repair in animal models and assess their relevance in human. Remyelination may be enhanced by signals that promote myelin formation and repair. The crucial question of why remyelination fails is approached is several ways by examining the role in remyelination of available MS medications and avenues being actively pursued to promote remyelination including: (i) cytokine-based immune-intervention (targeting calpain inhibition), (ii) antigen-based immunomodulation (targeting glycolipid-reactive iNKT cells and sphingoid mediated inflammation) and (iii) recombinant monoclonal antibodies-induced remyelination.
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13
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Hogan EL, Podbielska M, O'Keeffe J. Implications of Lymphocyte Anergy to Glycolipids in Multiple Sclerosis (MS): iNKT Cells May Mediate the MS Infectious Trigger. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 4. [PMID: 26347308 PMCID: PMC4557814 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenic lipids may play key roles in host defenses against infection and in generating autoimmune inflammation and organ-specific damage. In multiple sclerosis (MS) there are unequivocal autoimmune features and vulnerability to aggravation or induction by microbial or viral infection. We have found glycolipid-driven anergy of circulating lymphocytes in MS indicating that this immune response is affected in MS and the robust effects of iNKT activation with potent cellular and cytokine activities emphasizes its potential importance. Diverse glycolipids including the endogenous myelin acetylated-galactosylceramides (AcGalCer) can drive activation that could be critical to the inflammatory demyelination in the central nervous system and clinical consequences. The iNKT cells and their invariant or iTCR (Vα24Jα18Vβ11) receptor an innate defense–a discrete immune arm that is separate from peptide-driven acquired immune responses. This offers new possibilities for insight including a likelihood that the pattern recognition of exogenous microbial and myelin immunogens can overlap and cross-react especially in an inflammatory milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L Hogan
- Georgia Regents University, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Neurology, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, 30912-2620 GA, USA ; National University of Ireland Galway, Department of Microbiology, University Road, Galway, Ireland ; Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Neurosciences, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Maria Podbielska
- Georgia Regents University, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Neurology, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, 30912-2620 GA, USA ; Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Signaling Proteins, R. Weigla Street 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joan O'Keeffe
- Department of Life and Physical Sciences, School of Science, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
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Signaling and regulatory functions of bioactive sphingolipids as therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1154-69. [PMID: 22451227 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spingolipids (SLs) are an important component of central nervous system (CNS) myelin sheaths and affect the viability of brain cells (oligodendrocytes, neurons and astrocytes) that is determined by signaling mediated by bioactive sphingoids (lyso-SLs). Recent studies indicate that two lipids, ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), are particularly involved in many human diseases including the autoimmune inflammatory demyelination of multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review we: (1) Discuss possible sources of ceramide in CNS; (2) Summarize the features of the metabolism of S1P and its downstream signaling through G-protein-coupled receptors; (3) Link perturbations in bioactive SLs metabolism to MS neurodegeneration and (4) Compile ceramide and S1P relationships to this process. In addition, we described recent preclinical and clinical trials of therapies targeting S1P signaling, including 2-amino-2-propane-1,3-diol hydrochloride (FTY720, fingolimod) as well as proposed intervention to specify critical SL levels that tilt balances of apoptotic/active ceramide versus anti-apoptotic/inactive dihydroceramide that may offer a novel and important therapeutic approach to MS.
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