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Sarkar S, Deyoung T, Ressler H, Chandler W. Brain Tumors: Development, Drug Resistance, and Sensitization - An Epigenetic Approach. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2237761. [PMID: 37499114 PMCID: PMC10376921 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2237761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we describe contrasting developmental aspects of paediatric and adult brain tumours. We hypothesize that the formation of cancer progenitor cells, for both paediatric and adult, could be due to epigenetic events. However, the progression of adult brain tumours selectively involves more mutations compared to paediatric tumours. We further discuss epigenetic switches, comprising both histone modifications and DNA methylation, and how they can differentially regulate transcription and expression of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. Next, we summarize the currently available therapies for both types of brain tumours, explaining the merits and failures leading to drug resistance. We analyse different mechanisms of drug resistance and the role of epigenetics in this process. We then provide a rationale for combination therapy, which includes epigenetic drugs. In the end, we postulate a concept which describes how a combination therapy could be initiated. The timing, doses, and order of individual drug regimens will depend on the individual case. This type of combination therapy will be part of a personalized medicine which will differ from patient to patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibaji Sarkar
- Division of Biotechnology, Quincy College, Quincy, MA, USA
- Division of Biology, STEM, MBC College, Wellesley, MA, USA
- Division of Biology, STEM, RC College Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tara Deyoung
- Division of Biotechnology, Quincy College, Quincy, MA, USA
| | - Hope Ressler
- Division of Biology, STEM, MBC College, Wellesley, MA, USA
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Mazloumi Z, Farahzadi R, Rafat A, Asl KD, Karimipour M, Montazer M, Movassaghpour AA, Dehnad A, Charoudeh HN. Effect of aberrant DNA methylation on cancer stem cell properties. Exp Mol Pathol 2022; 125:104757. [PMID: 35339454 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation, as an epigenetic mechanism, occurs by adding a methyl group of cytosines in position 5 by DNA methyltransferases and has essential roles in cellular function, especially in the transcriptional regulation of embryonic and adult stem cells. Hypomethylation and hypermethylation cause either the expression or inhibition of genes, and there is a tight balance between regulating the activation or repression of genes in normal cellular activity. Abnormal methylation is well-known hallmark of cancer development and progression and can switch normal stem cells into cancer stem cells. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are minor populations of tumor cells that exhibit unique properties such as self-regeneration, resistance to chemotherapy, and high ability of metastasis. The purpose of this paper is to show how aberrant DNA methylation accumulation affects self-renewal, differentiation, multidrug-resistant, and metastasis processes in cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mazloumi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raheleh Farahzadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Rafat
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Dizaji Asl
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Montazer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Dehnad
- Department of Bacterial Disease Research, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran
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Luo M, Yang X, Chen HN, Nice EC, Huang C. Drug resistance in colorectal cancer: An epigenetic overview. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188623. [PMID: 34481016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite significant progress that has been made in therapies against CRC over the past decades, drug resistance is still a major limitation in CRC treatment. Numerous investigations have unequivocally shown that epigenetic regulation plays an important role in CRC drug resistance because of the high rate of epigenetic alterations in multiple genes during cancer development or drug treatment. Furthermore, the reversibility of epigenetic alterations provides novel therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance using small molecules, which can target non-coding RNAs or reverse histone modification and DNA methylation. In this review, we discuss epigenetic regulation in CRC drug resistance and the possible role of preventing or reversing CRC drug resistance using epigenetic therapy in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maochao Luo
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xingyue Yang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hai-Ning Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Canhua Huang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Beacon TH, Delcuve GP, López C, Nardocci G, Kovalchuk I, van Wijnen AJ, Davie JR. The dynamic broad epigenetic (H3K4me3, H3K27ac) domain as a mark of essential genes. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:138. [PMID: 34238359 PMCID: PMC8264473 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptionally active chromatin is marked by tri-methylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) located after first exons and around transcription start sites. This epigenetic mark is typically restricted to narrow regions at the 5`end of the gene body, though a small subset of genes have a broad H3K4me3 domain which extensively covers the coding region. Although most studies focus on the H3K4me3 mark, the broad H3K4me3 domain is associated with a plethora of histone modifications (e.g., H3 acetylated at K27) and is therein termed broad epigenetic domain. Genes marked with the broad epigenetic domain are involved in cell identity and essential cell functions and have clinical potential as biomarkers for patient stratification. Reducing expression of genes with the broad epigenetic domain may increase the metastatic potential of cancer cells. Enhancers and super-enhancers interact with the broad epigenetic domain marked genes forming a hub of interactions involving nucleosome-depleted regions. Together, the regulatory elements coalesce with transcription factors, chromatin modifying/remodeling enzymes, coactivators, and the Mediator and/or Integrator complex into a transcription factory which may be analogous to a liquid–liquid phase-separated condensate. The broad epigenetic domain has a dynamic chromatin structure which supports frequent transcription bursts. In this review, we present the current knowledge of broad epigenetic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim H Beacon
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Room 333A, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Geneviève P Delcuve
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Room 333A, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Camila López
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Room 333A, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gino Nardocci
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Lab, Program in Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Center for Biomedical Research and Innovation (CIIB), Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James R Davie
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Room 333A, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Sun Z, Liu Y, Ouyang Q, Liu Z, Liu Y. Research progress of omics technology in the field of tumor resistance: From single -omics to multi -omics combination application. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 46:620-627. [PMID: 34275931 PMCID: PMC10930197 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.200561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is the main obstacle in the treatment of many cancers. It is of great clinical significance to study the mechanism of drug resistance and find new targets. Multi-omics mainly includes genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and radiomics. In recent years, the research of tumor resistance has made rapid development, which has significantly accelerated the discovery of new targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze'en Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Qianying Ouyang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Zhaoqian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Yingzi Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
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Tavakoli Shirazi P, Eadie LN, Page EC, Heatley SL, Bruning JB, White DL. Constitutive JAK/STAT signaling is the primary mechanism of resistance to JAKi in TYK2-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Lett 2021; 512:28-37. [PMID: 33971281 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Activating TYK2-rearrangements have recently been identified and implicated in the leukemogenesis of high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (HR-ALL) cases. Pre-clinical studies indicated the JAK/TYK2 inhibitor (JAKi), cerdulatinib, as a promising therapeutic against TYK2-rearranged ALL, attenuating the constitutive JAK/STAT signaling resulting from the TYK2 fusion protein. However, following a period of clinical efficacy, JAKi resistance often occurs resulting in relapse. In this study, we modeled potential mechanisms of JAKi resistance in TYK2-rearranged ALL cells in vitro in order to recapitulate possible clinical scenarios and provide a rationale for alternative therapies. Cerdulatinib resistant B-cells, driven by the MYB-TYK2 fusion oncogene, were generated by long-term exposure to the drug. Sustained treatment of MYB-TYK2-rearranged ALL cells with cerdulatinib led to enhanced and persistent JAK/STAT signaling, co-occurring with JAK1 overexpression. Hyperactivation of JAK/STAT signaling and JAK1 overexpression was reversible as cerdulatinib withdrawal resulted in re-sensitization to the drug. Importantly, histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) therapies were efficacious against cerdulatinib-resistant cells demonstrating a potential alternative therapy for use in TYK2-rearranged B-ALL patients who have lost response to JAKi treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paniz Tavakoli Shirazi
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Laura N Eadie
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Elyse C Page
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Susan L Heatley
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - John B Bruning
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Deborah L White
- Cancer Program, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Australian Genomics Health Alliance (AGHA), Australia.
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Ramezankhani R, Solhi R, Es HA, Vosough M, Hassan M. Novel molecular targets in gastric adenocarcinoma. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 220:107714. [PMID: 33172596 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. A high mortality rate and resistance to treatment protocols due to a heterogeneous molecular pathogenesis has made discovering the key etiologic molecular alterations of the utmost importance. The remarkable role played by epigenetic modifications in repressing or activating many cancer-related genes and forming new epigenetic signatures can affect cancer initiation and progression. Hence, targeting the key epigenetic drivers could potentially attenuate cancer progression. MLLs, ARID1A and EZH2 are among the major epigenetic players that are frequently mutated in GACs. In this paper, we have proposed the existence of a network between these proteins that, together with PCAF and KDM6A, control the 3D chromatin structure and regulate the expression of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and oncogenes in GAC. Therefore, we suggest that manipulating the expression of EZH2, PCAF, and KDM6A or their downstream targets may reduce the cancerous phenotype in GAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Ramezankhani
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Basic Science and Advanced Medical Technologies, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran; Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, KU Leuven Stem Cell Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roya Solhi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; ECM, Clinical research center (KFC), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Sweden.
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Yeon M, Kim Y, Jung HS, Jeoung D. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors to Overcome Resistance to Targeted and Immuno Therapy in Metastatic Melanoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:486. [PMID: 32626712 PMCID: PMC7311641 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies that target oncogenes and immune checkpoint molecules constitute a major group of treatments for metastatic melanoma. A mutation in BRAF (BRAF V600E) affects various signaling pathways, including mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in melanoma. Target-specific agents, such as MAPK inhibitors improve progression-free survival. However, BRAFV600E mutant melanomas treated with BRAF kinase inhibitors develop resistance. Immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1(PD-L1), induce immune evasion of cancer cells. MAPK inhibitor resistance results from the increased expression of PD-L1. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1, are main players in immune therapies designed to target metastatic melanoma. However, melanoma patients show low response rate and resistance to these inhibitors develops within 6–8 months of treatment. Epigenetic reprogramming, such as DNA methylaion and histone modification, regulates the expression of genes involved in cellular proliferation, immune checkpoints and the response to anti-cancer drugs. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups from histone and non-histone proteins and act as transcriptional repressors. HDACs are often dysregulated in melanomas, and regulate MAPK signaling, cancer progression, and responses to various anti-cancer drugs. HDACs have been shown to regulate the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 and genes involved in immune evasion. These reports make HDACs ideal targets for the development of anti-melanoma therapeutics. We review the mechanisms of resistance to anti-melanoma therapies, including MAPK inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors. We address the effects of HDAC inhibitors on the response to MAPK inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma. In addition, we discuss current progress in anti-melanoma therapies involving a combination of HDAC inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and MAPK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Yeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea
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