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Karagiannis GS, Goswami S, Jones JG, Oktay MH, Condeelis JS. Signatures of breast cancer metastasis at a glance. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1751-8. [PMID: 27084578 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.183129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling has yielded expression signatures from which prognostic tests can be derived to facilitate clinical decision making in breast cancer patients. Some of these signatures are based on profiling of whole tumor tissue (tissue signatures), which includes all tumor and stromal cells. Prognostic markers have also been derived from the profiling of metastasizing tumor cells, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and migratory-disseminating tumor cells within the primary tumor. The metastasis signatures based on CTCs and migratory-disseminating tumor cells have greater potential for unraveling cell biology insights and mechanistic underpinnings of tumor cell dissemination and metastasis. Of clinical interest is the promise that stratification of patients into high or low metastatic risk, as well as assessing the need for cytotoxic therapy, might be improved if prognostics derived from these two types of signatures are used in a combined way. The aim of this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster is to navigate through both types of signatures and their derived prognostics, as well as to highlight biological insights and clinical applications that could be derived from them, especially when they are used in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Karagiannis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sumanta Goswami
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Joan G Jones
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maja H Oktay
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - John S Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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2
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Cardiff RD, Miller CH, Munn RJ. Analysis of mouse model pathology: a primer for studying the anatomic pathology of genetically engineered mice. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014; 2014:561-80. [PMID: 24890215 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This primer of pathology is intended to introduce investigators to the structure (morphology) of cancer with an emphasis on genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models (GEMMs). We emphasize the necessity of using the entire biological context for the interpretation of anatomic pathology. Because the primary investigator is responsible for almost all of the information and procedures leading up to microscopic examination, they should also be responsible for documentation of experiments so that the microscopic interpretation can be rendered in context of the biology. The steps involved in this process are outlined, discussed, and illustrated. Because GEMMs are unique experimental subjects, some of the more common pitfalls are discussed. Many of these errors can be avoided with attention to detail and continuous quality assurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Cardiff
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Center for Genomic Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Claramae H Miller
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Center for Genomic Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Robert J Munn
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Center for Genomic Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
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Mukherjee M, Ge G, Zhang N, Edwards DG, Sumazin P, Sharan SK, Rao PH, Medina D, Pati D. MMTV-Espl1 transgenic mice develop aneuploid, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-positive mammary adenocarcinomas. Oncogene 2013; 33:5511-5522. [PMID: 24276237 PMCID: PMC4032816 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Separase, a protease encoded by the ESPL1 gene, cleaves the chromosomal cohesin during mitosis. Separase protein and transcripts are overexpressed in a wide range of human cancers (Meyer et al., Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 2703-2710). To investigate the physiological consequence of Separase overexpression in animals, we have generated a transgenic MMTVEspl1 mouse model that overexpresses Separase protein in the mammary glands. MMTV-Espl1 mice in a C57BL/6 genetic background develop aggressive, highly aneuploid, and estrogen receptor alpha positive (ERα+) mammary adenocarcinomas with an 80% penetrance. The mammary tumors caused by overexpression of Separase, alone or combined with p53 heterozygosity, in mammary epithelium mimic several aspects of the most aggressive forms of human breast cancer, including high levels of genetic instability, cell cycle defects, poor differentiation, distant metastasis, and metaplasia. Histopathologically, MMTV-Espl1 tumors are highly heterogeneous showing features of both luminal as well as basal subtypes of breast cancers, with aggressive disease phenotype. In addition to aneuploidy, Separase overexpression results in chromosomal instability (CIN) including premature chromatid separation (PCS), lagging chromosomes, anaphase bridges, micronuclei, centrosome amplification, multi nucleated cells, gradual accumulation of DNA damage, and progressive loss of tumor suppressors p53 and cadherin gene loci. These results suggest that Separase overexpressing mammary cells are not only susceptible to chromosomal missegregation-induced aneuploidy but also other genetic instabilities including DNA damage and loss of key tumor suppressor gene loci, which in combination can initiate tumorigenesis and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Mukherjee
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Gouqing Ge
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Nenggang Zhang
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David G Edwards
- Molecular and Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Pavel Sumazin
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Pulivarthi H Rao
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Daniel Medina
- Molecular and Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Debananda Pati
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Houston, TX 77030.,Molecular and Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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Rudmann D, Cardiff R, Chouinard L, Goodman D, Küttler K, Marxfeld H, Molinolo A, Treumann S, Yoshizawa K. Proliferative and nonproliferative lesions of the rat and mouse mammary, Zymbal's, preputial, and clitoral glands. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 40:7S-39S. [PMID: 22949413 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312454242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland of laboratory rodents is an important organ for the evaluation of effects of xenobiotics, especially those that perturb hormonal homeostasis or are potentially carcinogenic. Mammary gland cancer is a leading cause of human mortality and morbidity worldwide and is a subject of major research efforts utilizing rodent models. Zymbal's, preputial, and clitoral glands are standard tissues that are evaluated in animal models that enable human risk assessment of xenobiotics. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for mammary, Zymbal's, preputial, and clitoral gland lesions in laboratory animals will improve diagnostic alignment among regulatory and scientific research organizations and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rudmann
- Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, USA.
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Wang H, Fan L, Wei J, Weng Y, Zhou L, Shi Y, Zhou W, Ma D, Wang C. Akt mediates metastasis-associated gene 1 (MTA1) regulating the expression of E-cadherin and promoting the invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46888. [PMID: 23227138 PMCID: PMC3515600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metastasis-associated gene 1 (MTA1) is highly associated with the metastasis of prostate cancer; however, the molecular functions of MTA1 that facilitate metastasis remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the silencing of MTA1 by siRNA treatment results in the upregulation of E-cadherin expression by the phosphorylation of AKT (p-AKT) and decreases the invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. We show that MTA1 is expressed in over 90% of prostate cancer tissues, especially metastatic prostate cancer tissue, comparing to non-expression in normal prostate tissue. RT-PCR analysis and Western blot assay showed that MTA1 expression is significantly higher in highly metastatic prostate cancer PC-3M-1E8 cells (1E8) than in poorly metastatic prostate cancer PC-3M-2B4 cells (2B4). Silencing MTA1 expression by siRNA treatment in 1E8 cells increased the cellular malignant characters, including the cellular adhesive ability, decreased the cellular invasive ability and changed the polarity of cellular cytoskeleton. 1E8 cells over-expressing MTA1 had a reduced expression of E-cadherin, while 1E8 cells treated with MTA1 siRNA had a higher expression of E-cadherin. The expression of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) or the inhibition of p-AKT by wortmannin treatment (100 nM) significantly altered the function of MTA1 in the regulation of E-cadherin expression. Alterations in E-cadherin expression changed the role of p-AKT in cellular malignant characters. All of these results demonstrate that MTA1 plays an important role in controlling the malignant transformation of prostate cancer cells through the p-AKT/E-cadherin pathway. This study also provides a new mechanistic role for MTA1 in the regulation of prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Liangsheng Fan
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Juncheng Wei
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yanjie Weng
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ying Shi
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Zhou
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ding Ma
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Changyu Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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Li J, Wu F, Sheng F, Li YJ, Jin D, Ding X, Zhang S. NOK/STYK1 interacts with GSK-3β and mediates Ser9 phosphorylation through activated Akt. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:3787-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fan L, Wang H, Xia X, Rao Y, Ma X, Ma D, Wu P, Chen G. Loss of E-cadherin promotes prostate cancer metastasis via upregulation of metastasis-associated gene 1 expression. Oncol Lett 2012. [PMID: 23205121 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is a key cell-to-cell adhesion molecule associated with the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells; however, the molecular mechanisms are not entirely understood. In this study, we investigated whether downregulation of E-cadherin by E-cadherin-specific small intefering RNA (siRNA) was able to promote malignant phenotypes of prostate cancer cells through upregulating the metastasis-associated gene 1 (MTA1) in vitro. The expression levels of E-cadherin in human paired prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines, PC-3M-2B4 (2B4) and PC-3M-1E8 (1E8), were investigated using western blot analysis. The alteration of malignant phenotypes associated with decreasing E-cadherin expression were assessed in 2B4 cells using wound-healing assays, solid-phase adhesion assays, invasion assays and cytoskeletal staining. The expression of E-cadherin and MTA1 in normal, localized and metastatic prostate cancer cells was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Downregulation of E-cadherin using an RNA interference approach led to the upregulation of MTA1 expression, decreased tumor cell adhesion ability as well as enhanced cell mobility, invasion and cellular polarity compared with the controls (P<0.05). E-cadherin regulated MTA1 in a time-dependent manner. The correlation between E-cadherin and MTA1 was inversed in the prostate cancer group (P<0.05; r(s)=-0.434). The data suggest that E-cadherin plays an important role in prostate cancer metastasis, which is likely to be due to the regulation of MTA1 expression. E-cadherin may combine with MTA1 and alter the malignant phenotype of prostate cancer cells. A combined testing strategy for detecting MTA1 and E-cadherin may be sufficient for selecting high-risk patients with metastasis. Therefore, E-cadherin and MTA1 may be potential powerful factors for the treatment of various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsheng Fan
- Cancer Biology Medical Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030
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Cardiff RD, Couto S, Bolon B. Three interrelated themes in current breast cancer research: gene addiction, phenotypic plasticity, and cancer stem cells. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:216. [PMID: 22067349 PMCID: PMC3262190 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent efforts to understand breast cancer biology involve three interrelated themes that are founded on a combination of clinical and experimental observations. The central concept is gene addiction. The clinical dilemma is the escape from gene addiction, which is mediated, in part, by phenotypic plasticity as exemplified by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. Finally, cancer stem cells are now recognized as the basis for minimal residual disease and malignant progression over time. These themes cooperate in breast cancer, as induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition enhances self-renewal and expression of cancer stem cells, which are believed to facilitate tumor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Cardiff
- Department of Pathology, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, County Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Suzana Couto
- Pathology Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, USA
| | - Brad Bolon
- GEMpath, Inc., 2867 Humboldt Cir., Longmont, CO 80503, USA
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Leung JY, Andrechek ER, Cardiff RD, Nevins JR. Heterogeneity in MYC-induced mammary tumors contributes to escape from oncogene dependence. Oncogene 2011; 31:2545-54. [PMID: 21996730 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of human cancer is heterogeneity, reflecting the complex series of changes resulting in the activation of oncogenes coupled with inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Breast cancer is no exception and indeed, many studies have revealed considerable complexity and heterogeneity in the population of primary breast tumors and substantial changes in a recurrent breast tumor that has acquired metastatic properties and drug resistance. We have made use of a Myc-inducible transgenic mouse model of breast cancer in which elimination of Myc activity following tumor development initially leads to a regression of a subset of tumors generally followed by de novo Myc-independent growth. We have observed that tumors that grow independent of Myc expression have gene profiles that are distinct from the primary tumors with characteristics indicative of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. Phenotypic analyses of Myc-independent tumors confirm the acquisition of an EMT phenotype suggested to be associated with invasive and migratory properties in human cancer cells. Further genomic analyses reveal mouse mammary tumors growing independent of myc have a higher probability of exhibiting a gene signature similar to that observed for human 'tumor-initiating' cells. Collectively, the data reveal genetic alterations that underlie tumor progression and an escape from Myc-dependent growth in a transgenic mouse model that can provide insights to what occurs in human cancers as they acquire drug resistance and metastatic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Leung
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) tumorigenesis in the mouse was first described over 100 years ago using various terms such as carcinosarcoma and without any comprehension of the underlying mechanisms. Such tumors have been considered artifacts of transplantation and of tissue culture. Recently, EMT tumors have been recognized in mammary glands of genetically engineered mice. This review provides a historical perspective leading to the current status in the context of some of the key molecular biology. The biology of mouse mammary EMT tumorigenesis is discussed with comparisons to human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Darrell Cardiff
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Keshamouni VG, Schiemann WP. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tumor metastasis: a method to the madness. Future Oncol 2010; 5:1109-11. [PMID: 19852724 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Venkateshwar G Keshamouni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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