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Fàbrega C, Clua A, Eritja R, Aviñó A. Oligonucleotides Carrying Nucleoside Antimetabolites as Potential Prodrugs. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:1304-1319. [PMID: 34844535 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211129124039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleoside and nucleobase antimetabolites are an important class of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer as well as other diseases. INTRODUCTION In order to avoid undesirable side effects, several prodrug strategies have been developed. In the present review, we describe a relatively unknown strategy that consists of using oligonucleotides modified with nucleoside antimetabolites as prodrugs. METHODS The active nucleotides are generated by enzymatic degradation once incorporated into cells. This strategy has attracted large interest and is widely utilized at present due to the continuous developments made in therapeutic oligonucleotides and the recent advances in nanomaterials and nanomedicine. RESULTS A large research effort was made mainly in the improvement of the antiproliferative properties of nucleoside homopolymers, but recently, chemically modified aptamers, antisense oligonucleotides and/or siRNA carrying antiproliferative nucleotides have demonstrated a great potential due to the synergetic effect of both therapeutic entities. In addition, DNA nanostructures with interesting properties have been built to combine antimetabolites and enhancers of cellular uptake in the same scaffold. Finally, protein nanoparticles functionalized with receptor-binders and antiproliferative oligomers represent a new avenue for a more effective treatment in cancer therapy. CONCLUSION It is expected that oligonucleotides carrying nucleoside antimetabolites will be considered as potential drugs in the near future for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Fàbrega
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Clua
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Eritja
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Aviñó
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Haber AO, Jain A, Mani C, Nevler A, Agostini LC, Golan T, Palle K, Yeo CJ, Gmeiner WH, Brody JR. AraC-FdUMP[10] Is a Next-Generation Fluoropyrimidine with Potent Antitumor Activity in PDAC and Synergy with PARG Inhibition. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:565-572. [PMID: 33593942 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AraC-FdUMP[10] (CF10) is a second-generation polymeric fluoropyrimidine that targets both thymidylate synthase (TS), the target of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and DNA topoisomerase 1 (Top1), the target of irinotecan, two drugs that are key components of FOLFIRNOX, a standard-of-care regimen for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We demonstrated that F10 and CF10 are potent inhibitors of PDAC cell survival (in multiple cell lines including patient-derived lines) with IC50s in the nanomolar range and are nearly 1,000-fold more potent than 5-FU. The increased potency of CF10 relative to 5-FU correlated with enhanced TS inhibition and strong Top1 cleavage complex formation. Furthermore, CF10 displayed single-agent activity in PDAC murine xenografts without inducing weight loss. Through a focused drug synergy screen, we identified that combining CF10 with targeting the DNA repair enzyme, poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase, induces substantial DNA damage and apoptosis. This work moves CF10 closer to a clinical trial for the treatment of PDAC. IMPLICATIONS: CF10 is a promising polymeric fluoropyrimidine with dual mechanisms of action (i.e., TS and Top1 inhibition) for the treatment of PDAC and synergizes with targeting of DNA repair. VISUAL OVERVIEW: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanres/19/4/565/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex O Haber
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aditi Jain
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Avinoam Nevler
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lebaron C Agostini
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Talia Golan
- Oncology Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Charles J Yeo
- The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William H Gmeiner
- Deparment of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
| | - Jonathan R Brody
- Department of Surgery and Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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3
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Chemistry of Fluorinated Pyrimidines in the Era of Personalized Medicine. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153438. [PMID: 32751071 PMCID: PMC7435603 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We review developments in fluorine chemistry contributing to the more precise use of fluorinated pyrimidines (FPs) to treat cancer. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the most widely used FP and is used to treat > 2 million cancer patients each year. We review methods for 5-FU synthesis, including the incorporation of radioactive and stable isotopes to study 5-FU metabolism and biodistribution. We also review methods for preparing RNA and DNA substituted with FPs for biophysical and mechanistic studies. New insights into how FPs perturb nucleic acid structure and dynamics has resulted from both computational and experimental studies, and we summarize recent results. Beyond the well-established role for inhibiting thymidylate synthase (TS) by the 5-FU metabolite 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine-5′-O-monophosphate (FdUMP), recent studies have implicated new roles for RNA modifying enzymes that are inhibited by 5-FU substitution including tRNA methyltransferase 2 homolog A (TRMT2A) and pseudouridylate synthase in 5-FU cytotoxicity. Furthermore, enzymes not previously implicated in FP activity, including DNA topoisomerase 1 (Top1), were established as mediating FP anti-tumor activity. We review recent literature summarizing the mechanisms by which 5-FU inhibits RNA- and DNA-modifying enzymes and describe the use of polymeric FPs that may enable the more precise use of FPs for cancer treatment in the era of personalized medicine.
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4
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Dysregulated Pyrimidine Biosynthesis Contributes to 5-FU Resistance in SCLC Patient-Derived Organoids but Response to a Novel Polymeric Fluoropyrimidine, CF10. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040788. [PMID: 32224870 PMCID: PMC7226016 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemo-immunotherapy is central to the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Despite modest progress made with the addition of immunotherapy, current cytotoxic regimens display minimal survival benefit and new treatments are needed. Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a well-validated anti-cancer drug target, but conventional TS inhibitors display limited clinical efficacy in refractory or recurrent SCLC. We performed RNA-Seq analysis to identify gene expression changes in SCLC biopsy samples to provide mechanistic insight into the potential utility of targeting pyrimidine biosynthesis to treat SCLC. We identified systematic dysregulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis, including elevated TYMS expression that likely contributes to the lack of efficacy for current TS inhibitors in SCLC. We also identified E2F1-3 upregulation in SCLC as a potential driver of TYMS expression that may contribute to tumor aggressiveness. To test if TS inhibition could be a viable strategy for SCLC treatment, we developed patient-derived organoids (PDOs) from human SCLC biopsy samples and used these to evaluate both conventional fluoropyrimidine drugs (e.g., 5-fluorouracil), platinum-based drugs, and CF10, a novel fluoropyrimidine polymer with enhanced TS inhibition activity. PDOs were relatively resistant to 5-FU and while moderately sensitive to the front-line agent cisplatin, were relatively more sensitive to CF10. Our studies demonstrate dysregulated pyrimidine biosynthesis contributes to drug resistance in SCLC and indicate that a novel approach to target these pathways may improve outcomes.
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5
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Gmeiner WH. Entrapment of DNA topoisomerase-DNA complexes by nucleotide/nucleoside analogs. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:994-1001. [PMID: 31930190 PMCID: PMC6953902 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerases are well-validated targets for cancer chemotherapy and DNA topoisomerase 1 (Top1) is the sole target of the camptothecin (CPT) class of anticancer drugs. Over the last 20 years, multiple studies have shown Top1 activity is modulated by non-native DNA structures and this can lead to trapping of Top1 cleavage complexes (Top1cc) and conversion to DNA double strand breaks. Among the perturbations to DNA structure that generate Top1cc are nucleoside analogs that are incorporated into genomic DNA during replication including cytarabine, gemcitabine, and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdU). We review the literature summarizing the role of Top1cc in mediating the DNA damaging and cytotoxic activities of nucleoside analogs. We also summarize studies demonstrating distinct differences between Top1cc induced by nucleoside analogs and CPTs, particularly with regard to DNA repair. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that, while Top1 is a common target for both Top1 poisons such as CPT and nucleoside analogs such as FdU, these agents are not redundant. In recent years, studies have shown that Top1 poisons and nucleoside analogs together with other anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin cause replication stress and the DNA repair pathways that modulate the cytotoxic activities of these compounds are being elucidated. We present an overview of this evolving literature, which has implications for how targeting of Top1 with nucleoside analogs can be used more effectively for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Gmeiner
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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6
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Jin C, Zhang H, Zou J, Liu Y, Zhang L, Li F, Wang R, Xuan W, Ye M, Tan W. Floxuridine Homomeric Oligonucleotides "Hitchhike" with Albumin In Situ for Cancer Chemotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8994-8997. [PMID: 29923269 PMCID: PMC6472956 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Automated attachment of chemotherapeutic drugs to oligonucleotides through phosphoramidite chemistry and DNA synthesis has emerged as a powerful technology in constructing structure-defined and payload-tunable oligonucleotide-drug conjugates. In practice, however, in vivo delivery of these oligonucleotides remains a challenge. Inspired by the systemic transport of hydrophobic payloads by serum albumin in nature, we report the development of a lipid-conjugated floxuridine homomeric oligonucleotide (LFU20) that "hitchhikes" with endogenous serum albumin for cancer chemotherapy. Upon intravenous injection, LFU20 immediately inserts into the hydrophobic cave of albumin to form an LFU20/albumin complex, which accumulates in the tumor by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and internalizes into the lysosomes of cancer cells. After degradation, cytotoxic floxuridine monophosphate is released to inhibit cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jin
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Jianmei Zou
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Fengjie Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Ruowen Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA
| | - Wenjing Xuan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA
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7
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Jin C, Zhang H, Zou J, Liu Y, Zhang L, Li F, Wang R, Xuan W, Ye M, Tan W. Floxuridine Homomeric Oligonucleotides “Hitchhike” with Albumin In Situ for Cancer Chemotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jin
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Life Sciences Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Life Sciences Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 China
| | - Jianmei Zou
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Life Sciences Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 China
| | - Yan Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Life Sciences Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Life Sciences Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 China
| | - Fengjie Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Life Sciences Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 China
| | - Ruowen Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface Health Cancer Center UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
| | - Wenjing Xuan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Life Sciences Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 China
| | - Mao Ye
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Life Sciences Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College of Life Sciences Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province Hunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface Health Cancer Center UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611-7200 USA
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8
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Melvin RL, Gmeiner WH, Salsbury FR. All-atom MD indicates ion-dependent behavior of therapeutic DNA polymer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:22363-22374. [PMID: 28805211 PMCID: PMC5600158 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03479b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the efficacy of and creating delivery mechanisms for therapeutic nucleic acids requires understanding structural and kinetic properties which allow these polymers to promote the death of cancerous cells. One molecule of interest is a 10 mer of FdUMP (5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-O-monophosphate) - also called F10. Here we investigate the structural and kinetic behavior of F10 in intracellular and extracellular solvent conditions along with non-biological conditions that may be efficacious in in vitro preparations of F10 delivery systems. From our all-atom molecular dynamics simulations totaling 80 microseconds, we predict that F10's phosphate groups form close-range interactions with calcium and zinc ions, with calcium having the highest affinity of the five ions investigated. We also predict that F10's interactions with magnesium, potassium and sodium are almost exclusively long-range interactions. In terms of intramolecular interactions, we find that F10 is least structured (in terms of hydrogen bonds among bases) in the 150 mM NaCl (extracellular-like solvent conditions) and most structured in 150 mM ZnCl2. Kinetically, we see that F10 is unstable in the presence of magnesium, sodium or potassium, finding stable kinetic traps in the presence of calcium or zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Melvin
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
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9
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Melvin RL, Thompson WG, Godwin RC, Gmeiner WH, Salsbury FR. MutS α's Multi-Domain Allosteric Response to Three DNA Damage Types Revealed by Machine Learning. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2017; 5:10. [PMID: 31938712 PMCID: PMC6959842 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2017.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MutSα is a key component in the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway. This protein is responsible for initiating the signaling pathways for DNA repair or cell death. Herein we investigate this heterodimer's post-recognition, post-binding response to three types of DNA damage involving cytotoxic, anti-cancer agents-carboplatin, cisplatin, and FdU. Through a combination of supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques along with more traditional structural and kinetic analysis applied to all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) calculations, we predict that MutSα has a distinct response to each of the three damage types. Via a binary classification tree (a supervised machine learning technique), we identify key hydrogen bond motifs unique to each type of damage and suggest residues for experimental mutation studies. Through a combination of a recently developed clustering (unsupervised learning) algorithm, RMSF calculations, PCA, and correlated motions we predict that each type of damage causes MutSα to explore a specific region of conformation space. Detailed analysis suggests a short range effect for carboplatin-primarily altering the structures and kinetics of residues within 10 angstroms of the damaged DNA-and distinct longer-range effects for cisplatin and FdU. In our simulations, we also observe that a key phenylalanine residue-known to stack with a mismatched or unmatched bases in MMR-stacks with the base complementary to the damaged base in 88.61% of MD frames containing carboplatinated DNA. Similarly, this Phe71 stacks with the base complementary to damage in 91.73% of frames with cisplatinated DNA. This residue, however, stacks with the damaged base itself in 62.18% of trajectory frames with FdU-substituted DNA and has no stacking interaction at all in 30.72% of these frames. Each drug investigated here induces a unique perturbation in the MutSα complex, indicating the possibility of a distinct signaling event and specific repair or death pathway (or set of pathways) for a given type of damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Melvin
- Salsbury Group, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - William G. Thompson
- Salsbury Group, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ryan C. Godwin
- Salsbury Group, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - William H. Gmeiner
- Gmeiner Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Freddie R. Salsbury
- Salsbury Group, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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10
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Melvin RL, Gmeiner WH, Salsbury FR. All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Reveals Mechanism of Zinc Complexation with Therapeutic F10. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:10269-10279. [PMID: 27606431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b07753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Advancing the use of therapeutic nucleic acids requires understanding the chemical and structural properties that allow these polymers to promote the death of malignant cells. Here we explore Zn2+ complexation by the fluoropyrimidine polymer F10, which has strong activities in multiple preclinical models of cancer. Delivery of fluoropyrimidine FdUMP in the 10-residue polymer F10 rather than the nucleobase (5-fluorouracil) allows consideration of metal ion binding effects on drug delivery. The differences in metal ion interactions with fluoropyrimidine compared to normal DNA results in conformation changes that affect protein binding, cell uptake, and codelivery of metals such as zinc, and the cytoxicity thereof. Microsecond-time-scale, all-atom simulations of F10 predict that zinc selectively stabilizes the polymer via interactions with backbone phosphate groups and suggest a mechanism of complexation for the zinc-base interactions shown in previous experimental work. The positive zinc ions are attracted to the negatively charged phosphate groups. Once the Zn2+ ions are near F10, they cause the base's N3 nitrogen to deprotonate. Subsequently, magnesium atoms displace zinc from their interactions with phosphate, freeing the zinc ions to interact with the FdU bases by forming weak interactions with the O4 oxygen and the fluorine attached to C5. These interactions of magnesium with phosphate groups and zinc with nucleobases agree with previous experimental results and are seen in MD simulations only when magnesium is introduced after N3 deprotonation, indicating a specific order of metal binding events. Additionally, we predict interactions between zinc and F10's O2 atoms, which were not previously observed. By comparison to 10mers of polyU and polydT, we also predict that the presence of fluorine increases the binding affinity of zinc to F10 relative to analogous strands of RNA and DNA consisting of only native nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Melvin
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - William H Gmeiner
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Freddie R Salsbury
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
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