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Maisch T, Scholz KJ, Forster EM, Wenzl V, Auer DL, Cieplik F, Hiller KA. Optimal effective concentration combinations (OPECCs) for binary application of membrane-targeting antiseptics and TMPyP-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:189-196. [PMID: 38113026 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of multi-resistant bacteria is a health problem of global dimension. Infections caused by multi-resistant pathogens are difficult to treat and often associated with high mortality. Therefore, new treatment strategies are of interest, such as the use of differently acting antibacterial concepts. One of these new concepts is the use of antiseptics in combination with the antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Currently, no method has yet been established as a standard procedure for investigating combined effects and evaluating them in a generally valid and unambiguous manner. The focus of this study was on how cationic antiseptics benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) behave in a combined application with aPDT using the photosensitizer TMPyP. For this purpose, BAC and CHX were applied in combination with the aPDT using TMPyP in non-lethal concentrations to the three bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The results of the combination experiments with sublethal concentrations of BAC or CHX with the aPDT showed that the binary application had a lethal effect. Irrespective of the bacteria, the reduction in concentrations in OPECC, compared to individual concentrations, was more than 50% for TMPyP, 23-40% for BAC, and 18-43% for CHX. Furthermore, the optimal effective concentration combinations (OPECCs) could be determined. The latter showed that the combined application allowed the reduction of both concentrations compared to the single application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Konstantin J Scholz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Forster
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Verena Wenzl
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David L Auer
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Hiller KA, Wenzl V, Forster EM, Cieplik F, Maisch T. The Optimal Effective Concentration Combination (OPECC) as a Novel Method for Evaluating the Effects of Binary Application of Antibacterial Compounds. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040830. [PMID: 37110251 PMCID: PMC10143449 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination therapies appear to be beneficial for preventing bacterial resistance to antibacterial approaches. The aim of this study was to define and determine an optimal effective concentration combination (OPECC) for binary application of antibacterial compounds. The antiseptics chlorhexidine (CHX), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), as well as the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP), were tested against planktonic Escherichia coli in binary combinations by applying a checkerboard assay, and then evaluated according to the established synergism principles. Extending the checkerboard method, the optical density (OD) of the wells was measured photometrically. On the borderline between effective (OD = 0) and non-effective (OD > 0) eradication of the bacterial cultures, the OPECC was determined. Binary combinations of CPC or CHX with BAC were assessed as either synergistic or indifferent, respectively, while there was no OPECC to calculate. For all other binary combinations, an OPECC was derivable, and these were assessed as either synergistic or indifferent. In conclusion, the evaluation of the binary combination application of antibacterial compounds based on the checkerboard method was refined to such an extent that it was possible to determine at least one concentration pair that could be defined and considered as an OPECC, independently of the evaluation of the system according to the different synergy principles. In general, the method presented herein for determining an OPECC can be applied to any conceivable method or system aimed at the eradication of a pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Verena Wenzl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Forster
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Eckl DB, Landgraf N, Hoffmann AK, Eichner A, Huber H, Bäumler W. Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria in Ionic Environments Using the Photosensitizer SAPYR and the Chelator Citrate. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:716-731. [PMID: 36004389 DOI: 10.1111/php.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many studies show that photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a powerful tool for the fight against pathogenic, multi-resistant bacteria and the closing of hygiene gaps. However, PDI studies have been frequently performed under standardized in vitro conditions comprising artificial laboratory settings. Under real life conditions, however, PDI encounters substances like ions, proteins, amino acids, and fatty acids, potentially hampering the efficacy PDI to an unpredictable extent. Thus, we investigated PDI with the phenalene-1-one based photosensitizer SAPYR against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of calcium or magnesium ions, which are ubiquitous in potential fields of PDI applications like in tap water or on tissue surfaces. The addition of citrate should elucidate the potential as a chelator. The results indicate that PDI is clearly affected by such ubiquitous ions depending on its concentration and the type of bacteria. The application of citrate enhanced PDI especially for Gram-negative bacteria at certain ionic concentrations (e.g. CaCl2 or MgCl2 : 7.5 to 75 mmol l-1 ). Citrate also improved PDI efficacy in tap water (especially for Gram-negative bacteria) and synthetic sweat solution (especially for Gram-positive bacteria). In conclusion, the use of chelating agents like citrate may facilitate the application of PDI under real life conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Eckl
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg.,University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Dermatology, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Nicole Landgraf
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Anja K Hoffmann
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Anja Eichner
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Dermatology, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Harald Huber
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg
| | - Wolfgang Bäumler
- University Hospital Regensburg, Department of Dermatology, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg
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4
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Godard J, Chapron D, Bregier F, Rosilio V, Sol V. Synthesis and supramolecular arrangement of new stearoyl acid-based phenalenone derivatives. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Muehler D, Rupp CM, Keceli S, Brochhausen C, Siegmund H, Maisch T, Hiller KA, Buchalla W, Cieplik F. Insights Into Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Action Toward Biofilms Using Phenalen-1-One Derivatives as Photosensitizers. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:589364. [PMID: 33193252 PMCID: PMC7662152 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.589364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In view of increasing resistance against antibiotics and antiseptics, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) may be a promising approach for use in dentistry. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of aPDT with the phenalene-1-one derivatives SAPYR and SA-PN-05 as photosensitizers by evaluating bacterial ability to replicate, membrane integrity, metabolic activity, and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biofilms of Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus mutans, and Escherichia coli. Materials and Methods Single-species biofilms (A. naeslundii, S. mutans, and E. coli) were cultured under aerobic conditions for 48 h followed by treatment with the photosensitizers SAPYR and SA-PN-05 at various concentrations (0, 50, 100, 500 μM) and different incubation periods of 5, 10, 20, and 30 min and subsequent irradiation for 10 min (Waldmann PIB 3000; λem = 360–600 nm; 50 mW/cm2; 30 J/cm2). Control samples were treated with dH2O and kept in dark for the same periods. Bacterial ability to replicate was evaluated by colony forming unit (CFU) assay. The cytoplasmic membrane integrity was investigated by flow cytometry using SYBR Green and propidium iodide and visualized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. For SAPYR, metabolic activity and formation of intracellular ROS after irradiation were evaluated via luminescence and fluorometric assays, respectively. Results SAPYR showed antimicrobial effects (>3 log10 CFU reduction) on S. mutans after 5 min and on A. naeslundii after 20 min incubation and light activation. For E. coli, CFU reduction was >2 log10 after 30 min of incubation. SA-PN-05 showed an antimicrobial effect after 5 min for all bacteria. Membrane damage upon aPDT with SAPYR was observed for E. coli, but not for S. mutans and A. naeslundii. Following treatment with SA-PN-05, irradiated samples and dark controls of all three species showed loss of membrane integrity. Luminescence and fluorometric assays showed a reduction in metabolic activity and an increase in formation of intracellular ROS in all three species upon aPDT treatment with SAPYR. Conclusion The observed loss in ability to replicate upon aPDT with SAPYR in single-species biofilms may be due to an increase in formation of intracellular ROS upon photodynamic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Muehler
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina M Rupp
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sercan Keceli
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Heiko Siegmund
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Schramm S, Hiller KA, Cantzler S, Weilemann H, Cantzler M, Zimmermann JL, Cieplik F, Maisch T. The Latest Time Point of Retreatment (LTPR) as a Novel Method to Determine Antibacterial Effects for Binary Use of Cold Atmospheric Plasma and Conventional Agents. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:576500. [PMID: 33193191 PMCID: PMC7658100 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.576500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schramm
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tim Maisch,
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An extended logistic model of photodynamic inactivation for various levels of irradiance using the example of Streptococcus agalactiae. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14168. [PMID: 32843677 PMCID: PMC7447635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiance is an important factor influencing the acceleration of microorganism mortality in photodynamic inactivation (PDI) processes. Experimental observations of PDI processes indicate that the greater the irradiation power is, the faster the decrease in the population size of microorganisms. However, commonly used mathematical models of PDI processes usually refer only to specific values of irradiance without taking into account the influence of change in irradiance on the dynamic properties of inactivation. The main goal of this paper is to analyze the effect of irradiance on the PDI process and attempt to mathematically model the obtained dependencies. The analysis was carried out using the example of photodynamic inactivation of the bacterium Streptococcus agalactiae with the adopted Logistic PDI model optimized for several selected levels of irradiance. To take into account the impact of changes in irradiation power on the PDI model, the selected parameters were made appropriately dependent on this factor. The paper presents several variants of parameter modification with an evaluation of the model fitting quality criterion. The discussion on appropriate selection of parameters to be modified was carried out as a comparative analysis of several case studies. The extended logistic PDI model obtained in the conducted research effectively describes the dynamics of microorganism mortality in the whole tested irradiation power range.
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De Bonfils P, Verron E, Sandoval-Altamirano C, Jaque P, Moreau X, Gunther G, Nun P, Coeffard V. Unusual Oxidative Dealkylation Strategy toward Functionalized Phenalenones as Singlet Oxygen Photosensitizers and Photophysical Studies. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10603-10616. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul De Bonfils
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Elise Verron
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Catalina Sandoval-Altamirano
- Facultad de Quı́mica y Biologı́a, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, correo 33, Santiago 518000, Chile
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica y Fisicoquı́mica, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Xavier Moreau
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - German Gunther
- Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas y Farmacéuticas, Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica y Fisicoquı́mica, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Pierrick Nun
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Coeffard
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
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Mitochondrial Dysfunctions May Be One of the Major Causative Factors Underlying Detrimental Effects of Benzalkonium Chloride. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8956504. [PMID: 32104543 PMCID: PMC7035552 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8956504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is currently the most commonly used antimicrobial preservative in ophthalmic solutions, nasal sprays, and cosmetics. However, a large number of clinical and experimental investigations showed that the topical administration of BAC-containing eye drops could cause a variety of ocular surface changes, from ocular discomfort to potential risk for future glaucoma surgery. BAC-containing albuterol may increase the risk of albuterol-related systemic adverse effects. BAC, commonly present in personal care products, in cosmetic products can induce irritation and dose-dependent changes in the cell morphology. The cationic nature of BAC (it is a quaternary ammonium) suggests that one of the major targets of BAC in the cell may be mitochondria, the only intracellular compartment charged negatively. However, the influence of BAC on mitochondria has not been clearly understood. Here, the effects of BAC on energy parameters of rat liver mitochondria as well as on yeast cells were examined. BAC, being a "weaker" uncoupler, potently inhibited respiration in state 3, diminished the mitochondrial membrane potential, caused opening of the Ca2+/Pi-dependent pore, blocked ATP synthesis, and promoted H2O2 production by mitochondria. BAC triggered oxidative stress and mitochondrial fragmentation in yeast cells. BAC-induced oxidative stress in mitochondria and yeast cells was almost totally prevented by the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1; the protective effect of SkQ1 on mitochondrial fragmentation was only partial. Collectively, these data showed that BAC acts adversely on cell bioenergetics (especially on ATP synthesis) and mitochondrial dynamics and that its prooxidant effect can be partially prevented by the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1.
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López-Arencibia A, Reyes-Batlle M, Freijo MB, Sifaoui I, Bethencourt-Estrella CJ, Rizo-Liendo A, Chiboub O, McNaughton-Smith G, Lorenzo-Morales J, Abad-Grillo T, Piñero JE. In vitro activity of 1H-phenalen-1-one derivatives against Leishmania spp. and evidence of programmed cell death. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:601. [PMID: 31870406 PMCID: PMC6929359 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The in vitro activity against Leishmania spp. of a novel group of compounds, phenalenone derivatives, is described in this study. Previous studies have shown that some phenalenones present leishmanicidal activity, and induce a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential in L. amazonensis parasites, so in order to elucidate the evidence of programmed cell death occurring inside the promastigote stage, different assays were performed in two different species of Leishmania. Methods We focused on the determination of the programmed cell death evidence by detecting the characteristic features of the apoptosis-like process, such as phosphatidylserine exposure, mitochondrial membrane potential, and chromatin condensation among others. Results The results showed that four molecules activated the apoptosis-like process in the parasite. All the signals observed were indicative of the death process that the parasites were undergoing. Conclusions The present results highlight the potential use of phenalenone derivatives against Leishmania species and further studies should be undertaken to establish them as novel leishmanicidal therapeutic agents.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Atteneri López-Arencibia
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain. .,Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - María Reyes-Batlle
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Mónica B Freijo
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica 'Antonio González', Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Fco. Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Ines Sifaoui
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Carlos J Bethencourt-Estrella
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Aitor Rizo-Liendo
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Olfa Chiboub
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.,Laboratoire Matériaux-Molécules et Applications, La Marsa, University of Carthage, Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Grant McNaughton-Smith
- Centro Atlántico del Medicamento S.A (CEAMED S.A.), PCTT, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.,Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Teresa Abad-Grillo
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica 'Antonio González', Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Fco. Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - José E Piñero
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain. .,Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance requires development of alternative therapeutic options. Multidrug-resistant strains of Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. are still the most commonly identified antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. These microorganisms are part of the so-called 'ESKAPE' pathogens to emphasize that they currently cause the majority of hospital acquired infections and effectively 'escape' the effects of antibacterial drugs. Thus, alternative, safer and more efficient antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed, especially against 'ESKAPE' superbugs. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation is a therapeutic option used in the treatment of infectious diseases. It is based on a combination of a photosensitizer, light and oxygen to remove highly metabolically active cells.
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12
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What an Escherichia coli Mutant Can Teach Us About the Antibacterial Effect of Chlorophyllin. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7020059. [PMID: 30813305 PMCID: PMC6406390 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing development of antibiotic resistances in recent years, scientists search intensely for new methods to control bacteria. Photodynamic treatment with porphyrins such as chlorophyll derivatives is one of the most promising methods to handle bacterial infestation, but their use is dependent on illumination and they seem to be more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negatives. In this study, we tested chlorophyllin against three bacterial model strains, the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis 168, the Gram-negative Escherichia coli DH5α and E. coli strain NR698 which has a deficient outer membrane, simulating a Gram-negative "without" its outer membrane. Illuminated with a standardized light intensity of 12 mW/cm², B. subtilis showed high sensitivity already at low chlorophyllin concentrations (≤10⁵ cfu/mL: ≤0.1 mg/L, 10⁶⁻10⁸ cfu/mL: 0.5 mg/L), whereas E. coli DH5α was less sensitive (≤10⁵ cfu/mL: 2.5 mg/L, 10⁶ cfu/mL: 5 mg/L, 10⁷⁻10⁸ cfu/mL: ineffective at ≤25 mg/L chlorophyllin). E. coli NR698 was almost as sensitive as B. subtilis against chlorophyllin, pointing out that the outer membrane plays a significant role in protection against photodynamic chlorophyllin impacts. Interestingly, E. coli NR698 and B. subtilis can also be inactivated by chlorophyllin in darkness, indicating a second, light-independent mode of action. Thus, chlorophyllin seems to be more than a photosensitizer, and a promising substance for the control of bacteria, which deserves further investigation.
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13
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Cieplik F, Deng D, Crielaard W, Buchalla W, Hellwig E, Al-Ahmad A, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy - what we know and what we don't. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:571-589. [PMID: 29749263 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1467876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering increasing number of pathogens resistant towards commonly used antibiotics as well as antiseptics, there is a pressing need for antimicrobial approaches that are capable of inactivating pathogens efficiently without the risk of inducing resistances. In this regard, an alternative approach is the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). The antimicrobial effect of aPDT is based on the principle that visible light activates a per se non-toxic molecule, the so-called photosensitizer (PS), resulting in generation of reactive oxygen species that kill bacteria unselectively via an oxidative burst. During the last 10-20 years, there has been extensive in vitro research on novel PS as well as light sources, which is now to be translated into clinics. In this review, we aim to provide an overview about the history of aPDT, its fundamental photochemical and photophysical mechanisms as well as photosensitizers and light sources that are currently applied for aPDT in vitro. Furthermore, the potential of resistances towards aPDT is extensively discussed and implications for proper comparison of in vitro studies regarding aPDT as well as for potential application fields in clinical practice are given. Overall, this review shall provide an outlook on future research directions needed for successful translation of promising in vitro results in aPDT towards clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- a Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany.,b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- a Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- c Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine , Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- c Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine , Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- d Department of Dermatology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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Cieplik F, Steinwachs VS, Muehler D, Hiller KA, Thurnheer T, Belibasakis GN, Buchalla W, Maisch T. Phenalen-1-one-Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Antimicrobial Efficacy in a Periodontal Biofilm Model and Flow Cytometric Evaluation of Cytoplasmic Membrane Damage. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:688. [PMID: 29681899 PMCID: PMC5897782 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of increasing resistance toward conventional antibiotics and antiseptics, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) may be a valuable alternative, especially for use in dentistry. In this regard, photosensitizers (PS) based on a phenalen-1-one structure seem to be especially favorable due to their high singlet oxygen quantum yield. However, the actual target structures of phenalen-1-one-mediated aPDT are still unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of aPDT mediated by phenalen-1-one derivatives SAPYR and SAGUA for inactivation of a polymicrobial biofilm consisting of three putative periodontal pathogens in vitro and to get first insights in the mechanism of action of phenalen-1-one-mediated aPDT by assessing damage of cytoplasmic membranes. aPDT with SAPYR exhibited identical antimicrobial efficacy as compared to chlorhexidine (CHX) [4.4-6.1 log10 reduction of colony forming units (CFUs) depending on bacterial species] while aPDT with SAGUA was less effective (2.0-2.8 log10). Flow cytometric analysis combined with propidium iodide (PI) staining revealed no damage of cytoplasmic membranes after aPDT with both phenalen-1-one derivatives, which was confirmed by spectroscopic measurements for release of nucleic acids after treatment. Spectrophotometric PS-uptake measurements showed no uptake of SAPYR by bacterial cells. Despite the inability to pinpoint the actual target of phenalen-1-one-mediated aPDT, this study shows the high antimicrobial potential of phenalen-1-on mediated aPDT (especially when using SAPYR) and represents a first step for getting insights in the mechanism and damage patterns of aPDT with this class of PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria-Sophia Steinwachs
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Denise Muehler
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Thurnheer
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Clinic of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georgios N Belibasakis
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Cieplik F, Wimmer F, Muehler D, Thurnheer T, Belibasakis G, Hiller KA, Maisch T, Buchalla W. Phenalen-1-One-Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy and Chlorhexidine Applied to a Novel Caries Biofilm Model. Caries Res 2018; 52:447-453. [DOI: 10.1159/000487815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) may be useful as a supportive antimicrobial measure for caries-active subjects. In this study, the antimicrobial efficacy of aPDT with a phenalen-1-one photosensitizer was evaluated in a novel in vitro biofilm model comprising Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, and Streptococcus mutans and was compared to chlorhexidine. The proposed biofilm model allows high-throughput screening for antimicrobial efficacy while exhibiting a differentiated response to different antimicrobial approaches. While chlorhexidine 0.2% showed a reduction of ≈4 log10 for all species, aPDT led to a more pronounced reduction of S. mutans (2.8 log10) than of Actinomyces spp. (1.2 or 1.3 log10). A similar effect was also observed in monospecies biofilms. Therefore, aPDT may be more effective against S. mutans than against Actinomyces spp. when in biofilms, and this antimicrobial approach merits further investigations.
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