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Madi M, Smith S, Alshehri S, Zakaria O, Almas K. Influence of Smoking on Periodontal and Implant Therapy: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5368. [PMID: 37047982 PMCID: PMC10094532 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND smoking is considered the most modifiable risk factor for periodontal disease. OBJECTIVE the aim of this narrative review is to emphasize the effect of smoking on periodontal and implant therapy. METHODS The authors reviewed the literature reporting the clinical outcomes of smoking on periodontal surgical and nonsurgical treatment. The impact of smoking on implant therapy and sinus lifting procedures were also reviewed. RESULTS Periodontal and implant therapy outcomes are adversely affected by smoking. Smokers respond less favorably to periodontal therapy and periodontal flap procedures as compared to nonsmokers. Clinical outcomes for smokers are 50-75% worse than for nonsmokers. Studies reveal that smokers experience a significantly lower reduction in pocket depth compared to nonsmokers as well as less bone growth after treating infra-bony defects with guided tissue regeneration. The relative risk of implant failure is significantly higher in patients who smoke 20 cigarettes or more per day compared to nonsmokers. Additionally, smoking has also been shown to increase postoperative wound dehiscence and infection rates following sinus floor elevation. Longitudinal studies on smoke cessation have shown a reduction in bone loss and probing depths for periodontitis patients after cessation compared to those who smoke. CONCLUSION Smoking cessation can reduce probing depths and improve clinical attachment after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. There is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of smoking on peri-implantitis, as well as the loss of implants in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Madi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steph Smith
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Alshehri
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Almas
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Li Y, Yang J, Wang J, Wei B, Hu L. Pyopneumothorax caused by Parvimonas micra and Prevotella oralis: a case report. World J Emerg Med 2023; 14:488-491. [PMID: 37969220 PMCID: PMC10632756 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2023.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Li
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Junyu Wang
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Bing Wei
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Le Hu
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
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Iskander MMZ, Lamont GJ, Tan J, Pisano M, Uriarte SM, Scott DA. Tobacco smoke exacerbates Filifactor alocis pathogenicity. J Clin Periodontol 2023; 50:121-130. [PMID: 36122937 PMCID: PMC9976951 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Filifactor alocis has recently emerged as a periodontal pathobiont that appears to thrive in the oral cavity of smokers. We hypothesized that identification of smoke-responsive F. alocis genes would provide insight into adaptive strategies and that cigarette smoke would enhance F. alocis pathogenesis in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS F. alocis was grown in vitro and cigarette smoke extract-responsive genes determined by RNAseq. Mice were exposed, or not, to mainstream 1R6F research cigarette smoke and infected with F. alocis, or not, in an acute ligature model of periodontitis. Key clinical, infectious, and immune data were collected. RESULTS In culture, F. alocis growth was unaffected by smoke conditioning and only a small number of genes were specifically regulated by smoke exposure. Reduced murine mass, differences in F. alocis-cognizant antibody production, and altered immune profiles as well as altered alveolar bone loss were all attributable to smoke exposure and/or F. alocis infection in vivo. CONCLUSIONS F. alocis is well-adapted to tobacco-rich conditions and its pathogenesis is enhanced by tobacco smoke exposure. A smoke-exposed ligature model of periodontitis shows promise as a tool with which to further unravel mechanisms underlying tobacco-enhanced, bacteria-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina M Z Iskander
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gwyneth J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jinlian Tan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Michele Pisano
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Silvia M Uriarte
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Monje A, Kan JY, Borgnakke W. Impact of local predisposing/precipitating factors and systemic drivers on peri‐implant diseases. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2022. [PMID: 36533411 DOI: 10.1111/cid.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strong evidence suggests the infectious nature of peri-implant diseases occurring in susceptible hosts. Epidemiological reports, though, indicate that peri-implantitis is a site-specific entity. Hence, the significance of local factors that may predispose/precipitate plaque accumulation and the impact of systemic drivers that alter the immune response are relevant in the prevention and management of peri-implant disorders. PURPOSE The purpose of the present review is to shed light on the significance of local and systemic factors on peri-implant diseases, making special emphasis on the associations with peri-implantitis. METHODS The biologic plausibility and supporting evidence aiming at providing a concluding remark were explored in the recent scientific literature for local predisposing/precipitating factors and systemic drivers related to peri-implant diseases. RESULTS Local predisposing factors such as soft tissue characteristics, implant position and prosthetic design proved being strongly associated with the occurrence of peri-implant diseases. Hard tissue characteristics, however, failed to demonstrate having a direct association with peri-implant diseases. Robust data points toward the strong link between residual sub-mucosal cement and peri-implant diseases, while limited data suggests the impact of residual sub-mucosal floss and peri-implantitis. Systemic drivers/habits such as hyperglycemia and smoking showed a strong negative impact on peri-implantitis. However, there is insufficient evidence to claim for any link between metabolic syndrome, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and obesity and peri-implant diseases. CONCLUSION Local predisposing/precipitating factors and systemic drivers may increase the risk of peri-implant diseases. Therefore, comprehensive anamnesis of the patients, educational/motivational programs and exhaustive prosthetically-driven treatment planning must be fostered aiming at reducing the rate of biological complications in implant dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Monje
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
- Department of Periodontology Universitat Internacional de Catalunya Barcelona Spain
- Department of Periodontology, ZMK University of Bern Bern CH Switzerland
| | - Joseph Y. Kan
- Department of Implantology Loma Linda University Loma Linda California USA
| | - Wenche Borgnakke
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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5
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Metagenomic analysis of the salivary microbiota in patients with caries, periodontitis and comorbid diseases. J Dent Sci 2021; 16:1264-1273. [PMID: 34484595 PMCID: PMC8403802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Previous studies have suggested that there is a mutual antagonism between caries and periodontitis. This research aimed to investigate the ecological connection and bacterial interaction of these two diseases. Materials and methods We profiled and analyzed the salivary microbiota from 124 individuals (including 38 caries patients, 34 periodontitis patients, 15 comorbid diseases patients, and 37 healthy controls) by using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatics approaches, and also quantified their salivary bacteria loads via quantitative real-time PCR. The putative biological functions of the salivary microbiome of the different groups were predicted by PICRUSt. Results We observed that both the total bacteria loads and the overall microbial richness in the saliva of the periodontitis group were higher than that in the healthy group. The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed that the caries, periodontitis and healthy groups were separated from each other, and that the samples from comorbid diseases were located at the overlap of caries and periodontitis groups. Using LEfSe analysis, 20 differentially abundant genera were identified as potential biomarkers. These genera also performed complicated interactions among the four groups. Additionally, the PICRUSt analysis indicated caries-related and periodontitis-related functions (e.g., carbohydrate metabolism and bacteria proliferation) respectively. Conclusion We disclosed the significant differences in the salivary bacterial community under caries, periodontitis and comorbid diseases. The periodontitis group was marked by the increased complexity of the salivary microbiota. The result may have vital clinical significance to the screening and early treatment of caries-active and periodontitis-active individuals.
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Arcos SC, Lira F, Robertson L, González MR, Carballeda-Sangiao N, Sánchez-Alonso I, Zamorano L, Careche M, Jiménez-Ruíz Y, Ramos R, Llorens C, González-Muñoz M, Oliver A, Martínez JL, Navas A. Metagenomics Analysis Reveals an Extraordinary Inner Bacterial Diversity in Anisakids (Nematoda: Anisakidae) L3 Larvae. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1088. [PMID: 34069371 PMCID: PMC8158776 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
L3 larvae of anisakid nematodes are an important problem for the fisheries industry and pose a potential risk for human health by acting as infectious agents causing allergies and as potential vectors of pathogens and microrganisms. In spite of the close bacteria-nematode relationship very little is known of the anisakids microbiota. Fresh fish could be contaminated by bacteria vectored in the cuticle or in the intestine of anisakids when the L3 larvae migrate through the muscles. As a consequence, the bacterial inoculum will be spread, with potential effects on the quality of the fish, and possible clinical effects cannot be discarded. A total of 2,689,113 16S rRNA gene sequences from a total of 113 L3 individuals obtained from fish captured along the FAO 27 fishing area were studied. Bacteria were taxonomically characterized through 1803 representative operational taxonomic units (OTUs) sequences. Fourteen phyla, 31 classes, 52 orders, 129 families and 187 genera were unambiguously identified. We have found as part of microbiome an average of 123 OTUs per L3 individual. Diversity indices (Shannon and Simpson) indicate an extraordinary diversity of bacteria at an OTU level. There are clusters of anisakids individuals (samples) defined by the associated bacteria which, however, are not significantly related to fish hosts or anisakid taxa. This suggests that association or relationship among bacteria in anisakids, exists without the influence of fishes or nematodes. The lack of relationships with hosts of anisakids taxa has to be expressed by the association among bacterial OTUs or other taxonomical levels which range from OTUs to the phylum level. There are significant biological structural associations of microbiota in anisakid nematodes which manifest in clusters of bacteria ranging from phylum to genus level, which could also be an indicator of fish contamination or the geographic zone of fish capture. Actinobacteria, Aquificae, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria are the phyla whose abundance value discriminate for defining such structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana C. Arcos
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Dpto Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.A.); (L.R.); (M.R.G.); (Y.J.-R.)
| | - Felipe Lira
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (F.L.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Lee Robertson
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Dpto Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.A.); (L.R.); (M.R.G.); (Y.J.-R.)
- Departamento de Protección Vegetal, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Rosa González
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Dpto Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.A.); (L.R.); (M.R.G.); (Y.J.-R.)
| | | | - Isabel Sánchez-Alonso
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.-A.); (M.C.)
| | - Laura Zamorano
- Servicio de Microbiología y Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, (IdISPa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (L.Z.); (A.O.)
| | - Mercedes Careche
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.-A.); (M.C.)
| | - Yolanda Jiménez-Ruíz
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Dpto Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.A.); (L.R.); (M.R.G.); (Y.J.-R.)
| | - Ricardo Ramos
- Unidad de Genómica, “Scientific Park of Madrid”, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carlos Llorens
- Biotechvana, “Scientific Park”, University of Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Miguel González-Muñoz
- Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (N.C.-S.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Antonio Oliver
- Servicio de Microbiología y Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, (IdISPa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; (L.Z.); (A.O.)
| | - José L. Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (F.L.); (J.L.M.)
| | - Alfonso Navas
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Dpto Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.A.); (L.R.); (M.R.G.); (Y.J.-R.)
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Laserna-Mendieta EJ, FitzGerald JA, Arias-Gonzalez L, Ollala JM, Bernardo D, Claesson MJ, Lucendo AJ. Esophageal microbiome in active eosinophilic esophagitis and changes induced by different therapies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7113. [PMID: 33782490 PMCID: PMC8007638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory esophageal disease triggered by food antigens. Cumulative evidence supports the implication of microbiota and the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of EoE. Changes in the esophageal microbiome were investigated by applying 16S rRNA gene sequencing on esophageal biopsies of adult patients with active EoE at baseline (n = 30), and after achieving remission with either proton pump inhibitors (PPI, n = 10), swallowed topical corticosteroids (STC, n = 10) or food-elimination diets (FED, n = 10). Ten non-EoE biopsies were also characterized as controls. Compared to controls, no differences in alpha (intra-sample) diversity were found in EoE microbiota overall. However, it decreased significantly among patients who underwent FED. As for beta (inter-sample) diversity, non-EoE controls separated from EoE baseline samples. Post-treatment samples from patients treated with PPI and FED had a more similar microbiota composition, while those receiving STC were closer to controls. Differential testing of microbial relative abundance displayed significant changes for Filifactor, Parvimonas and Porphyromonas genera. Analysis of predicted functions indicated alterations in metabolic pathways and abundance of sulphur-cytochrome oxidoreductases. Our findings demonstrate changes in microbiota associated with EoE, as well as a treatment effect on the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Laserna-Mendieta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Vereda de Socuéllamos, s/n, 13700, Tomelloso, Ciudad Real, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain. .,Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J A FitzGerald
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - L Arias-Gonzalez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Vereda de Socuéllamos, s/n, 13700, Tomelloso, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Ollala
- Department of Pathology, Hospital General La Mancha Centro, Alcázar de San Juan, Spain
| | - D Bernardo
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Instituto de Biología Y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, Valladolid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas Y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Claesson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - A J Lucendo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Vereda de Socuéllamos, s/n, 13700, Tomelloso, Ciudad Real, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas Y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.
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Hutcherson JA, Gogenini H, Lamont GJ, Miller DP, Nowakowska Z, Lasica AM, Liu C, Potempa J, Lamont RJ, Yoder-Himes D, Scott DA. Porphyromonas gingivalis genes conferring fitness in a tobacco-rich environment. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 35:10-18. [PMID: 31742917 PMCID: PMC8202090 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Smokers are more likely than non-smokers to harbour Porphyromonas gingivalis, they are more susceptible to destructive periodontal disease and smokers may, ultimately, benefit from tobacco-specific preventive and treatment strategies. A Mariner transposon insertion library for P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 was exploited to define 256 genes as essential for P. gingivalis survival in a tobacco-rich environment. Genes whose products play roles in protein transport and catabolism, nicotinamide processing, protection against oxidative stress, drug resistance, and transcriptional regulation have all been identified as essential for CSE survival. Many of these tobacco-essential genes are also requisite for epithelial colonization and abscess formation, suggestive of a core stress-related P. gingivalis genome. Single-gene deletions in several of the TnSeq-implicated genes led to significantly reduced P. gingivalis fitness upon competition with the parent strain, under conditions of cigarette smoke extract-induced stress (1,000 ng/ml nicotine equivalents). This study identifies, for the first time, a subset of P. gingivalis genes required for surviving the plethora of insults present in cigarette smoke. Such conditionally essential genes may delineate bacterial persistence strategies and represent novel therapeutic foci for the prevention of P. gingivalis infection and related diseases in smokers and in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel P. Miller
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville
| | - Zuzanna Nowakowska
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Anna M. Lasica
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville
- West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jan Potempa
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | | | | | - David A. Scott
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville
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Gu Z, Singh S, Niyogi RG, Lamont GJ, Wang H, Lamont RJ, Scott DA. Marijuana-Derived Cannabinoids Trigger a CB2/PI3K Axis of Suppression of the Innate Response to Oral Pathogens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2288. [PMID: 31681262 PMCID: PMC6804395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use is an emergent risk factor for periodontitis, a chronic bacterial-induced disease of the supporting structures of the teeth. However, the mechanisms by which marijuana exposure predisposes to periodontal tissue destruction have yet to be elucidated. Therefore, we examined the influence of physiologically relevant doses of major marijuana-derived phytocannabinoid subtypes (cannabidiol [CBD]; cannabinol [CBN]; and tetrahydrocannabinol [THC], 1.0 μg/ml) on the interactions of three ultrastructurally variant oral pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Filifactor alocis, and Treponema denticola with the immune system. CBD, CBN, and THC each suppressed P. gingivalis-induced IL-12 p40, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF release while enhancing the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, from human innate cells. Similar phenomena were observed in F. alocis- and T. denticola-exposed human monocytes and human gingival keratinocytes. Higher phytocannabinoid doses (≥5.0 μg/ml) compromised innate cell viability and inhibited the growth of P. gingivalis and F. alocis, relative to unexposed bacteria. T. denticola, however, was resistant to all cannabinoid doses tested (up to 10.0 μg/ml). Pharmaceutical inhibition and efficient gene silencing indicated that a common CB2/PI3K axis of immune suppression is triggered by phytocannabinoids in vitro. This pathway does not appear to perpetuate through the canonical GSK3β-dependent cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, the predominant endogenous inflammatory control system. In a repetitive, transient oral infection model, CBD also suppressed P. gingivalis-induced innate immune markers in wild-type mice, but not in CB2−/− mice. If such phenomena occur in humans in situ, environmental cannabinoids may enhance periodontitis via direct toxic effects on specific oral bacteria; by compromising innate cell vitality; and/or through a suppressed innate response to periodontal pathogens involving a CB2/PI3K signaling lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gu
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Shilpa Singh
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Rajarshi G Niyogi
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Gwyneth J Lamont
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - David A Scott
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
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10
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Hanioka T, Morita M, Yamamoto T, Inagaki K, Wang PL, Ito H, Morozumi T, Takeshita T, Suzuki N, Shigeishi H, Sugiyama M, Ohta K, Nagao T, Hanada N, Ojima M, Ogawa H. Smoking and periodontal microorganisms. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2019; 55:88-94. [PMID: 31049117 PMCID: PMC6484221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolution of dysbiosis following treatment for periodontal disease and tobacco dependence has been reported in longitudinal intervention studies. In the present report, we evaluated the biological findings regarding the effect of smoking on the periodontal microbiome. A standardized electronic search was conducted using MEDLINE; overall, 1099 papers were extracted. Studies that addressed the relationship between tobacco and periodontal pathogens were included. Finally, 42 papers were deemed appropriate for the present review. Functional changes in periodontal pathogens exposed to nicotine and cigarette smoke extract support the clinical findings regarding dysbiosis of the subgingival microbiome. Dysbiosis of the periodontal microbiome was presented in smokers regardless of their periodontal condition (healthy, gingivitis, or periodontitis) and remained significant only in smokers even after the resolution of experimentally-induced gingivitis and following reduction of clinical signs of periodontitis with non-surgical periodontal treatment and over 3 months post-therapy. Based on these findings, smoking cessation in periodontitis patients is beneficial for promoting a health-compatible subgingival microbial community. To maximize the benefits of these interventions in dental settings, further studies on periodontal microbiome are needed to elucidate the impact of tobacco intervention on preventing recurrence of periodontal destruction in the susceptible subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hanioka
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan
| | - Manabu Morita
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Disaster Medicine and Dental Sociology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Japan
| | - Koji Inagaki
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Aichi Gakuin Junior College, Japan
| | - Pao-Li Wang
- Department of Dental Education Innovation, Osaka Dental University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Periodontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Morozumi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Kanagawa Dental University Graduate School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Toru Takeshita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Nao Suzuki
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Japan
| | - Hideo Shigeishi
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Masaru Sugiyama
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Kouji Ohta
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Toru Nagao
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hanada
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Japan
| | - Miki Ojima
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Health Care, BAIKA Women's University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogawa
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, and WHO Collaborating Center for Translation of Oral Health Science, Niigata University, Japan
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11
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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment in smokers: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:3173-3182. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2740-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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12
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Buduneli N, Scott DA. Tobacco-induced suppression of the vascular response to dental plaque. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:271-282. [PMID: 29768735 PMCID: PMC8246627 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking presents oral health professionals with a clinical and research conundrum: reduced periodontal vascular responsiveness to the oral biofilm accompanied by increased susceptibility to destructive periodontal diseases. This presents a significant problem, hampering diagnosis and complicating treatment planning. The aim of this review is to summarize contemporary hypotheses that help to explain mechanistically the phenomenon of a suppressed bleeding response to dysbiotic plaque in the periodontia of smokers. The influence of smoke exposure on angiogenesis, innate cell function, the production of inflammatory mediators including cytokines and proteases, tobacco-bacteria interactions, and potential genetic predisposition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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13
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Wagenknecht DR, BalHaddad AA, Gregory RL. Effects of Nicotine on Oral Microorganisms, Human Tissues, and the Interactions between Them. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40496-018-0173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Ganesan SM, Joshi V, Fellows M, Dabdoub SM, Nagaraja HN, O'Donnell B, Deshpande NR, Kumar PS. A tale of two risks: smoking, diabetes and the subgingival microbiome. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:2075-2089. [PMID: 28534880 PMCID: PMC5563960 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although smoking and diabetes have been established as the only two risk factors for periodontitis, their individual and synergistic impacts on the periodontal microbiome are not well studied. The present investigation analyzed 2.7 million 16S sequences from 175 non-smoking normoglycemic individuals (controls), smokers, diabetics and diabetic smokers with periodontitis as well as periodontally healthy controls, smokers and diabetics to assess subgingival bacterial biodiversity and co-occurrence patterns. The microbial signatures of periodontally healthy smokers, but not diabetics, were highly aligned with the disease-associated microbiomes of their respective cohorts. Diabetics were dominated by species belonging to Fusobacterium, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus, Gemella, Streptococcus, Leptotrichia, Filifactor, Veillonella, TM7 and Terrahemophilus. These microbiomes exhibited significant clustering based on HbA1c levels (pre-diabetic (<6.5%), diabetic (6.5–9.9%), diabetics >10%). Smokers with periodontitis evidenced a robust core microbiome (species identified in at least 80% of individuals) dominated by anaerobes, with inter-individual differences attributable largely to the ‘rare biosphere’. Diabetics and diabetic smokers, on the other hand, were microbially heterogeneous and enriched for facultative species. In smokers, microbial co-occurrence networks were sparse and predominantly congeneric, while robust inter-generic networks were observed in diabetics and diabetic smokers. Smoking and hyperglycemia impact the subgingival microbiome in distinct ways, and when these perturbations intersect, their synergistic effect is greater than what would be expected from the sum of each effect separately. Thus, this study underscores the importance of early intervention strategies in maintaining health-compatible microbiomes in high-risk individuals, as well as the need to personalize these interventions based on the environmental perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukirth M Ganesan
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Coloumbus, OH, USA
| | - Vinayak Joshi
- Maratha Mandal's NathajiRao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Rajiv Gandhi University, Belgaum, India
| | - Megan Fellows
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Coloumbus, OH, USA
| | - Shareef M Dabdoub
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Coloumbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Benjamin O'Donnell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Coloumbus, OH, USA
| | - Neeta Rohit Deshpande
- Department of General Medicine, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences &Research Centre, Rajiv Gandhi University, Belgaum, India
| | - Purnima S Kumar
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Coloumbus, OH, USA
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15
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Determination of NLRP3 (rs4612666) and IL-1B (rs1143634) genetic polymorphisms in periodontally diseased and healthy subjects. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 65:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Immune and regulatory functions of neutrophils in inflammatory bone loss. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:146-58. [PMID: 26936034 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although historically viewed as merely anti-microbial effectors in acute infection or injury, neutrophils are now appreciated to be functionally versatile with critical roles also in chronic inflammation. Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease that destroys the tooth-supporting gums and bone, is particularly affected by alterations in neutrophil numbers or function, as revealed by observations in monogenic disorders and relevant mouse models. Besides being a significant debilitating disease and health burden in its own right, periodontitis is thus an attractive model to dissect uncharted neutrophil-associated (patho)physiological pathways. Here, we summarize recent evidence that neutrophils can contribute to inflammatory bone loss not only through the typical bystander injury dogma but intriguingly also through their absence from the affected tissue, where they normally perform important immunomodulatory functions. Moreover, we discuss recent advances in the interactions of neutrophils with the vascular endothelium and - upon extravasation - with bacteria, and how the dysregulation of these interactions leads to inflammatory tissue damage. Overall, neutrophils have both protective and destructive roles in periodontitis, as they are involved in both the maintenance of periodontal tissue homeostasis and the induction of inflammatory bone loss. This highlights the importance of developing approaches that promote or sustain a fine balance between homeostatic immunity and inflammatory pathology.
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17
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Zenobia C, Hajishengallis G. Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence factors involved in subversion of leukocytes and microbial dysbiosis. Virulence 2016; 6:236-43. [PMID: 25654623 PMCID: PMC4601496 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2014.999567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis has special nutrient requirements due to its asaccharolytic nature subsisting on small peptides cleaved from host proteins. Using proteases and other virulence factors, P. gingivalis thrives as a component of a polymicrobial community in nutritionally favorable inflammatory environments. In this regard, P. gingivalis has a number of strategies that subvert the host immune response in ways that promote its colonization and facilitate the outgrowth of the surrounding microbial community. The focus of this review is to discuss at the molecular level how P. gingivalis subverts leukocytes to create a favorable environment for a select community of bacteria that, in turn, adversely affects the periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Zenobia
- a Department of Microbiology; University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine ; Philadelphia , PA , USA
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18
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Abstract
Periodontitis is a dysbiotic inflammatory disease with an adverse impact on systemic health. Recent studies have provided insights into the emergence and persistence of dysbiotic oral microbial communities that can mediate inflammatory pathology at local as well as distant sites. This Review discusses the mechanisms of microbial immune subversion that tip the balance from homeostasis to disease in oral or extra-oral sites.
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19
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Darveau RP. Porphyromonas gingivalis neutrophil manipulation: risk factor for periodontitis? Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:428-9. [PMID: 25001854 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Defining the contribution of individual members of dysbiotic host-associated bacterial communities has been difficult. The recent paper by Maekawa et al. in Cell Host & Microbe describes bacterial manipulation of neutrophil responses by Porphyromonas gingivalis as a mechanism that contributes to forming a dysbiotic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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20
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Faveri M, Rebello A, de Oliveira Dias R, Borges-Junior I, Duarte PM, Figueiredo LC, Feres M. Clinical and microbiologic effects of adjunctive metronidazole plus amoxicillin in the treatment of generalized chronic periodontitis: smokers versus non-smokers. J Periodontol 2013; 85:581-91. [PMID: 23826648 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study is to evaluate the clinical and microbiologic effects of the adjunctive use of metronidazole (MTZ) and amoxicillin (AMX) in the treatment of smokers and non-smokers with generalized chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS Thirty-two smokers and 32 non-smokers were selected and received scaling and root planing (SRP) combined with MTZ (400 mg three times daily) and AMX (500 mg three times daily) for 14 days. Clinical and microbiologic examinations were performed at baseline and 3 months after SRP. Nine subgingival plaque samples per patient were analyzed using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS Both groups presented a significant improvement in all clinical parameters at 3 months after therapy (P <0.05). Non-smokers showed lower mean number of sites with probing depth (PD) ≥5 mm after therapy. Fewer non-smokers exhibited at least nine of these sites at 3 months after treatment. Non-smokers also presented the greatest reductions in mean PD and gain in clinical attachment between baseline and 3 months after therapy at initially deep (PD ≥7 mm) sites (P <0.01). The most beneficial changes in the microbial profile were also observed in the non-smoker group, which showed the lowest proportions of the orange complex at 3 months, as well as a significant increase in the proportions of Actinomyces species after treatment. CONCLUSION Smokers with CP benefit less than non-smokers from treatment by the combination of SRP, MTZ, and AMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Faveri
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil
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