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Tewari N, Dey P. Navigating commensal dysbiosis: Gastrointestinal host-pathogen interplay orchestrating opportunistic infections. Microbiol Res 2024; 286:127832. [PMID: 39013300 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The gut commensals, which are usually symbiotic or non-harmful bacteria that live in the gastrointestinal tract, have a positive impact on the health of the host. This review, however, specifically discuss distinct conditions where commensals aid in the development of pathogenic opportunistic infections. We discuss that the categorization of gut bacteria as either pathogens or non-pathogens depends on certain circumstances, which are significantly affected by the tissue microenvironment and the dynamic host-microbe interaction. Under favorable circumstances, commensals have the ability to transform into opportunistic pathobionts by undergoing overgrowth. These conditions include changes in the host's physiology, simultaneous infection with other pathogens, effective utilization of nutrients, interactions between different species of bacteria, the formation of protective biofilms, genetic mutations that enhance pathogenicity, acquisition of genes associated with virulence, and the ability to avoid the host's immune response. These processes allow commensals to both initiate infections themselves and aid other pathogens in populating the host. This review highlights the need of having a detailed and sophisticated knowledge of the two-sided nature of gut commensals. Although commensals mostly promote health, they may also become harmful in certain changes in the environment or the body's functioning. This highlights the need of acknowledging the intricate equilibrium in interactions between hosts and microbes, which is crucial for preserving intestinal homeostasis and averting diseases. Finally, we also emphasize the further need of research to better understand and anticipate the behavior of gut commensals in different situations, since they play a crucial and varied role in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Tewari
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 147004, India
| | - Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab 147004, India.
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2
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Elhrech H, Aguerd O, El Kourchi C, Gallo M, Naviglio D, Chamkhi I, Bouyahya A. Comprehensive Review of Olea europaea: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile. Biomolecules 2024; 14:722. [PMID: 38927125 PMCID: PMC11201932 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human health is now inextricably linked to lifestyle choices, which can either protect or predispose people to serious illnesses. The Mediterranean diet, characterized by the consumption of various medicinal plants and their byproducts, plays a significant role in protecting against ailments such as oxidative stress, cancer, and diabetes. To uncover the secrets of this natural treasure, this review seeks to consolidate diverse data concerning the pharmacology, toxicology, phytochemistry, and botany of Olea europaea L. (O. europaea). Its aim is to explore the potential therapeutic applications and propose avenues for future research. Through web literature searches (using Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus), all information currently available on O. europaea was acquired. Worldwide, ethnomedical usage of O. europaea has been reported, indicating its effectiveness in treating a range of illnesses. Phytochemical studies have identified a range of compounds, including flavanones, iridoids, secoiridoids, flavonoids, triterpenes, biophenols, benzoic acid derivatives, among others. These components exhibit diverse pharmacological activities both in vitro and in vivo, such as antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, and wound-healing properties. O. europaea serves as a valuable source of conventional medicine for treating various conditions. The findings from pharmacological and phytochemical investigations presented in this review enhance our understanding of its therapeutic potential and support its potential future use in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Elhrech
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco; (H.E.); (O.A.)
| | - Oumayma Aguerd
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco; (H.E.); (O.A.)
| | - Chaimae El Kourchi
- Laboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco;
| | - Monica Gallo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Naviglio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 4, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Imane Chamkhi
- Geo-Biodiversity and Natural Patrimony Laboratory (GeoBio), Geophysics, Natural Patrimony, Research Center (GEOPAC), Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco;
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco; (H.E.); (O.A.)
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3
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Dey P, Ray Chaudhuri S. The opportunistic nature of gut commensal microbiota. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:739-763. [PMID: 36256871 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2133987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The abundance of gut commensals has historically been associated with health-promoting effects despite the fact that the definition of good or bad microbiota remains condition-specific. The beneficial or pathogenic nature of microbiota is generally dictated by the dimensions of host-microbiota and microbe-microbe interactions. With the increasing popularity of gut microbiota in human health and disease, emerging evidence suggests opportunistic infections promoted by those gut bacteria that are generally considered beneficial. Therefore, the current review deals with the opportunistic nature of the gut commensals and aims to summarise the concepts behind the occasional commensal-to-pathogenic transformation of the gut microbes. Specifically, relevant clinical and experimental studies have been discussed on the overgrowth and bacteraemia caused by commensals. Three key processes and their underlying mechanisms have been summarised to be responsible for the opportunistic nature of commensals, viz. improved colonisation fitness that is dictated by commensal-pathogen interactions and availability of preferred nutrients; pathoadaptive mutations that can trigger the commensal-to-pathogen transformation; and evasion of host immune response as a survival and proliferation strategy of the microbes. Collectively, this review provides an updated concept summary on the underlying mechanisms of disease causative events driven by gut commensal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Saumya Ray Chaudhuri
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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4
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Alamiri F, André O, De S, Nordenfelt P, Hakansson AP. Role of serotype and virulence determinants of Streptococcus pyogenes biofilm bacteria in internalization and persistence in epithelial cells in vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1146431. [PMID: 37234777 PMCID: PMC10206268 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes causes a multitude of local and systemic infections, the most common being pharyngitis in children. Recurrent pharyngeal infections are common and are thought to be due to the re-emergence of intracellular GAS upon completion of antibiotic treatment. The role of colonizing biofilm bacteria in this process is not fully clear. Here, live respiratory epithelial cells were inoculated with broth-grown or biofilm bacteria of different M-types, as well as with isogenic mutants lacking common virulence factors. All M-types tested adhered to and were internalized into epithelial cells. Interestingly, internalization and persistence of planktonic bacteria varied significantly between strains, whereas biofilm bacteria were internalized in similar and higher numbers, and all strains persisted beyond 44 hours, showing a more homogenous phenotype. The M3 protein, but not the M1 or M5 proteins, was required for optimal uptake and persistence of both planktonic and biofilm bacteria inside cells. Moreover, the high expression of capsule and SLO inhibited cellular uptake and capsule expression was required for intracellular survival. Streptolysin S was required for optimal uptake and persistence of M3 planktonic bacteria, whereas SpeB improved intracellular survival of biofilm bacteria. Microscopy of internalized bacteria showed that planktonic bacteria were internalized in lower numbers as individual or small clumps of bacteria in the cytoplasm, whereas GAS biofilm bacteria displayed a pattern of perinuclear localization of bacterial aggregates that affected actin structure. Using inhibitors targeting cellular uptake pathways, we confirmed that planktonic GAS mainly uses a clathrin-mediated uptake pathway that also required actin and dynamin. Clathrin was not involved in biofilm internalization, but internalization required actin rearrangement and PI3 kinase activity, possibly suggesting macropinocytosis. Together these results provide a better understanding of the potential mechanisms of uptake and survival of various phenotypes of GAS bacteria relevant for colonization and recurrent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiruz Alamiri
- Division of Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Oscar André
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Supradipta De
- Division of Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders P. Hakansson
- Division of Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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5
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Akter A, Lyons O, Mehra V, Isenman H, Abbate V. Radiometal chelators for infection diagnostics. FRONTIERS IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 2:1058388. [PMID: 37388440 PMCID: PMC7614707 DOI: 10.3389/fnume.2022.1058388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Infection of native tissues or implanted devices is common, but clinical diagnosis is frequently difficult and currently available noninvasive tests perform poorly. Immunocompromised individuals (for example transplant recipients, or those with cancer) are at increased risk. No imaging test in clinical use can specifically identify infection, or accurately differentiate bacterial from fungal infections. Commonly used [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) positron emission computed tomography (PET/CT) is sensitive for infection, but limited by poor specificity because increased glucose uptake may also indicate inflammation or malignancy. Furthermore, this tracer provides no indication of the type of infective agent (bacterial, fungal, or parasitic). Imaging tools that directly and specifically target microbial pathogens are highly desirable to improve noninvasive infection diagnosis and localization. A growing field of research is exploring the utility of radiometals and their chelators (siderophores), which are small molecules that bind radiometals and form a stable complex allowing sequestration by microbes. This radiometal-chelator complex can be directed to a specific microbial target in vivo, facilitating anatomical localization by PET or single photon emission computed tomography. Additionally, bifunctional chelators can further conjugate therapeutic molecules (e.g., peptides, antibiotics, antibodies) while still bound to desired radiometals, combining specific imaging with highly targeted antimicrobial therapy. These novel therapeutics may prove a useful complement to the armamentarium in the global fight against antimicrobial resistance. This review will highlight current state of infection imaging diagnostics and their limitations, strategies to develop infection-specific diagnostics, recent advances in radiometal-based chelators for microbial infection imaging, challenges, and future directions to improve targeted diagnostics and/or therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Akter
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Lyons
- Vascular Endovascular and Transplant Surgery, Christchurch Public Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Varun Mehra
- Department of Hematology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Isenman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Medicine, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Meepoo W, Jaroensong T, Pruksakorn C, Rattanasrisomporn J. Investigation of Bacterial Isolations and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Chronic Rhinitis in Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121572. [PMID: 35739908 PMCID: PMC9219427 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinitis is a quite common upper respiratory tract (URT) disease in cats. As a result of unclear etiology, frequently, multidrug-resistant bacteria are identified. This study investigated bacterial isolations and an antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) in chronic rhinitis in cats. The medical records of 395 cats with chronic URT signs were reviewed at the Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (KUVTH) between 2016 and 2021 to survey the underlying causes of URT. Then, apart from rhinitis, other causes were excluded to identify the bacterial species and antimicrobial susceptibility. The results indicated that the most frequent finding was neoplasia, followed by rhinitis and anatomical defects. Furthermore, the only significant association was between the age range and disease group, with gender, FIV, or FeLV infection not being significant. Rhinitis was 4.7 times more likely to occur than neoplasia in younger and young adult cats in the age range < 1−3 years compared to the group > 10 years. The main bacterial species was the Pseudomonas species. Antimicrobials with a susceptibility rate of more than 90% were amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, marbofloxacin, imipenem, and meropenem. In conclusion, rhinitis was the second most common chronic URT disease in cats and was more common in younger and young adult cats. The predominant bacteria with AST in this study reflect the antimicrobial resistance situation. Thus, antimicrobial usage should follow antimicrobial use guidelines first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannisa Meepoo
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Tassanee Jaroensong
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Chantima Pruksakorn
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd., Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (J.R.)
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7
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Zeng J, Li Z, Jiang H, Wang X. Progress on photocatalytic semiconductor hybrids for bacterial inactivation. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2964-3008. [PMID: 34609391 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00773d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to its use of green and renewable energy and negligible bacterial resistance, photocatalytic bacterial inactivation is to be considered a promising sterilization process. Herein, we explore the relevant mechanisms of the photoinduced process on the active sites of semiconductors with an emphasis on the active sites of semiconductors, the photoexcited electron transfer, ROS-induced toxicity and interactions between semiconductors and bacteria. Pristine semiconductors such as metal oxides (TiO2 and ZnO) have been widely reported; however, they suffer some drawbacks such as narrow optical response and high photogenerated carrier recombination. Herein, some typical modification strategies will be discussed including noble metal doping, ion doping, hybrid heterojunctions and dye sensitization. Besides, the biosafety and biocompatibility issues of semiconductor materials are also considered for the evaluation of their potential for further biomedical applications. Furthermore, 2D materials have become promising candidates in recent years due to their wide optical response to NIR light, superior antibacterial activity and favorable biocompatibility. Besides, the current research limitations and challenges are illustrated to introduce the appealing directions and design considerations for the future development of photocatalytic semiconductors for antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Lab), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Ziming Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Lab), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Lab), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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de Neergaard T, Sundwall M, Wrighton S, Nordenfelt P. High-Sensitivity Assessment of Phagocytosis by Persistent Association-Based Normalization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:214-224. [PMID: 33268484 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is measured as a functional outcome in many research fields, but accurate quantification can be challenging, with no robust method available for cross-laboratory reproducibility. In this study, we identified a simple, measurable parameter, persistent prey-phagocyte association, to use for normalization and dose-response analysis. We apply this in a straightforward analytical method, persistent association-based normalization, in which the multiplicity of prey (MOP) ratio needed to elicit half of the phagocytes to associate persistently (MOP50) is determined first. MOP50 is then applied to normalize for experimental factors, separately analyzing association and internalization. We use reference human phagocyte THP-1 cells with different prey and opsonization conditions to compare the persistent association-based normalization method to standard ways of assessing phagocytosis and find it to perform better, exhibiting increased robustness, sensitivity, and reproducibility. The approach is easily incorporated into most existing phagocytosis assays and allows for reproducible results with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese de Neergaard
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Sundwall
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Wrighton
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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9
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Kappler K, Restin T, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Bassler D, Hennet T. Limited Neonatal Carbohydrate-Specific Antibody Repertoire Consecutive to Partial Prenatal Transfer of Maternal Antibodies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:573629. [PMID: 33162988 PMCID: PMC7591393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the prominence of carbohydrate-specific antibodies in human sera, data on their emergence and antigen specificities are limited. Whereas maternal IgG are transferred prenatally to the fetal circulation, IgM present in cord blood originate from fetal B lymphocytes. Considering the limited exposure of the fetus to foreign antigens, we assessed the repertoire of carbohydrate-specific antibodies in human cord blood and matched maternal blood samples using glycan arrays. Carbohydrate-specific IgM was absent in cord blood, whereas low cord blood IgG reactivity to glycans was detectable. Comparing IgG reactivities of matched pairs, we observed a general lack of correlation in the antigen specificity of IgG from cord blood and maternal blood due to a selective exclusion of most carbohydrate-specific IgG from maternofetal transfer. Given the importance of intestinal bacteria in inducing carbohydrate-specific antibodies, we analyzed global antibody specificities toward commensal bacteria. Similar IgG reactivities to specific Bacteroides species were detected in matched cord and maternal blood samples, thus pointing to an efficient maternal transfer of anti-microbial IgG. Due to the observed selectivity in maternofetal IgG transfer, the lack of fetal antibodies to carbohydrate epitopes is only partially compensated by maternal IgG, thus resulting in a weak response to carbohydrate antigens in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja Restin
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David F Smith
- Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dirk Bassler
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Hennet
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Andersson T, Ertürk Bergdahl G, Saleh K, Magnúsdóttir H, Stødkilde K, Andersen CBF, Lundqvist K, Jensen A, Brüggemann H, Lood R. Common skin bacteria protect their host from oxidative stress through secreted antioxidant RoxP. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3596. [PMID: 30837648 PMCID: PMC6401081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes is an abundant skin commensal with several proposed mutualistic functions. A protein with strong antioxidant activity was recently identified from the C. acnes secretome. This protein, termed RoxP, facilitated aerobic bacterial growth in vitro and ex vivo. As reducing events naturally occurred outside of the bacterial cell, it was further hypothesized that RoxP could also serve to modulate redox status of human skin. The biological function of RoxP was here assessed in vitro and in vivo, through oxidatively stressed cell cultures and through protein quantification from skin affected by oxidative disease (actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma), respectively. 16S rDNA amplicon deep sequencing and single locus sequence typing was used to correlate bacterial prevalence to cutaneous RoxP abundances. We show that RoxP positively influence the viability of monocytes and keratinocytes exposed to oxidative stress, and that a congruent concentration decline of RoxP can be observed in skin affected by oxidative disease. Basal cell carcinoma was moreover associated with microbial dysbiosis, characterized by reduced C. acnes prevalence. C. acnes's secretion of RoxP, an exogenous but naturally occurring antioxidant on human skin, is likely to positively influence the human host. Results furthermore attest to its prospective usability as a biopharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilde Andersson
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gizem Ertürk Bergdahl
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karim Saleh
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Katarina Lundqvist
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Rolf Lood
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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11
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Petersson F, Kilsgård O, Shannon O, Lood R. Platelet activation and aggregation by the opportunistic pathogen Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium) acnes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192051. [PMID: 29385206 PMCID: PMC5792000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium) acnes, considered a part of the skin microbiota, is one of the most commonly isolated anaerobic bacteria from medical implants in contact with plasma. However, the precise interaction of C. acnes with blood cells and plasma proteins has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we have investigated the molecular interaction of C. acnes with platelets and plasma proteins. We report that the ability of C. acnes to aggregate platelets is dependent on phylotype, with a significantly lower ability amongst type IB isolates, and the interaction of specific donor-dependent plasma proteins (or concentrations thereof) with C. acnes. Pretreatment of C. acnes with plasma reduces the lag time before aggregation demonstrating that pre-deposition of plasma proteins on C. acnes is an important step in platelet aggregation. Using mass spectrometry we identified several plasma proteins deposited on C. acnes, including IgG, fibrinogen and complement factors. Inhibition of IgG, fibrinogen or complement decreased C. acnes-mediated platelet aggregation, demonstrating the importance of these plasma proteins for aggregation. The interaction of C. acnes and platelets was visualized using fluorescence microscopy, verifying the presence of IgG and fibrinogen as components of the aggregates, and co-localization of C. acnes and platelets in the aggregates. Here, we have demonstrated the ability of C. acnes to activate and aggregate platelets in a bacterium and donor-specific fashion, as well as added mechanistic insights into this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Petersson
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ola Kilsgård
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Immunotechnology, Faculty of Engineering Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oonagh Shannon
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rolf Lood
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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12
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Webb CT, Chandrapala D, Oslan SN, Bamert RS, Grinter RD, Dunstan RA, Gorrell RJ, Song J, Strugnell RA, Lithgow T, Kwok T. Reductive evolution in outer membrane protein biogenesis has not compromised cell surface complexity in Helicobacter pylori. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 29055967 PMCID: PMC5727368 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gram‐negative bacterial pathogen that chronically inhabits the human stomach. To survive and maintain advantage, it has evolved unique host–pathogen interactions mediated by Helicobacter‐specific proteins in the bacterial outer membrane. These outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are anchored to the cell surface via a C‐terminal β‐barrel domain, which requires their assembly by the β‐barrel assembly machinery (BAM). Here we have assessed the complexity of the OMP C‐terminal β‐barrel domains employed by H. pylori, and characterized the H. pyloriBAM complex. Around 50 Helicobacter‐specific OMPs were assessed with predictive structural algorithms. The data suggest that H. pylori utilizes a unique β‐barrel architecture that might constitute H. pylori‐specific Type V secretions system. The structural and functional diversity in these proteins is encompassed by their extramembrane domains. Bioinformatic and biochemical characterization suggests that the low β‐barrel‐complexity requires only minimalist assembly machinery. The H. pylori proteins BamA and BamD associate to form a BAM complex, with features of BamA enabling an oligomerization that might represent a mechanism by which a minimalist BAM complex forms a larger, sophisticated machinery capable of servicing the outer membrane proteome of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaille T. Webb
- Infection & Immunity ProgramBiomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of MicrobiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Dilini Chandrapala
- Infection & Immunity ProgramBiomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of MicrobiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Infection & Immunity ProgramBiomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Infection & Immunity ProgramBiomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of MicrobiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research CenterUniversiti Putra MalaysiaSerdangSelangorMalaysia
| | - Rebecca S. Bamert
- Infection & Immunity ProgramBiomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of MicrobiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Rhys D. Grinter
- Infection & Immunity ProgramBiomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of MicrobiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Rhys A. Dunstan
- Infection & Immunity ProgramBiomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of MicrobiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Rebecca J. Gorrell
- Infection & Immunity ProgramBiomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of MicrobiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Infection & Immunity ProgramBiomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Jiangning Song
- Infection & Immunity ProgramBiomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Monash Centre for Data ScienceFaculty of Information TechnologyMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Richard A. Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Trevor Lithgow
- Infection & Immunity ProgramBiomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of MicrobiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Terry Kwok
- Infection & Immunity ProgramBiomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of MicrobiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Infection & Immunity ProgramBiomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
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13
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Measuring Antibody Orientation at the Bacterial Surface. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27914090 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6673-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Many bacteria have the ability to interact with antibodies as a means to circumvent the immune response. This includes binding to the Fc portion of antibodies, effectively reversing the antibody orientation and thus decreasing the Fc-mediated immune signaling. Since antibody orientation at the bacterial surface has been shown to be important in human disease, it is valuable to be able to assess how antibodies are interacting with bacterial pathogens. Here, we describe a method to measure the proportion of human IgG that are bound via their Fc or Fabs to a bacterial surface. This is achieved by treating antibody-coated bacteria with the bacterial enzyme IdeS - which will cleave IgG into Fc and Fab fragments - and subsequently detect remaining fragments with fluorescent Fabs. The method is easy and fast, and the principle is most likely also applicable to other systems where distinguishing between antibody Fc and Fab binding is important.
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14
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Boyanova L, Markovska R, Mitov I. Virulence arsenal of the most pathogenic species among the Gram-positive anaerobic cocci, Finegoldia magna. Anaerobe 2016; 42:145-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Abstract
The interface between immune cells and intracellular bacterial pathogens produces complex, diverse interactions. During individual encounters, highly adaptable and dynamic host cells and bacteria vary in their responses, thereby contributing to well-documented heterogeneous outcomes of infection. The challenge now is to break down the multidimensionality of these interactions into informative readouts of population physiology and predictors of responses to infection. We recently reported one approach to this challenge that couples single cell RNA-seq analysis with fluorescent markers to characterize infection phenotype. 1 We detected bacterial subpopulations that elicit profoundly different host responses to infection in the specific host cells that they infect. Here we describe how heterogeneity might be maintained in populations of host and pathogens and discuss the advantages that heterogeneity confers to bacteria during infection and to host cells for eradicating a pathogen. We propose that single cell studies will allow the unraveling of host-pathogen biology and lead to an understanding of how the sum of individual encounters leads to the infection outcome of a whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Avraham
- Broad Institute of MIT and
Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Deborah T. Hung
- Broad Institute of MIT and
Harvard, Cambridge, MA,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Computational and Integrative
Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,
USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,CONTACT Deborah T. Hung Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Simches
Research Center, Boston, MA 02114
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16
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Saliva-Induced Clotting Captures Streptococci: Novel Roles for Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Host Defense and Immune Evasion. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2813-23. [PMID: 27456827 PMCID: PMC5038080 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00307-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcal pharyngitis is among the most common bacterial infections, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Here we investigate the interactions among three major players in streptococcal pharyngitis: streptococci, plasma, and saliva. We find that saliva activates the plasma coagulation system through both the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathways, entrapping the bacteria in fibrin clots. The bacteria escape the clots by activating host plasminogen. Our results identify a potential function for the intrinsic pathway of coagulation in host defense and a corresponding role for fibrinolysis in streptococcal immune evasion.
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