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Rayati M, Mansouri V, Ahmadbeigi N. Gene therapy in glioblastoma multiforme: Can it be a role changer? Heliyon 2024; 10:e27087. [PMID: 38439834 PMCID: PMC10909773 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most lethal cancers with a poor prognosis. Over the past century since its initial discovery and medical description, the development of effective treatments for this condition has seen limited progress. Despite numerous efforts, only a handful of drugs have gained approval for its treatment. However, these treatments have not yielded substantial improvements in both overall survival and progression-free survival rates. One reason for this is its unique features such as heterogeneity and difficulty of drug delivery because of two formidable barriers, namely the blood-brain barrier and the tumor-blood barrier. Over the past few years, significant developments in therapeutic approaches have given rise to promising novel and advanced therapies. Target-specific therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and small molecules, stand as two important examples; however, they have not yielded a significant improvement in survival among GBM patients. Gene therapy, a relatively nascent advanced approach, holds promise as a potential treatment for cancer, particularly GBM. It possesses the potential to address the limitations of previous treatments and even newer advanced therapies like mAbs, owing to its distinct properties. This review aims to elucidate the current status and advancements in gene therapy for GBM treatment, while also presenting its future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rayati
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Mansouri
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Ahmadbeigi
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yin X, Liu X, Xiao X, Yi K, Chen W, Han C, Wang L, Li Y, Liu J. Human neural stem cells repress glioma cell progression in a paracrine manner by downregulating the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:1772-1788. [PMID: 37410396 PMCID: PMC10476570 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) play crucial roles in neurological disorders and tissue injury repair through exerting paracrine effects. However, the effects of NSC-derived factors on glioma progression remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of human NSC-conditioned medium (NSC-CM) on the behaviour of glioma cells using an in vitro co-culture system. Cell counting kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assays revealed that NSC-CM inhibited glioma cell proliferation and growth in a fetal bovine serum (FBS)-independent manner. In addition, our wound-healing assay demonstrated that NSC-CM repressed glioma cell migration, while results from transwell and 3D spheroid invasion assays indicated that NSC-CM also reduced the invasion capacity of glioma cells. Flow cytometry showed that NSC-CM prevented cell cycle progression from the G1 to S phase and promoted apoptosis. Western blotting was used to show that the expression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related proteins, including β-catenin, c-Myc, cyclin D1, CD44 and Met, was remarkably decreased in NSC-CM-treated glioma cells. Furthermore, the addition of a Wnt/β-catenin pathway activator, CHIR99021, significantly induced the expression of β-catenin and Met and increased the proliferative and invasive capabilities of control medium-treated glioma cells but not those of NSC-CM-treated glioma cells. The use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) revealed the secretion of some antitumour factors in human and rat NSCs, including interferon-α and dickkopf-1. Our data suggest that NSC-CM partially inhibits glioma cell progression by downregulating Wnt/β-catenin signalling. This study may serve as a basis for developing future antiglioma therapies based on NSC derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yin
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian Medical UniversityChina
| | - Xiumei Liu
- Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision MedicineChina
| | - Xiangyi Xiao
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian Medical UniversityChina
| | - Kaiyu Yi
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian Medical UniversityChina
| | - Weigong Chen
- Dalian Innovation Institute of Stem Cell and Precision MedicineChina
| | - Chao Han
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian Medical UniversityChina
| | - Liang Wang
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian Medical UniversityChina
| | - Ying Li
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian Medical UniversityChina
| | - Jing Liu
- Stem Cell Clinical Research Center, National Joint Engineering Laboratory, Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian Medical UniversityChina
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TLR3 stimulation improves the migratory potency of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells through the stress response pathway in the melanoma mouse model. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2293-2304. [PMID: 36575321 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are utilized as a carrier of anti-tumor agents in targeted anti-cancer therapy. Despite the improvements in this area, there are still some unsolved issues in determining the appropriate dose, method of administration and biodistribution of MSCs. The current study aimed to determine the influence of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) stimulation on the potential of MSCs migration to the neoplasm environment in the mouse melanoma model. METHODS AND RESULTS Adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs) were isolated from the GFP+ transgenic C57BL/6 mouse and treated with different doses (1 µg/ml and 10 µg/ml) of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, the related TLR3 agonist, at various time points (1 and 4 h). Following the treatment, the expression of targeted genes such as α4, α5, and β1 integrins and TGF-β and IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokines was determined using real-time PCR. In vivo live imaging evaluated the migration index of the intraperitoneally (IP) injected treated ADMSCs in a lung tumor-bearing mouse (C57BL/6) melanoma model (n = 5). The presented findings demonstrated that TLR3 stimulation enhanced both migration of ADMSCs to the tumor area compared with control group (n = 5) and expression of α4, α5, and β1 integrins. It was also detected that the engagement of TLR3 resulted in the anti-inflammatory behavior of the cells, which might influence the directed movement of ADMSCs. CONCLUSION This research identified that TLR3 activation might improve the migration via the stimulation of stress response in the cells and depending on the agonist concentration and time exposure, this activated pathway drives the migratory behavior of MSCs.
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Stem Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Promising Nano Delivery Platform to the Brain? Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:285-308. [PMID: 36173500 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A very important cause of the frustration with drug therapy for central nervous system (CNS) diseases is the failure of drug delivery. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents most therapeutic molecules from entering the brain while maintaining CNS homeostasis. Scientists are keen to develop new brain drug delivery systems to solve this dilemma. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as a class of naturally derived nanoscale vesicles, have been extensively studied in drug delivery due to their superior properties. This review will briefly present current brain drug delivery strategies, including invasive and non-invasive techniques that target the brain, and the application of nanocarriers developed for brain drug delivery in recent years, especially EVs. The cellular origin of EVs affects the surface protein, size, yield, luminal composition, and other properties of EVs, which are also crucial in determining whether EVs are useful as drug carriers. Stem cell-derived EVs, which inherit the properties of parental cells and avoid the drawbacks of cell therapy, have always been favored by researchers. Thus, in this review, we will focus on the application of stem cell-derived EVs for drug delivery in the CNS. Various nucleic acids, proteins, and small-molecule drugs are loaded into EVs with or without modification and undergo targeted delivery to the brain to achieve their therapeutic effects. In addition, the challenges facing the clinical application of EVs as drug carriers will also be discussed. The directions of future efforts may be to improve drug loading efficiency and precise targeting.
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Babaeenezhad E, Moradi Sarabi M, Rajabibazl M, Oraee-Yazdani S, Karima S. Global and Regional DNA methylation silencing of PPARγ Associated with Glioblastoma Multiforme Pathogenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:589-597. [PMID: 36355265 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression level and epigenetic modifications occurring in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) pathogenesis is largely unknown. Herein, we examine the association of PPARγ expression with its promoter and genomic global DNA methylation status, as well as DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) gene expression in GBM patients. METHODS We examined the patterns of promoter methylation and PPARγ expression in 26 GBM tissues and 13 adjacent non-tumor tissues by methylation-specific PCR (MSP), real-time PCR, and ELISA, respectively. Also, we examined the genomic global 5-methyl cytosine levels and DNMTs gene expression using ELISA and real-time PCR methods, respectively. RESULTS We found that hypermethylation on a specific region of the PPARγ promoter is significantly associated with the downregulation of the PPARγ gene and protein level in GBM patients. Interestingly, the amount of 5-methyl cytosine level was significantly reduced in GBM patients and positively correlated with PPARγ protein expression. Furthermore, the expression level of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and 3B were upregulated in GBM patients and the average expression level of all three DNMTs was positively correlated with tumor area. Also, we found that tumors from cortical regions exhibited a higher global DNA hypomethylation and PPARγ hypermethylation was related to the increase in GBM risk. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that global DNA methylation and PPARγ epigenetic silencing is associated with the GBM risk. Our data provide a novel molecular mechanistic insight into epigenetic silencing of PPARγ in GBM patients that may be relevant as a key tumor marker for GBM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeel Babaeenezhad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Moradi Sarabi
- Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran. .,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Rajabibazl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Oraee-Yazdani
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Karima
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Isaković J, Šerer K, Barišić B, Mitrečić D. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for neurological disorders: The light or the dark side of the force? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1139359. [PMID: 36926687 PMCID: PMC10011535 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1139359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are recognized as major causes of death and disability worldwide. Because of this, they represent one of the largest public health challenges. With awareness of the massive burden associated with these disorders, came the recognition that treatment options were disproportionately scarce and, oftentimes, ineffective. To address these problems, modern research is increasingly looking into novel, more effective methods to treat neurological patients; one of which is cell-based therapies. In this review, we present a critical analysis of the features, challenges, and prospects of one of the stem cell types that can be employed to treat numerous neurological disorders-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Despite the fact that several studies have already established the safety of MSC-based treatment approaches, there are still some reservations within the field regarding their immunocompatibility, heterogeneity, stemness stability, and a range of adverse effects-one of which is their tumor-promoting ability. We additionally examine MSCs' mechanisms of action with respect to in vitro and in vivo research as well as detail the findings of past and ongoing clinical trials for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, ischemic stroke, glioblastoma multiforme, and multiple sclerosis. Finally, this review discusses prospects for MSC-based therapeutics in the form of biomaterials, as well as the use of electromagnetic fields to enhance MSCs' proliferation and differentiation into neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Isaković
- Omnion Research International, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Klara Šerer
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Barbara Barišić
- University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dinko Mitrečić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Swati K, Agrawal K, Raj S, Kumar R, Prakash A, Kumar D. Molecular mechanism(s) of regulations of cancer stem cell in brain cancer propagation. Med Res Rev 2022; 43:441-463. [PMID: 36205299 DOI: 10.1002/med.21930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are most often diagnosed with solid neoplasms and are the primary reason for cancer-related deaths in both children and adults worldwide. With recent developments in the progression of novel targeted chemotherapies, the prognosis of malignant glioma remains dismal. However, the high recurrence rate and high mortality rate remain unresolved and are closely linked to the biological features of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Research on tumor biology has reached a new age with more understanding of CSC features. CSCs, a subpopulation of whole tumor cells, are now regarded as candidate therapeutic targets. Therefore, in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors, recognizing the biological properties of CSCs is of considerable significance. Here, we have discussed the concept of CSCs and their significant role in brain cancer growth and propagation. We have also discussed personalized therapeutic development and immunotherapies for brain cancer by specifically targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Swati
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, India
| | - Kirti Agrawal
- School of Health Sciences and Technology (SoHST), UPES University, Dehradun, India.,Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Sibi Raj
- School of Health Sciences and Technology (SoHST), UPES University, Dehradun, India.,Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Anand Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, India
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- School of Health Sciences and Technology (SoHST), UPES University, Dehradun, India.,Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
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Wang G, Wang W. Advanced Cell Therapies for Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904133. [PMID: 36052072 PMCID: PMC9425637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sheer ubiquity of Gioblastoma (GBM) cases would lead you to believe that there should have been many opportunities for the discovery of treatments to successfully render it into remission. Unfortunately, its persistent commonality is due in large part to the fact that it is the most treatment-resistant tumors in adults. That completely changes the treatment plan of attack. Long established and accepted treatment therapies such as surgical resection, radiation, and aggressive chemotherapy, (and any combination thereof) have only confirmed that the disease lives up to its treatment-resistant reputation. To add to the seemingly insurmountable task of finding a cure, GBM has also proven to be a very stubborn and formidable opponent to newer immunotherapies. Across the board, regardless of the therapy combination, the five-year survival rate of GBM patients is still very poor at a heartbreaking 5.6%. Obviously, the present situation cannot be tolerated or deemed acceptable. The grave situation calls for researchers to be more innovative and find more efficient strategies to discover new and successful strategies to treat GBM. Inspired by researchers worldwide attempting to control GBM, we provide in this review a comprehensive overview of the many diverse cell therapies currently being used to treat GBM. An overview of the treatments include: CAR T cells, CAR NK cells, gamma-delta T cells, NKT cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, as well stem cell-based strategies. To give you the complete picture, we will discuss the efficacy, safety, and developmental stages, the mechanisms of action and the challenges of each of these therapies and detail their potential to be the next-generation immunotherapeutic to eliminate this dreadful disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Wang
- BlueRock Therapeutics, Department of Process Development, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wenshi Wang, ; Guangwen Wang,
| | - Wenshi Wang
- Metagenomi Inc., Department of Cell Therapy, Emeryville, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wenshi Wang, ; Guangwen Wang,
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Attia N, Mashal M, Pemminati S, Omole A, Edmondson C, Jones W, Priyadarshini P, Mughal T, Aziz P, Zenick B, Perez A, Lacken M. Cell-Based Therapy for the Treatment of Glioblastoma: An Update from Preclinical to Clinical Studies. Cells 2021; 11:116. [PMID: 35011678 PMCID: PMC8750228 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB), an aggressive primary tumor of the central nervous system, represents about 60% of all adult primary brain tumors. It is notorious for its extremely low (~5%) 5-year survival rate which signals the unsatisfactory results of the standard protocol for GB therapy. This issue has become, over time, the impetus for the discipline of bringing novel therapeutics to the surface and challenging them so they can be improved. The cell-based approach in treating GB found its way to clinical trials thanks to a marvelous number of preclinical studies that probed various types of cells aiming to combat GB and increase the survival rate. In this review, we aimed to summarize and discuss the up-to-date preclinical studies that utilized stem cells or immune cells to treat GB. Likewise, we tried to summarize the most recent clinical trials using both cell categories to treat or prevent recurrence of GB in patients. As with any other therapeutics, cell-based therapy in GB is still hampered by many drawbacks. Therefore, we highlighted several novel techniques, such as the use of biomaterials, scaffolds, nanoparticles, or cells in the 3D context that may depict a promising future when combined with the cell-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Attia
- The American University of Antigua-College of Medicine, Coolidge 1451, Antigua and Barbuda; (S.P.); (A.O.); (C.E.); (W.J.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, NanoBioCel Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mashal
- The American University of Antigua-College of Medicine, Coolidge 1451, Antigua and Barbuda; (S.P.); (A.O.); (C.E.); (W.J.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, NanoBioCel Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Sudhakar Pemminati
- The American University of Antigua-College of Medicine, Coolidge 1451, Antigua and Barbuda; (S.P.); (A.O.); (C.E.); (W.J.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Adekunle Omole
- The American University of Antigua-College of Medicine, Coolidge 1451, Antigua and Barbuda; (S.P.); (A.O.); (C.E.); (W.J.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Carolyn Edmondson
- The American University of Antigua-College of Medicine, Coolidge 1451, Antigua and Barbuda; (S.P.); (A.O.); (C.E.); (W.J.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Will Jones
- The American University of Antigua-College of Medicine, Coolidge 1451, Antigua and Barbuda; (S.P.); (A.O.); (C.E.); (W.J.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Priyanka Priyadarshini
- The American University of Antigua-College of Medicine, Coolidge 1451, Antigua and Barbuda; (S.P.); (A.O.); (C.E.); (W.J.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Temoria Mughal
- The American University of Antigua-College of Medicine, Coolidge 1451, Antigua and Barbuda; (S.P.); (A.O.); (C.E.); (W.J.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Pauline Aziz
- The American University of Antigua-College of Medicine, Coolidge 1451, Antigua and Barbuda; (S.P.); (A.O.); (C.E.); (W.J.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Blesing Zenick
- The American University of Antigua-College of Medicine, Coolidge 1451, Antigua and Barbuda; (S.P.); (A.O.); (C.E.); (W.J.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Ambar Perez
- The American University of Antigua-College of Medicine, Coolidge 1451, Antigua and Barbuda; (S.P.); (A.O.); (C.E.); (W.J.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Morgan Lacken
- The American University of Antigua-College of Medicine, Coolidge 1451, Antigua and Barbuda; (S.P.); (A.O.); (C.E.); (W.J.); (P.P.); (T.M.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.P.); (M.L.)
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Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Targeted Delivery to the Brain: Potential and Challenges of the Extracellular Vesicle-Based Approach for Brain Tumor Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011187. [PMID: 34681842 PMCID: PMC8538190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating brain tumors presents enormous challenges, and there are still poor prognoses in both adults and children. Application of novel targets and potential drugs is hindered by the function of the blood-brain barrier, which significantly restricts therapeutic access to the tumor. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can cross biological barriers, migrate to sites of injuries to exert many healing effects, and be engineered to incorporate different types of cargo, making them an ideal vehicle to transport anti-tumor agents to the central nervous system. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by MSCs (MSC-EVs) have valuable innate properties from parent cells, and are being exploited as cell-free treatments for many neurological diseases. Compared to using MSCs, targeted delivery via MSC-EVs has a better pharmacokinetic profile, yet avoids many critical issues of cell-based systems. As the field of MSC therapeutic applications is quickly expanding, this article aims to give an overall picture for one direction of EV-based targeting of brain tumors, with updates on available techniques, outcomes of experimental models, and critical challenges of this concept.
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Biomimetic and cell-based nanocarriers - New strategies for brain tumor targeting. J Control Release 2021; 337:482-493. [PMID: 34352316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades no significant advances were achieved in the treatment of the most frequent and malignant types of brain tumors. The main difficulties in achieving progress are related to the incapacity to deliver drugs in therapeutic amounts into the central nervous system and the associated severe side effects. Indeed, to obtain effective treatments, the drugs should be able to cross the intended biological barriers and not being inactivated before reaching the specific therapeutic target. To overcome these challenges the development of synthetic nanocarriers has been widely explored for brain tumor treatment but unfortunately with no clinical translation until date. The use of cell-derived nanocarriers or biomimetic nanocarriers has been studied in the last few years, considering their innate bio-interfacing properties. The ability to carry therapeutic agents and a higher selectivity towards brain tumors would bring new hope for the development of safe and effective treatments. In this review, we explore the biological barriers that need to be crossed for effective delivery in brain tumors, and the types and properties of cell-based nanocarriers (extracellular vesicles and cell-membrane coated nanocarriers) currently under investigation.
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