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Villodre ES, Nguyen APN, Debeb BG. NDRGs in Breast Cancer: A Review and In Silico Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1342. [PMID: 38611020 PMCID: PMC11011033 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The N-myc downstream regulated gene family (NDRGs) includes four members: NDRG1, NDRG2, NDRG3, and NDRG4. These members exhibit 53-65% amino acid identity. The role of NDRGs in tumor growth and metastasis appears to be tumor- and context-dependent. While many studies have reported that these family members have tumor suppressive roles, recent studies have demonstrated that NDRGs, particularly NDRG1 and NDRG2, function as oncogenes, promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Additionally, NDRGs are involved in regulating different signaling pathways and exhibit diverse cellular functions in breast cancers. In this review, we comprehensively outline the oncogenic and tumor suppressor roles of the NDRG family members in breast cancer, examining evidence from in vitro and in vivo breast cancer models as well as tumor tissues from breast cancer patients. We also present analyses of publicly available genomic and transcriptomic data from multiple independent cohorts of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilly S. Villodre
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.S.V.); (A.P.N.N.)
- MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Clinic and Research Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anh P. N. Nguyen
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.S.V.); (A.P.N.N.)
- MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Clinic and Research Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bisrat G. Debeb
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.S.V.); (A.P.N.N.)
- MD Anderson Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Clinic and Research Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Sadeghalvad M, Mansouri K, Mohammadi-Motlagh HR, Noorbakhsh F, Mostafaie A, Alipour S, Rezaei N. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR induces the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. REVISTA DA ASSOCIAÇÃO MÉDICA BRASILEIRA 2022; 68:456-462. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20210966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sadeghalvad
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Sadaf Alipour
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Iran
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Wang J, Wang J, Quan J, Liu J, Tian L, Dong C. Relationship between serum NDRG3 and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1091462. [PMID: 36619553 PMCID: PMC9811643 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1091462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, papillary thyroid carcinoma is considered to be one of the fastest increaseing cancer. NDRG family member 3 (NDRG3) has been proposed as a molecular marker of tumor, and is expected to be used in clinic. METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the serum NDRG3 expression in 81 papillary thyroid carcinoma cases, 75 benign thyroid nodules cases and 77 healthy control cases, respectively. Electrochemiluminescence method was applied to measure the levels of triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine, thyrotropin, thyroglobulin antibody and thyroid peroxidase antibody. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of NDRG3 in papillary thyroid carcinoma, benign thyroid nodules and normal tissues adjacent to cancer. RESULTS The expression of serum triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine, thyrotropin, thyroglobulin antibody and thyroid peroxidase antibody and NDRG3 were significantly different among benign thyroid nodules, papillary thyroid carcinoma cases and healthy control groups (P <0.001). Only the expression of serum NDRG3 was significantly different between benign thyroid nodules and papillary thyroid carcinoma groups (P <0.001). Immunohistochemistry showed that NDRG3 was expressed in all three groups, the lowest in papillary thyroid carcinoma, the second in benign thyroid nodules, and the highest in normal tissues adjacent to cancer. Logistic regression analysis showed that serum NDRG3 was an independent protective factor for papillary thyroid carcinoma (OR =0.964, 95%CI =0.953 to 0.974, P <0.001). The ROC curve of non-papillary thyroid carcinoma diagnosed by serum NDRG3 showed the optimal cut-off value of 481.38 pg/ml, sensitivity of 72.4%, specificity of 90.1%, and the maximum area under the curve (AUC =0.902, 95%CI =0.863 to 0.940, P <0.001). The ROC curve of benign thyroid nodules diagnosed by serum NDRG3 showed the optimal critical value of 459.28 pg/ml, sensitivity of 81.3%, and specificity of 74.1% (AUC =0.863, 95%CI =0.808 to 0.919, P <0.001). The expression level of serum NDRG3 was significantly correlated with extrathyroid extensionand (P =0.007) and lymphatic metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (P =0.019). CONCLUSIONS The decrease of NDRG3 expression can not only differential diagnosis benign thyroid nodules and papillary thyroid carcinoma, but also serve as a molecular marker for the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Wang
- The First Clinical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Gansu Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jinxing Quan
- Department of Endocrinology in Gansu Provincial People’s Hospital and The First Clinical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- *Correspondence: Jinxing Quan,
| | - Juxiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology in Gansu Provincial People’s Hospital and The First Clinical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Limin Tian
- Department of Endocrinology in Gansu Provincial People’s Hospital and The First Clinical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Changhong Dong
- Radiotherapy Department of Gansu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Chen L, Wang Y, Li S, Zhou W, Sun L. High expression of NDRG3 in osteoarthritis patients. ARTHROPLASTY 2021; 3:1. [PMID: 35236459 PMCID: PMC8796518 DOI: 10.1186/s42836-020-00064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA), as a common disease, seriously affects the quality of life of the victims, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. It has been confirmed that hypoxia-induced factor (HIF)-mediated hypoxia response plays an important role in the development and progression of OA. As a member of the N-myc downstream regulatory gene families, NDRG3 has been reported to independently regulate the hypoxic response of tumour cells, but the relationship between NDRG3 and OA development has not been reported so far. METHODS In this study, seven OA patients were admitted to Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital from January 2017 to December 2018. The OA group included 5 patients clinically diagnosed with hip/knee OA, which required arthroplasty. The normal group included 2 patients with no previous history of OA and rheumatoid arthritis, which required amputation due to trauma or tumour. The articular cartilage samples were collected to detect the expression of HIF-1α, HIF-2α and NDRG3 using immunohistochemical (IHC), haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and toluidine blue (TB) staining. RESULTS HE and TB staining indicated that the cartilage surface of the normal group was smooth and intact, with a columnar arrangement of hyaline chondrocytes, while the cartilage surface of the OA group was discontinuous, with cartilage missing and fibrous soft tissue growing into the defect site. HIF-1α staining was positive in both groups. Moreover, HIF-2α and NDRG3 staining was weakly positive in the normal group, but were uniformly and strongly positive in the OA group. The positively stained areas and integral optical density for NDRG3 were significantly greater in OA group than in the normal group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS NDRG3 might be closely related to the development and progression of OA. However, the relationship between NDRG3 and OA, which is independent of the HIF pathway, warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, 550000, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuanzheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, 550000, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Yunyan District, 550000, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Senlei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, 550000, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, 550000, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, 550000, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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Liu Y, Xia J, Zhou Y, Shao S. High expression of NDRG3 correlates with poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2021; 113:524-528. [PMID: 33562989 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2021.7723/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION N-myc downstream-regulated gene 3 (NDRG3) is an important member of the NDRG family and is linked with malignant tumors. However, the relationship between NDRG3 and gastric cancer (GC) is vague. MATERIAL AND METHODS Western blot, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) detected the expression of NDRG3 in GC cell lines and GC tissues; public databases were used to analyze NDRG3 in GC patients and the association with EBV infection. RESULTS NDRG3 was up-regulated in GC cell lines and tissues. IHC data suggested that NDRG3 was correlated with histologic grade (p = 0.006) and is associated with patient survival. DISCUSSION thus, NDRG3 may be a novel predictor of GC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Digestuve Diseases, The Affiliated People's Hospital. Jiangsu University
| | | | - Yong Zhou
- Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated People's Hospital. Jiangsu University, China
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Shi J, Zheng H, Yuan L. High NDRG3 expression facilitates HCC metastasis by promoting nuclear translocation of β-catenin. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 31072445 PMCID: PMC6675243 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.7.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
NDRG1 has been reported to exert pivotal roles in tumor progression and metastasis via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. However, little is known about the role of NDRG3 in hepatocarcinogenesis despite its classification in the same subfamily of NDRG1. The present study was aimed to characterize the expression pattern and understand the biological roles of NDRG3 in hepatocarcinogenesis, as a means to exploit its therapeutic potential. It was observed that NDRG3 was up-regulated in HCC tissues and higher NDRG3 expression was associated with significantly shorter overall survival. Furthermore, a lower level of NDRG3 exhibited marked positive correlation with metastasis-free survival. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that knock-down of NDRG3 inhibits HCC metastasis and angiogenesis. We further demonstrated that activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling and enhanced CSC-like properties were responsible for NDRG3- mediated promoting effect on HCC. In conclusion, the principal findings demonstrated that high NDRG3 expression facilitates HCC metastasis via regulating the turnover of β-catenin, as well as provides a potential therapeutic target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiKui Shi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272011, P.R. China
| | - HongZhen Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - LingYan Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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Moghbeli M. Genetic and molecular biology of breast cancer among Iranian patients. J Transl Med 2019; 17:218. [PMID: 31286981 PMCID: PMC6615213 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Background, Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths in Iran. This high ratio of mortality had a rising trend during the recent years which is probably associated with late diagnosis. Main body Therefore it is critical to define a unique panel of genetic markers for the early detection among our population. In present review we summarized all of the reported significant genetic markers among Iranian BC patients for the first time, which are categorized based on their cellular functions. Conclusions This review paves the way of introducing a unique ethnic specific panel of diagnostic markers among Iranian BC patients. Indeed, this review can also clarify the genetic and molecular bases of BC progression among Iranians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Moghbeli
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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NDRG3 overexpression is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180907. [PMID: 30413609 PMCID: PMC6435526 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 3 (NDRG3), an important member of the NDRG family, is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and other biological processes. The present study analyzed NDRG3 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and explored the relationship between expression of NDRG3 in HCC patients and their clinicopathological characteristics. We performed quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses on HCC tissues to elucidate NDRG3 expression characteristics in HCC patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the prognoses of 102 patients with HCC. The results revealed that compared with non-tumor tissues, HCC tissues showed significantly higher NDRG3 expression. In addition, our analyses showed that NDRG3 expression was statistically associated with tumor size (P=0.048) and pathological grade (P=0.001). Survival analysis and Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that NDRG3 expression is an independent prognostic indicator for disease-free survival (P=0.002) and overall survival (P=0.005) in HCC patients. The data indicate that NDRG3 expression may be considered as a oncogenic biomarker and a novel predictor for HCC prognosis.
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Luo X, Hou N, Chen X, Xu Z, Xu J, Wang L, Yang S, Liu S, Xu L, Chen Y, Xiong L, Wang J, Fan W, Xu J. High expression of NDRG3 associates with unfavorable overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biomark 2018; 21:461-469. [PMID: 29171988 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE N-myc downstream-regulated gene 3 (NDRG3) is one of the important members of the NDRG family which crucially take part in cell proliferation, differentiation and other biological processes. METHODS In this present study, western-blotting analysis was performed to evaluate NDRG3 expression in NSCLC cell lines. One-step quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with 16 fresh-frozen NSCLC samples and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis in 100 NSCLC cases were conducted to explore the relationship between NDRG3 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC. RESULTS NDRG3 expression levels were statistically higher in NSCLC cell lines and tissue samples, compared with that of in non-cancerous cell line and tissue samples (p< 0.05). The IHC data demonstrated that the NDRG3 expression was significantly correlated with pathological grade (p= 0.038), N (p= 0.020) and TNM stage (p= 0.002). Survival analysis and Kaplan-Meier curve indicated that NDRG3 expression (p= 0.002) and T (p= 0.047) were independently associated with the unfavorable overall survival of patients with NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS The data implied that NDRG3 expression may be identified as a new predictor in NSCLC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyuan Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Hou
- Geriatric Lung Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiping Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juqing Xu
- Geriatric Lung Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Geriatric Lung Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Geriatric Lung Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suyao Liu
- Geriatric Lung Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Geriatric Lung Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifei Fan
- Geriatric Lung Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaren Xu
- Geriatric Lung Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Lee GY, Shin SH, Shin HW, Chun YS, Park JW. NDRG3 lowers the metastatic potential in prostate cancer as a feedback controller of hypoxia-inducible factors. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-13. [PMID: 29760417 PMCID: PMC5951909 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and N-myc downstream-regulated gene 3 (NDRG3) are oxygen-dependently regulated by prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes. Little is known about the role of NDRG3 in the cellular adaptation to hypoxia, whereas the roles of HIFs are well understood. In this study, we investigated how NDRG3 affects the hypoxic response in prostate cancer cells. Compared with HIF-1α, hypoxic induction of NDRG3 was observed at a later phase. NDRG3 reduced hypoxic expression of HIF-1α by inhibiting AKT-driven translation of HIF1A mRNA. In addition, NDRG3 functionally inhibited HIF-1 by dissociating the coactivator p300 from HIF-1α. Accordingly, NDRG3 may fine-tune the HIF-1 signaling pathway to cope with long-term hypoxia. Of the diverse effects of HIF-1α on cancer progression, hypoxia-induced cell migration was investigated. In transwell chambers, NDRG3 negatively regulated the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells under hypoxia. An informatics analysis using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) revealed that NDRG3 downregulation is associated with prostate cancer metastasis and high expression of HIF-1 downstream genes. In cancer tissue arrays, NDRG3 expression was lower in prostate cancer tissues with a Gleason score of 8 or greater and was inversely correlated with HIF-1α expression. Therefore, NDRG3 may have an anti-metastatic function in prostate cancer under a hypoxic microenvironment. A protein activated under the low oxygen conditions typical of tumor surroundings has an anti-metastatic function in prostate cancer cells. Jong-Wan Park and colleagues from Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea, showed in prostate cancer cells that NDRG3, a protein activated under low oxygen conditions, works to fine-tune the signaling of another oxygen-sensitive protein to deal with the long-term stress imposed by cellular conditions. As a consequence, migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells are repressed. The researchers then looked at NDRG3 expression levels in tissue samples from men with prostate cancer and found that the more aggressive the disease the lower the NDRG3 activity. The results point to NDRG3 as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer and suggest drug strategies designed to boost its function could aid in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Young Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Sook Chun
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Cancer Research Institute and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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