1
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Holic L. Common skin cancers and their association with other non-cutaneous primary malignancies: a review of the literature. Med Oncol 2024; 41:157. [PMID: 38758457 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that a history of skin cancer puts one at risk for additional primary skin cancers. However, more variable data exists for the risk of developing a non-cutaneous primary cancer following a diagnosis of skin cancer. The data are most variable for Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), the most common and least aggressive type of skin cancer. While early studies imply that BCC does not impart a larger risk of other primary non-cutaneous cancers, more recent studies with larger populations suggest otherwise. The cancers most significantly associated with BCC are lip, oropharyngeal, and salivary gland cancer. There is also burgeoning evidence to suggest a link between BCC and prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer, but more data are needed to draw a concrete conclusion. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), the second most common type of skin cancer, has a slightly more defined risk to other non-cutaneous primary malignancies. There is a notable link between SCC and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), possibly due to immunosuppression. There is also an increased risk of other cancers derived from squamous epithelium following SCC, including oropharyngeal, lip, and salivary gland cancer. Some studies also suggest an increased risk of respiratory tract cancer following SCC, possibly due to shared risk factors. Melanoma, a more severe type of skin cancer, shows a well-defined risk of additional primary non-cutaneous malignancies. The most significant of these risks include NHL, thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer along with a host of other cancers. Each of these three main skin cancer types has a profile of genetic mutations that have also been linked to non-cutaneous malignancies. In this review, we discuss a selection of these genes to highlight the complex interplay between different tumorigenesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Holic
- Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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2
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Nordlinger A, Del Rio J, Parikh S, Thomas L, Parikh R, Vaknine H, Brenner R, Baschieri F, Robert A, Khaled M. Impairing hydrolase transport machinery prevents human melanoma metastasis. Commun Biol 2024; 7:574. [PMID: 38750105 PMCID: PMC11096325 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastases are the major cause of cancer-related death, yet, molecular weaknesses that could be exploited to prevent tumor cells spreading are poorly known. Here, we found that perturbing hydrolase transport to lysosomes by blocking either the expression of IGF2R, the main receptor responsible for their trafficking, or GNPT, a transferase involved in the addition of the specific tag recognized by IGF2R, reduces melanoma invasiveness potential. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the perturbation of this traffic, leads to a compensatory lysosome neo-biogenesis devoided of degradative enzymes. This regulatory loop relies on the stimulation of TFEB transcription factor expression. Interestingly, the inhibition of this transcription factor playing a key role of lysosome production, restores melanomas' invasive potential in the absence of hydrolase transport. These data implicate that targeting hydrolase transport in melanoma could serve to develop new therapies aiming to prevent metastasis by triggering a physiological response stimulating TFEB expression in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Nordlinger
- INSERM 1279, Tumor Cell Dynamics, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Justine Del Rio
- INSERM 1279, Tumor Cell Dynamics, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Shivang Parikh
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laetitia Thomas
- INSERM 1279, Tumor Cell Dynamics, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Roma Parikh
- Institute of Pathology, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Hananya Vaknine
- Institute of Pathology, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Ronen Brenner
- Institute of Pathology, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Francesco Baschieri
- INSERM 1279, Tumor Cell Dynamics, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Aude Robert
- INSERM 1279, Tumor Cell Dynamics, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Mehdi Khaled
- INSERM 1279, Tumor Cell Dynamics, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.
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3
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Anti-Melanogenesis Effects of a Cyclic Peptide Derived from Flaxseed via Inhibition of CREB Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010536. [PMID: 36613979 PMCID: PMC9820828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Linosorbs (Los) are cyclic peptides from flaxseed oil composed of the LO mixture (LOMIX). The activity of LO has been reported as being anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory. However, the study of skin protection has still not proceeded. In particular, there are poorly understood mechanisms of melanogenesis to LO. Therefore, we investigated the anti-melanogenesis effects of LOMIX and LO, and its activity was examined in mouse melanoma cell lines. The treatment of LOMIX (50 and 100 μg/mL) and LO (6.25-50 μM) suppressed melanin secretion and synthesis, which were 3-fold increased, in a dose-dependent manner, up to 95%. In particular, [1-9-NαC]-linusorb B3 (LO1) and [1-9-NαC]-linusorb B2 (LO2) treatment (12.5 and 25 μM) highly suppressed the synthesis of melanin in B16F10 cell lines up to 90%, without toxicity. LOMIX and LOs decreased the 2- or 3-fold increased mRNA levels, including the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), Tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TYRP2) at the highest concentration (25 μM). Moreover, the treatment of 25 μM LO1 and LO2 inhibited the expression of MITF and phosphorylation of upper regulatory proteins such as CREB and PKA. Taken together, these results suggested that LOMIX and its individual LO could inhibit melanin synthesis via downregulating the CREB-dependent signaling pathways, and it could be used for novel therapeutic materials in hyperpigmentation.
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Kline CD, Anderson M, Bassett JW, Kent G, Berryman R, Honeggar M, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Indra AK, Moos PJ, Leachman SA, Cassidy PB. MITF Is Regulated by Redox Signals Controlled by the Selenoprotein Thioredoxin Reductase 1. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5011. [PMID: 36291795 PMCID: PMC9600194 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TR1 and other selenoproteins have paradoxical effects in melanocytes and melanomas. Increasing selenoprotein activity with supplemental selenium in a mouse model of UV-induced melanoma prevents oxidative damage to melanocytes and delays melanoma tumor formation. However, TR1 itself is positively associated with progression in human melanomas and facilitates metastasis in melanoma xenografts. Here, we report that melanocytes expressing a microRNA directed against TR1 (TR1low) grow more slowly than control cell lines and contain significantly less melanin. This phenotype is associated with lower tyrosinase (TYR) activity and reduced transcription of tyrosinase-like protein-1 (TYRP1). Melanoma cells in which the TR1 gene (TXNRD1) was disrupted using Crispr/Cas9 showed more dramatic effects including the complete loss of the melanocyte-specific isoform of MITF; other MITF isoforms were unaffected. We provide evidence that TR1 depletion results in oxidation of MITF itself. This newly discovered mechanism for redox modification of MITF has profound implications for controlling both pigmentation and tumorigenesis in cells of the melanocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsey D. Kline
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Madeleine Anderson
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - John W. Bassett
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gail Kent
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Rachel Berryman
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Matthew Honeggar
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Arup K. Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Philip J. Moos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sancy A. Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Pamela B. Cassidy
- Department of Dermatology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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5
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Cabaço LC, Tomás A, Pojo M, Barral DC. The Dark Side of Melanin Secretion in Cutaneous Melanoma Aggressiveness. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887366. [PMID: 35619912 PMCID: PMC9128548 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are among the most common cancers worldwide and are increasingly prevalent. Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is characterized by the malignant transformation of melanocytes in the epidermis. Although CM shows lower incidence than other skin cancers, it is the most aggressive and responsible for the vast majority of skin cancer-related deaths. Indeed, 75% of patients present with invasive or metastatic tumors, even after surgical excision. In CM, the photoprotective pigment melanin, which is produced by melanocytes, plays a central role in the pathology of the disease. Melanin absorbs ultraviolet radiation and scavenges reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) resulting from the radiation exposure. However, the scavenged ROS/RNS modify melanin and lead to the induction of signature DNA damage in CM cells, namely cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, which are known to promote CM immortalization and carcinogenesis. Despite triggering the malignant transformation of melanocytes and promoting initial tumor growth, the presence of melanin inside CM cells is described to negatively regulate their invasiveness by increasing cell stiffness and reducing elasticity. Emerging evidence also indicates that melanin secreted from CM cells is required for the immunomodulation of tumor microenvironment. Indeed, melanin transforms dermal fibroblasts in cancer-associated fibroblasts, suppresses the immune system and promotes tumor angiogenesis, thus sustaining CM progression and metastasis. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of melanin secretion in CM aggressiveness and the molecular machinery involved, as well as the impact in tumor microenvironment and immune responses. A better understanding of this role and the molecular players involved could enable the modulation of melanin secretion to become a therapeutic strategy to impair CM invasion and metastasis and, hence, reduce the burden of CM-associated deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís C Cabaço
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Tomás
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Pojo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Duarte C Barral
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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6
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Bian C, Li R, Wen Z, Ge W, Shi Q. Phylogenetic Analysis of Core Melanin Synthesis Genes Provides Novel Insights Into the Molecular Basis of Albinism in Fish. Front Genet 2021; 12:707228. [PMID: 34422008 PMCID: PMC8371935 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.707228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is the most prevalent pigment in animals. Its synthesis involves a series of functional genes. Particularly, teleosts have more copies of these genes related to the melanin synthesis than tetrapods. Despite the increasing number of available vertebrate genomes, a few systematically genomic studies were reported to identify and compare these core genes for the melanin synthesis. Here, we performed a comparative genomic analysis on several core genes, including tyrosinase genes (tyr, tyrp1, and tyrp2), premelanosome protein (pmel), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (mitf), and solute carrier family 24 member 5 (slc24a5), based on 90 representative vertebrate genomes. Gene number and mutation identification suggest that loss-of-function mutations in these core genes may interact to generate an albinism phenotype. We found nonsense mutations in tyrp1a and pmelb of an albino golden-line barbel fish, in pmelb of an albino deep-sea snailfish (Pseudoliparis swirei), in slc24a5 of cave-restricted Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus, cavefish population), and in mitf of a transparent icefish (Protosalanx hyalocranius). Convergent evolution may explain this phenomenon since nonsense mutations in these core genes for melanin synthesis have been identified across diverse albino fishes. These newly identified nonsense mutations and gene loss will provide molecular guidance for ornamental fish breeding, further enhancing our in-depth understanding of human skin coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Bian
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, University of Macau, Taipa, China.,Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, Beijing Genomics Institute, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihan Li
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, Beijing Genomics Institute, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyong Wen
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, Beijing Genomics Institute, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, Beijing Genomics Institute, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, Shenzhen, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Hosseini S, Schmitt AO, Tetens J, Brenig B, Simianer H, Sharifi AR, Gültas M. In Silico Prediction of Transcription Factor Collaborations Underlying Phenotypic Sexual Dimorphism in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:873. [PMID: 34200177 PMCID: PMC8227731 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of gene expression in higher organisms is essential for different cellular and biological processes. These processes are controlled by transcription factors and their combinatorial interplay, which are crucial for complex genetic programs and transcriptional machinery. The regulation of sex-biased gene expression plays a major role in phenotypic sexual dimorphism in many species, causing dimorphic gene expression patterns between two different sexes. The role of transcription factor (TF) in gene regulatory mechanisms so far has not been studied for sex determination and sex-associated colour patterning in zebrafish with respect to phenotypic sexual dimorphism. To address this open biological issue, we applied bioinformatics approaches for identifying the predicted TF pairs based on their binding sites for sex and colour genes in zebrafish. In this study, we identified 25 (e.g., STAT6-GATA4; JUN-GATA4; SOX9-JUN) and 14 (e.g., IRF-STAT6; SOX9-JUN; STAT6-GATA4) potentially cooperating TFs based on their binding patterns in promoter regions for sex determination and colour pattern genes in zebrafish, respectively. The comparison between identified TFs for sex and colour genes revealed several predicted TF pairs (e.g., STAT6-GATA4; JUN-SOX9) are common for both phenotypes, which may play a pivotal role in phenotypic sexual dimorphism in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrbanou Hosseini
- Molecular Biology of Livestock and Molecular Diagnostics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Functional Breeding Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.O.S.); (H.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Armin Otto Schmitt
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.O.S.); (H.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.G.)
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Tetens
- Functional Breeding Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.O.S.); (H.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Bertram Brenig
- Molecular Biology of Livestock and Molecular Diagnostics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.O.S.); (H.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Henner Simianer
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.O.S.); (H.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.G.)
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ahmad Reza Sharifi
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.O.S.); (H.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.G.)
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Gültas
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.O.S.); (H.S.); (A.R.S.); (M.G.)
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, 59494 Soest, Germany
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8
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Bian C, Chen W, Ruan Z, Hu Z, Huang Y, Lv Y, Xu T, Li J, Shi Q, Ge W. Genome and Transcriptome Sequencing of casper and roy Zebrafish Mutants Provides Novel Genetic Clues for Iridophore Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072385. [PMID: 32235607 PMCID: PMC7177266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
casper has been a widely used transparent mutant of zebrafish. It possesses a combined loss of reflective iridophores and light-absorbing melanophores, which gives rise to its almost transparent trunk throughout larval and adult stages. Nevertheless, genomic causal mutations of this transparent phenotype are poorly defined. To identify the potential genetic basis of this fascinating morphological phenotype, we constructed genome maps by performing genome sequencing of 28 zebrafish individuals including wild-type AB strain, roy orbison (roy), and casper mutants. A total of 4.3 million high-quality and high-confidence homozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the present study. We also identified a 6.0-Mb linkage disequilibrium block specifically in both roy and casper that was composed of 39 functional genes, of which the mpv17 gene was potentially involved in the regulation of iridophore formation and maintenance. This is the first report of high-confidence genomic mutations in the mpv17 gene of roy and casper that potentially leads to defective splicing as one major molecular clue for the iridophore loss. Additionally, comparative transcriptomic analyses of skin tissues from the AB, roy and casper groups revealed detailed transcriptional changes of several core genes that may be involved in melanophore and iridophore degeneration. In summary, our updated genome and transcriptome sequencing of the casper and roy mutants provides novel genetic clues for the iridophore loss. These new genomic variation maps will offer a solid genetic basis for expanding the zebrafish mutant database and in-depth investigation into pigmentation of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Bian
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (C.B.); (W.C.); (Z.H.)
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; (Z.R.); (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (T.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Weiting Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (C.B.); (W.C.); (Z.H.)
- School of Life Sciences, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ruan
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; (Z.R.); (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (T.X.); (J.L.)
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (C.B.); (W.C.); (Z.H.)
| | - Yu Huang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; (Z.R.); (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (T.X.); (J.L.)
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Yunyun Lv
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; (Z.R.); (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (T.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Tengfei Xu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; (Z.R.); (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (T.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Jia Li
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; (Z.R.); (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (T.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; (Z.R.); (Y.H.); (Y.L.); (T.X.); (J.L.)
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Correspondence: (Q.S.); (W.G.); Tel.: +86-185-6627-9826 (Q.S.); +853-8822-4998 (W.G.)
| | - Wei Ge
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (C.B.); (W.C.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (Q.S.); (W.G.); Tel.: +86-185-6627-9826 (Q.S.); +853-8822-4998 (W.G.)
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9
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Dalmasso B, Ghiorzo P. Evolution of approaches to identify melanoma missing heritability. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:523-531. [PMID: 32124637 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1738221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Around 10% of melanoma patients have a positive family history of melanoma and/or related cancers. Although a germline pathogenic variant in a high-risk gene can be identified in up to 40% of these patients, the remaining part of melanoma heritability remains largely unexplained.Areas covered: The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the impact that new technologies and new research approaches had and are having on finding more efficient ways to unravel the missing heritability in melanoma.Expert opinion: High-throughput sequencing technologies have been crucial in increasing the number of genes/loci that might be implicated in melanoma predisposition. However, results from these approaches may have been inferior to the expectations, due to an increase in quantitative information which hasn't been followed at the same speed by an improvement of the methods to correctly interpret these data. Optimal approaches for improving our knowledge on melanoma heritability are currently based on segregation analysis coupled with functional assessment of candidate genes. An improvement of computational methods to infer genotype-phenotype correlations could help address the issue of missing heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Dalmasso
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genetics of Rare Cancers, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genetics of Rare Cancers, Genoa, Italy
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10
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Ciccarese G, Dalmasso B, Bruno W, Queirolo P, Pastorino L, Andreotti V, Spagnolo F, Tanda E, Ponti G, Massone C, Drago F, Parodi A, Ghigliotti G, Pizzichetta MA, Ghiorzo P. Clinical, pathological and dermoscopic phenotype of MITF p.E318K carrier cutaneous melanoma patients. J Transl Med 2020; 18:78. [PMID: 32054529 PMCID: PMC7017513 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The p.E318K variant of the Melanocyte Inducing Transcription Factor (MITF) has been implicated in genetic predisposition to melanoma as an intermediate penetrance allele. However, the impact of this variant on clinico-phenotypic, as well as on dermoscopic patterns features of affected patients is not entirely defined. The purpose of our study was to assess the association between the p.E318K germline variant and clinic-phenotypical features of MITF+ compared to non-carriers (MITF-), including dermoscopic findings of melanomas and dysplastic nevi. METHODS we retrospectively analyzed a consecutive series of 1386 patients recruited between 2000 and 2017 who underwent genetic testing for CDKN2A, CDK4, MC1R and MITF germline variants in our laboratory for diagnostic/research purposes. The patients were probands of melanoma-prone families and apparently sporadic single or multiple primary melanoma patients. For all, we collected clinical, pathological information and dermoscopic images of the histopathologically diagnosed melanomas and dysplastic nevi, when available. RESULTS After excluding patients positive for CDKN2A/CDK4 pathogenic variants and those affected by non-cutaneous melanomas, our study cohort comprised 984 cutaneous melanoma patients, 22 MITF+ and 962 MITF-. MITF+ were more likely to develop dysplastic nevi and multiple primary melanomas. Nodular melanoma was more common in MITF+ patients (32% compared to 19% in MITF-). MITF+ patients showed more frequently dysplastic nevi and melanomas with uncommon dermoscopic patterns (unspecific), as opposed to MITF- patients, whose most prevalent pattern was the multicomponent. CONCLUSIONS MITF+ patients tend to develop melanomas and dysplastic nevi with histopathological features, frequency and dermoscopic patterns often different from those prevalent in MITF- patients. Our results emphasize the importance of melanoma prevention programs for MITF+ patients, including dermatologic surveillance with digital follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ciccarese
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genetics of Rare Cancers, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Bruna Dalmasso
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genetics of Rare Cancers, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - William Bruno
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genetics of Rare Cancers, Genoa, Italy. .,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Paola Queirolo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Medical Oncology 2, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenza Pastorino
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genetics of Rare Cancers, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Virginia Andreotti
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genetics of Rare Cancers, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Spagnolo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Medical Oncology 2, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrica Tanda
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Medical Oncology 2, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ponti
- Department of Diagnostic and Clinical Medicine and Public Health, Division of Clinical Pathology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Drago
- Department of Health Sciences (Di.S.Sal.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Section of Dermatology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aurora Parodi
- Department of Health Sciences (Di.S.Sal.), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Section of Dermatology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ghigliotti
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Section of Dermatology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Pizzichetta
- Dermatology Clinic - National Cancer Institute, Medical Oncology and Preventive Oncology Aviano, University of Trieste, Aviano, Italy
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genetics of Rare Cancers, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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11
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Bai X, Fisher DE, Flaherty KT. Cell-state dynamics and therapeutic resistance in melanoma from the perspective of MITF and IFNγ pathways. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:549-562. [PMID: 30967646 PMCID: PMC7185899 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapy and immunotherapy have greatly improved the prognosis of patients with metastatic melanoma, but resistance to these therapeutic modalities limits the percentage of patients with long-lasting responses. Accumulating evidence indicates that a persisting subpopulation of melanoma cells contributes to resistance to targeted therapy or immunotherapy, even in patients who initially have a therapeutic response; however, the root mechanism of resistance remains elusive. To address this problem, we propose a new model, in which dynamic fluctuations of protein expression at the single-cell level and longitudinal reshaping of the cellular state at the cell-population level explain the whole process of therapeutic resistance development. Conceptually, we focused on two different pivotal signalling pathways (mediated by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and IFNγ) to construct the evolving trajectories of melanoma and described each of the cell states. Accordingly, the development of therapeutic resistance could be divided into three main phases: early survival of cell populations, reversal of senescence, and the establishment of new homeostatic states and development of irreversible resistance. On the basis of existing data, we propose future directions in both translational research and the design of therapeutic strategies that incorporate this emerging understanding of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - David E Fisher
- Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Rossi M, Pellegrini C, Cardelli L, Ciciarelli V, Di Nardo L, Fargnoli MC. Familial Melanoma: Diagnostic and Management Implications. Dermatol Pract Concept 2019; 9:10-16. [PMID: 30775140 PMCID: PMC6368081 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.0901a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An estimated 5%-10% of all cutaneous melanoma cases occur in families. This review describes susceptibility genes currently known to be involved in melanoma predisposition, genetic testing of familial melanoma patients, and management implications. Results CDKN2A is the major high-penetrance susceptibility gene with germline mutations identified in 20%-40% of melanoma families. A positive CDKN2A mutation status has been associated with a high number of affected family members, multiple primary melanomas, pancreatic cancer, and early age at melanoma onset. Mutations in the other melanoma predisposition genes-CDK4, BAP1, TERT, POT1, ACD, TERF2IP, and MITF-are rare, overall contributing to explain a further 10% of familial clustering of melanoma. The underlying genetic susceptibility remains indeed unexplained for half of melanoma families. Genetic testing for melanoma is currently recommended only for CDKN2A and CDK4, and, at this time, the role of multigene panel testing remains under debate. Individuals from melanoma families must receive genetic counseling to be informed about the inclusion criteria for genetic testing, the probability of an inconclusive result, the genetic risk for melanoma and other cancers, and the debatable role of medical management. They should be counseled focusing primarily on recommendations on appropriate lifestyle, encouraging skin self-examination, and regular dermatological screening. Conclusions Genetic testing for high-penetrance melanoma susceptibility genes is recommended in melanoma families after selection of the appropriate candidates and adequate counseling of the patient. All patients and relatives from melanoma kindreds, irrespective of their mutation status, should be encouraged to adhere to a correct ultraviolet exposure, skin self-examination, and surveillance by physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Rossi
- Department of Dermatology, DISCAB, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Ludovica Cardelli
- Department of Dermatology, DISCAB, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Valeria Ciciarelli
- Department of Dermatology, DISCAB, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lucia Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, DISCAB, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Institute of Dermatology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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13
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Gabellini C, Gómez-Abenza E, Ibáñez-Molero S, Tupone MG, Pérez-Oliva AB, de Oliveira S, Del Bufalo D, Mulero V. Interleukin 8 mediates bcl-xL-induced enhancement of human melanoma cell dissemination and angiogenesis in a zebrafish xenograft model. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:584-596. [PMID: 28949016 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The protein bcl-xL is able to enhance the secretion of the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin 8 (CXCL8) in human melanoma lines. In this study, we investigate whether the bcl-xL/CXCL8 axis is important for promoting melanoma angiogenesis and aggressiveness in vivo, using angiogenesis and xenotransplantation assays in zebrafish embryos. When injected into wild-type embryos, bcl-xL-overexpressing melanoma cells showed enhanced dissemination and angiogenic activity compared with control cells. Human CXCL8 protein elicited a strong proangiogenic activity in zebrafish embryos and zebrafish Cxcr2 receptor was identified as the mediator of CXCL8 proangiogenic activity using a morpholino-mediated gene knockdown. However, human CXCL8 failed to induce neutrophil recruitment in contrast to its zebrafish homolog. Interestingly, the greater aggressiveness of bcl-xL-overexpressing melanoma cells was mediated by an autocrine effect of CXCL8 on its CXCR2 receptor, as confirmed by an shRNA approach. Finally, correlation studies of gene expression and survival analyses using microarray and RNA-seq public databases of human melanoma biopsies revealed that bcl-xL expression significantly correlated with the expression of CXCL8 and other markers of melanoma progression. More importantly, a high level of co-expression of bcl-xL and CXCL8 was associated with poor prognosis in melanoma patients. In conclusion, these data demonstrate the existence of an autocrine CXCL8/CXCR2 signaling pathway in the bcl-xL-induced melanoma aggressiveness, encouraging the development of novel therapeutic approaches for high bcl-xL-expressing melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gabellini
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Gómez-Abenza
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sofia Ibáñez-Molero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Grazia Tupone
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana B Pérez-Oliva
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sofia de Oliveira
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Microvascular Biology and Inflammation Unit, Molecular Medicine Institute, Biochemistry Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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14
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Bootorabi F, Manouchehri H, Changizi R, Barker H, Palazzo E, Saltari A, Parikka M, Pincelli C, Aspatwar A. Zebrafish as a Model Organism for the Development of Drugs for Skin Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071550. [PMID: 28718799 PMCID: PMC5536038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer, which includes melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma, represents the most common type of cutaneous malignancy worldwide, and its incidence is expected to rise in the near future. This condition derives from acquired genetic dysregulation of signaling pathways involved in the proliferation and apoptosis of skin cells. The development of animal models has allowed a better understanding of these pathomechanisms, with the possibility of carrying out toxicological screening and drug development. In particular, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been established as one of the most important model organisms for cancer research. This model is particularly suitable for live cell imaging and high-throughput drug screening in a large-scale fashion. Thanks to the recent advances in genome editing, such as the clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) methodologies, the mechanisms associated with cancer development and progression, as well as drug resistance can be investigated and comprehended. With these unique tools, the zebrafish represents a powerful platform for skin cancer research in the development of target therapies. Here, we will review the advantages of using the zebrafish model for drug discovery and toxicological and phenotypical screening. We will focus in detail on the most recent progress in the field of zebrafish model generation for the study of melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), including cancer cell injection and transgenic animal development. Moreover, we will report the latest compounds and small molecules under investigation in melanoma zebrafish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bootorabi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14114 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamed Manouchehri
- Department of Aquaculture, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, 47134 Babol, Iran.
| | - Reza Changizi
- Department of Aquaculture, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, 47134 Babol, Iran.
| | - Harlan Barker
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Elisabetta Palazzo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Saltari
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Carlo Pincelli
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
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15
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MicroRNA-26a inhibits the growth and invasiveness of malignant melanoma and directly targets on MITF gene. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17028. [PMID: 28698805 PMCID: PMC5502303 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and is refractory to therapy. MicroRNAs have been recently discovered as novel molecules that provide therapeutic benefits against melanoma. This work aims to examine the effects of miR-26a and let-7a on the growth and invasiveness of malignant melanoma in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we elucidate the mechanism of action by identifying the target gene of miR-26a. Both miR-26a and let-7a inhibited proliferation and invasiveness and halted the cell cycle at the G1/G0 phase in SKMEL-28 and WM1552C malignant melanoma cell lines. Moreover, miR-26a potently induced apoptosis and downregulated the expressions of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and MAP4K3 in both cell lines. The luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-26a suppresses MITF expression by binding the 3′-UTR, suggesting that MITF is a bona fide target of miR-26a. SiRNA knockdown of the MITF gene confirmed that miR-26a reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis by regulating MITF. Using a murine model, we also found miR-26a significantly retarded the growth of melanoma tumors in vivo. In conclusion, miR-26a and let-7a suppressed the growth and invasiveness of melanoma cells, suggesting that miR-26a and let-7a may represent novel therapies for malignant melanoma.
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16
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Seberg HE, Van Otterloo E, Loftus SK, Liu H, Bonde G, Sompallae R, Gildea DE, Santana JF, Manak JR, Pavan WJ, Williams T, Cornell RA. TFAP2 paralogs regulate melanocyte differentiation in parallel with MITF. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006636. [PMID: 28249010 PMCID: PMC5352137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding transcription factor TFAP2A result in pigmentation anomalies in model organisms and premature hair graying in humans. However, the pleiotropic functions of TFAP2A and its redundantly-acting paralogs have made the precise contribution of TFAP2-type activity to melanocyte differentiation unclear. Defining this contribution may help to explain why TFAP2A expression is reduced in advanced-stage melanoma compared to benign nevi. To identify genes with TFAP2A-dependent expression in melanocytes, we profile zebrafish tissue and mouse melanocytes deficient in Tfap2a, and find that expression of a small subset of genes underlying pigmentation phenotypes is TFAP2A-dependent, including Dct, Mc1r, Mlph, and Pmel. We then conduct TFAP2A ChIP-seq in mouse and human melanocytes and find that a much larger subset of pigmentation genes is associated with active regulatory elements bound by TFAP2A. These elements are also frequently bound by MITF, which is considered the "master regulator" of melanocyte development. For example, the promoter of TRPM1 is bound by both TFAP2A and MITF, and we show that the activity of a minimal TRPM1 promoter is lost upon deletion of the TFAP2A binding sites. However, the expression of Trpm1 is not TFAP2A-dependent, implying that additional TFAP2 paralogs function redundantly to drive melanocyte differentiation, which is consistent with previous results from zebrafish. Paralogs Tfap2a and Tfap2b are both expressed in mouse melanocytes, and we show that mouse embryos with Wnt1-Cre-mediated deletion of Tfap2a and Tfap2b in the neural crest almost completely lack melanocytes but retain neural crest-derived sensory ganglia. These results suggest that TFAP2 paralogs, like MITF, are also necessary for induction of the melanocyte lineage. Finally, we observe a genetic interaction between tfap2a and mitfa in zebrafish, but find that artificially elevating expression of tfap2a does not increase levels of melanin in mitfa hypomorphic or loss-of-function mutants. Collectively, these results show that TFAP2 paralogs, operating alongside lineage-specific transcription factors such as MITF, directly regulate effectors of terminal differentiation in melanocytes. In addition, they suggest that TFAP2A activity, like MITF activity, has the potential to modulate the phenotype of melanoma cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Embryo, Mammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Melanocytes/metabolism
- Mice, Knockout
- Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor/genetics
- Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Mutation
- Pigmentation/genetics
- RNA Interference
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transcription Factor AP-2/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-2/metabolism
- Zebrafish
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Seberg
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Eric Van Otterloo
- SDM-Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stacie K. Loftus
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Greg Bonde
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ramakrishna Sompallae
- Bioinformatics Division, Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Derek E. Gildea
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Juan F. Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - J. Robert Manak
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - William J. Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Trevor Williams
- SDM-Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Cornell
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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17
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Identification of a small molecule that downregulates MITF expression and mediates antimelanoma activity in vitro. Melanoma Res 2017; 26:117-24. [PMID: 26684062 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a type of cancer arising from the melanocytes, which are the cells that make up the pigment melanin and are derived from the neural crest. There is no particularly effective therapy once the disease is metastatic, highlighting the need for discovery of novel potent agents. In this investigation, we adopted a zebrafish embryonic pigmentation model to identify antimelanoma agents by screening an in-house small molecule library. With this assay, we found that a small molecule compound, SKLB226, blocked zebrafish pigmentation and pigment cell migration. Mechanism of action studies showed that SKLB226 downregulated MITF mRNA level in both zebrafish embryos and mammalian melanoma cells. Further studies showed that it could efficiently suppress the viability and migration of mammalian melanoma cells. In summary, SKLB226 can be used as a chemical tool to study melanocyte development as well as an antimelanoma lead compound that should be subjected to further structural optimization.
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18
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Xia J, Wang Y, Li F, Wang J, Mu Y, Mei X, Li X, Zhu W, Jin X, Yu K. Expression of microphthalmia transcription factor, S100 protein, and HMB-45 in malignant melanoma and pigmented nevi. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:327-331. [PMID: 27602212 PMCID: PMC4998223 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is a type of malignant tumor, which originates from neural crest melanocytes. MM progresses rapidly and results in a high mortality rate. The present study aims to investigate the expression of microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), the S100 protein, and HMB-45 in MM and pigmented nevi. A total of 32 MM samples (including three skin metastasis, three lymph node metastasis and two spindle cell MM samples), two Spitz nevus samples, four pigmented nevus samples and two blue nevus samples were collected. The expression levels of S100 protein, HMB-45, and MITF were observed via immunostaining. The S100 protein exhibited high positive rates in MM and pigment disorders (96.7 and 100%, respectively), but with low specificity. The S100 protein was also expressed in fibroblasts, myoepithelial cells, histocytes and Langerhans cells in normal skin samples. HMB-45 had high specificity. Its positive expression was only confined to MM cells and junctional nevus cells. Furthermore, HMB-45 was not expressed in melanocytes in the normal tissue samples around the tumor or in the benign intradermal nevus cells. MITF exhibited high specificity and high sensitivity. It was expressed in the nuclei of melanocytes, MM cells and nevus cells. It was observed to be strongly expressed in metastatic MM and spindle cell MMs. Thus, MITF may present as a specific immunomarker for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Yanlong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Fuqiu Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Yan Mu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Xianglin Mei
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Xianhua Jin
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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19
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García-Fernández M, Karras P, Checinska A, Cañón E, Calvo GT, Gómez-López G, Cifdaloz M, Colmenar A, Espinosa-Hevia L, Olmeda D, Soengas MS. Metastatic risk and resistance to BRAF inhibitors in melanoma defined by selective allelic loss of ATG5. Autophagy 2016; 12:1776-1790. [PMID: 27464255 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1199301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a paradigm of aggressive tumors with a complex and heterogeneous genetic background. Still, melanoma cells frequently retain developmental traits that trace back to lineage specification programs. In particular, lysosome-associated vesicular trafficking is emerging as a melanoma-enriched lineage dependency. However, the contribution of other lysosomal functions such as autophagy to melanoma progression is unclear, particularly in the context of metastasis and resistance to targeted therapy. Here we mined a broad spectrum of cancers for a meta-analysis of mRNA expression, copy number variation and prognostic value of 13 core autophagy genes. This strategy identified heterozygous loss of ATG5 at chromosome band 6q21 as a distinctive feature of advanced melanomas. Importantly, partial ATG5 loss predicted poor overall patient survival in a manner not shared by other autophagy factors and not recapitulated in other tumor types. This prognostic relevance of ATG5 copy number was not evident for other 6q21 neighboring genes. Melanocyte-specific mouse models confirmed that heterozygous (but not homozygous) deletion of Atg5 enhanced melanoma metastasis and compromised the response to targeted therapy (exemplified by dabrafenib, a BRAF inhibitor in clinical use). Collectively, our results support ATG5 as a therapeutically relevant dose-dependent rheostat of melanoma progression. Moreover, these data have important translational implications in drug design, as partial blockade of autophagy genes may worsen (instead of counteracting) the malignant behavior of metastatic melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Fernández
- a Melanoma Laboratory , Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Panagiotis Karras
- a Melanoma Laboratory , Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Agnieszka Checinska
- a Melanoma Laboratory , Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Estela Cañón
- a Melanoma Laboratory , Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Guadalupe T Calvo
- a Melanoma Laboratory , Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Gonzalo Gómez-López
- b Bioinformatics Unit , Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Metehan Cifdaloz
- a Melanoma Laboratory , Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Angel Colmenar
- a Melanoma Laboratory , Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Luis Espinosa-Hevia
- c Cytogenetics Unit , Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - David Olmeda
- a Melanoma Laboratory , Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - María S Soengas
- a Melanoma Laboratory , Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
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20
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Hereditary melanoma: Update on syndromes and management: Emerging melanoma cancer complexes and genetic counseling. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 74:411-20; quiz 421-2. [PMID: 26892651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer genomics have enabled the discovery of many cancer-predisposing genes that are being used to classify new familial melanoma/cancer syndromes. In addition to CDKN2A and CDK4, germline variants in TERT, MITF, and BAP1 have been added to the list of genes harboring melanoma-predisposing mutations. These newer entities may have escaped earlier description in part because of more advanced technologies now being used and in part because of their mixed cancer phenotype as opposed to a melanoma-focused syndrome. Dermatologists should be aware of (and be able to recognize) the clinical signs in high-risk patients in different contexts. Personal and family histories of cancer should always be sought in patients with multiple nevi or a positive history for melanoma, and should be updated annually. Various features that are unique to specific disorders, such as the appearance of melanocytic BAP1-mutated atypical intradermal tumors in cases of BAP1 melanoma syndrome, should also be recognized early. These patients should be offered regular screenings with the use of dermoscopy and total body photography, as needed. More importantly, referral to other specialists may be needed if a risk for internal malignancy is suspected. It is important to have in mind that these patients tend to develop multiple melanomas, along with various internal organ malignancies, often at younger ages; a multidisciplinary approach to their cancer screening and treatment is ideal.
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21
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Yao J, Caballero OL, Huang Y, Lin C, Rimoldi D, Behren A, Cebon JS, Hung MC, Weinstein JN, Strausberg RL, Zhao Q. Altered Expression and Splicing of ESRP1 in Malignant Melanoma Correlates with Epithelial-Mesenchymal Status and Tumor-Associated Immune Cytolytic Activity. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:552-61. [PMID: 27045022 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the major cancer types for which new immune-based cancer treatments have achieved promising results. However, anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapies are effective only in some patients. Hence, predictive molecular markers for the development of clinical strategies targeting immune checkpoints are needed. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RNAseq data, we found that expression of ESRP1, encoding a master splicing regulator in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), was inversely correlated with tumor-associated immune cytolytic activity. That association holds up across multiple TCGA tumor types, suggesting a link between tumor EMT status and infiltrating lymphocyte activity. In melanoma, ESRP1 mainly exists in a melanocyte-specific truncated form transcribed from exon 13. This was validated by analyzing CCLE cell line data, public CAGE data, and RT-PCR in primary cultured melanoma cell lines. Based on ESRP1 expression, we divided TCGA melanoma cases into ESRP1-low, -truncated, and -full-length groups. ESRP1-truncated tumors comprise approximately two thirds of melanoma samples and reside in an apparent transitional state between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes. ESRP1 full-length tumors express epithelial markers and constitute about 5% of melanoma samples. In contrast, ESRP1-low tumors express mesenchymal markers and are high in immune cytolytic activity as well as PD-L2 and CTLA-4 expression. Those tumors are associated with better patient survival. Results from our study suggest a path toward the use of ESRP1 and other EMT markers as informative biomarkers for immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(6); 552-61. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Otavia L Caballero
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Orygen Biotecnologia, SA., São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ying Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Calvin Lin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Donata Rimoldi
- Clinical Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy Unit, Ludwig Center, University of Lausanne, Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Behren
- Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Cebon
- Cancer Immunobiology Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John N Weinstein
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Qi Zhao
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York.
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Kundu A, Quirit JG, Khouri MG, Firestone GL. Inhibition of oncogenic BRAF activity by indole-3-carbinol disrupts microphthalmia-associated transcription factor expression and arrests melanoma cell proliferation. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:49-61. [PMID: 26878440 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), an anti-cancer phytochemical derived from cruciferous vegetables, strongly inhibited proliferation and down-regulated protein levels of the melanocyte master regulator micropthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF-M) in oncogenic BRAF-V600E expressing melanoma cells in culture as well as in vivo in tumor xenografted athymic nude mice. In contrast, wild type BRAF-expressing melanoma cells remained relatively insensitive to I3C anti-proliferative signaling. In BRAF-V600E-expressing melanoma cells, I3C treatment inhibited phosphorylation of MEK and ERK/MAPK, the down stream effectors of BRAF. The I3C anti-proliferative arrest was concomitant with the down-regulation of MITF-M transcripts and promoter activity, loss of endogenous BRN-2 binding to the MITF-M promoter, and was strongly attenuated by expression of exogenous MITF-M. Importantly, in vitro kinase assays using immunoprecipitated BRAF-V600E and wild type BRAF demonstrated that I3C selectively inhibited the enzymatic activity of the oncogenic BRAF-V600E but not of the wild type protein. In silico modeling predicted an I3C interaction site in the BRAF-V600E protomer distinct from where the clinically used BRAF-V600E inhibitor Vemurafenib binds to BRAF-V600E. Consistent with this prediction, combinations of I3C and Vemurafenib more potently inhibited melanoma cell proliferation and reduced MITF-M levels in BRAF-V600E expressing melanoma cells compared to the effects of each compound alone. Thus, our results demonstrate that oncogenic BRAF-V600E is a new cellular target of I3C that implicate this indolecarbinol compound as a potential candidate for novel single or combination therapies for melanoma. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Kundu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and The Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Jeanne G Quirit
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and The Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Michelle G Khouri
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and The Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Gary L Firestone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and The Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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23
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Puujalka E, Heinz M, Hoesel B, Friedl P, Schweighofer B, Wenzina J, Pirker C, Schmid JA, Loewe R, Wagner EF, Berger W, Petzelbauer P. Opposing Roles of JNK and p38 in Lymphangiogenesis in Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:967-977. [PMID: 26829032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In primary melanoma, the amount of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) expression and lymphangiogenesis predicts the probability of metastasis to sentinel nodes, but conditions boosting VEGF-C expression in melanoma are poorly characterized. By comparative mRNA expression analysis of a set of 22 human melanoma cell lines, we found a striking negative correlation between VEGF-C and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression, which was confirmed by data mining in GEO databases of human melanoma Affymetrix arrays. Moreover, in human patients, high VEGF-C and low MITF levels in primary melanoma significantly correlated with the chance of metastasis. Pathway analysis disclosed the respective c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase activities as being responsible for the inverse regulation of VEGF-C and MITF. Predominant c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling results in a VEGF-C(low)/MITF(high) phenotype; these melanoma cells are highly proliferative, show low mobility, and are poorly lymphangiogenic. Predominant p38 signaling results in a VEGF-C(high)/MITF(low) phenotype, corresponding to a slowly cycling, highly mobile, lymphangiogenic, and metastatic melanoma. In conclusion, the relative c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 activities determine the biological behavior of melanoma. VEGF-C and MITF levels serve as surrogate markers for the respective c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 activities and may be used to predict the risk of metastasis in primary melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi Puujalka
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Heinz
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bastian Hoesel
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schweighofer
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Wenzina
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A Schmid
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Loewe
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Skin and Endothelium Research Division (SERD), Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Schartl M, Shen Y, Maurus K, Walter R, Tomlinson C, Wilson RK, Postlethwait J, Warren WC. Whole Body Melanoma Transcriptome Response in Medaka. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143057. [PMID: 26714172 PMCID: PMC4699850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of malignant melanoma continues to increase each year with poor prognosis for survival in many relapse cases. To reverse this trend, whole body response measures are needed to discover collaborative paths to primary and secondary malignancy. Several species of fish provide excellent melanoma models because fish and human melanocytes both appear in the epidermis, and fish and human pigment cell tumors share conserved gene expression signatures. For the first time, we have examined the whole body transcriptome response to invasive melanoma as a prelude to using transcriptome profiling to screen for drugs in a medaka (Oryzias latipes) model. We generated RNA-seq data from whole body RNA isolates for controls and melanoma fish. After testing for differential expression, 396 genes had significantly different expression (adjusted p-value <0.02) in the whole body transcriptome between melanoma and control fish; 379 of these genes were matched to human orthologs with 233 having annotated human gene symbols and 14 matched genes that contain putative deleterious variants in human melanoma at varying levels of recurrence. A detailed canonical pathway evaluation for significant enrichment showed the top scoring pathway to be antigen presentation but also included the expected melanocyte development and pigmentation signaling pathway. Results revealed a profound down-regulation of genes involved in the immune response, especially the innate immune system. We hypothesize that the developing melanoma actively suppresses the immune system responses of the body in reacting to the invasive malignancy, and that this mal-adaptive response contributes to disease progression, a result that suggests our whole-body transcriptomic approach merits further use. In these findings, we also observed novel genes not yet identified in human melanoma expression studies and uncovered known and new candidate drug targets for further testing in this malignant melanoma medaka model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schartl
- Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Clinic Würzburg, Josef Schneider Straße 6, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (WCW); (MS)
| | - Yingjia Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States of America
| | - Katja Maurus
- Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ron Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States of America
| | - Chad Tomlinson
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, 4444 Forest Park Blvd., St Louis, MO, 63108, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, 4444 Forest Park Blvd., St Louis, MO, 63108, United States of America
| | - John Postlethwait
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1425 E. 13th Avenue, Eugene, OR, 97403, United States of America
| | - Wesley C. Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, 4444 Forest Park Blvd., St Louis, MO, 63108, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WCW); (MS)
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25
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Lu Y, Bowswell M, Bowswell W, Yang K, Schartl M, Walter RB. Molecular genetic response of Xiphophorus maculatus-X. couchianus interspecies hybrid skin to UVB exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 178:86-92. [PMID: 26254713 PMCID: PMC4662913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic and genetic similarities between Xiphophorus and human melanoma render Xiphophorus a useful animal model for studying the genetic basis of melanoma etiology. In the Xiphophorus model, melanoma has been shown to be inducible by ultraviolet light (UVB) exposure among interspecies hybrids, but not in parental line fish similarly treated. This leads to questions of what genes are responsive to UVB exposure in the skin of the interspecies hybrids, as well as how parental alleles in hybrids may be differentially regulated and the potential roles they may play in induced melanomagenesis. To address these questions, we produced X. maculatus Jp 163 B×X. couchianus (Sp-Couch) F1 hybrid fish, exposed both hybrid and parental fish to UVB, and performed gene expression profiling of the skin using RNA-Seq methodology. We characterized a group of unique UVB-responsive genes in Sp-Couch hybrid including dct, pmela, tyr, tyrp1a, slc2a11b, rab38a, rab27, tspan10, slc45a2, oca2, slc24a5, ptn and mitfa. These genes are associated with melanin production and melanocyte proliferation. They were also up-regulated in Sp-Couch hybrid, indicating that their UVB response is hybridization initiated. In the hybrid, several melanin production and pigmentation related genes, including slc45a2, tspan10, dct, slc2a11b and ptn showed either X. couchianus or X. maculatus allele specific expression. The finding that these genes exhibit allele specific expression regulatory mechanisms in Sp-Couch hybrids, but do not exhibit a corresponding UVB response in either one of the parental fishes, may suggest UVB targets and imply mechanisms regarding the susceptibility of Sp-Couch to induced melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lu
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666
| | - Mikki Bowswell
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666
| | - William Bowswell
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666
| | - Kuan Yang
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Physiologische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Biozentrum, Am Hubland, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ronald B. Walter
- Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666
- Corresponding author:
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26
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Rambow F, Job B, Petit V, Gesbert F, Delmas V, Seberg H, Meurice G, Van Otterloo E, Dessen P, Robert C, Gautheret D, Cornell RA, Sarasin A, Larue L. New Functional Signatures for Understanding Melanoma Biology from Tumor Cell Lineage-Specific Analysis. Cell Rep 2015; 13:840-853. [PMID: 26489459 PMCID: PMC5970542 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular signatures specific to particular tumor types are required to design treatments for resistant tumors. However, it remains unclear whether tumors and corresponding cell lines used for drug development share such signatures. We developed similarity core analysis (SCA), a universal and unsupervised computational framework for extracting core molecular features common to tumors and cell lines. We applied SCA to mRNA/miRNA expression data from various sources, comparing melanoma cell lines and metastases. The signature obtained was associated with phenotypic characteristics in vitro, and the core genes CAPN3 and TRIM63 were implicated in melanoma cell migration/invasion. About 90% of the melanoma signature genes belong to an intrinsic network of transcription factors governing neural development (TFAP2A, DLX2, ALX1, MITF, PAX3, SOX10, LEF1, and GAS7) and miRNAs (211-5p, 221-3p, and 10a-5p). The SCA signature effectively discriminated between two subpopulations of melanoma patients differing in overall survival, and classified MEKi/BRAFi-resistant and -sensitive melanoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rambow
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, 91405 Orsay, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3347, 91405 Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, 91405 Orsay, France; Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Bastien Job
- Plateforme de Bioinformatique, UMS AMMICA, Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Valérie Petit
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, 91405 Orsay, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3347, 91405 Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, 91405 Orsay, France; Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Franck Gesbert
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, 91405 Orsay, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3347, 91405 Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, 91405 Orsay, France; Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Véronique Delmas
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, 91405 Orsay, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3347, 91405 Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, 91405 Orsay, France; Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Hannah Seberg
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Guillaume Meurice
- Plateforme de Bioinformatique, UMS AMMICA, Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Van Otterloo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Philippe Dessen
- Plateforme de Bioinformatique, UMS AMMICA, Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | | | - Daniel Gautheret
- Plateforme de Bioinformatique, UMS AMMICA, Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Robert A Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Alain Sarasin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8200, Gustave-Roussy and University Paris-Sud, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, 91405 Orsay, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3347, 91405 Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, 91405 Orsay, France; Equipe Labellisée - Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 91405 Orsay, France.
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27
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Kolch W, Halasz M, Granovskaya M, Kholodenko BN. The dynamic control of signal transduction networks in cancer cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:515-27. [PMID: 26289315 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is often considered a genetic disease. However, much of the enormous plasticity of cancer cells to evolve different phenotypes, to adapt to challenging microenvironments and to withstand therapeutic assaults is encoded by the structure and spatiotemporal dynamics of signal transduction networks. In this Review, we discuss recent concepts concerning how the rich signalling dynamics afforded by these networks are regulated and how they impinge on cancer cell proliferation, survival, invasiveness and drug resistance. Understanding this dynamic circuitry by mathematical modelling could pave the way to new therapeutic approaches and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular &Biomedical Research, University College Dublin
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Marina Granovskaya
- Roche Moscow Limited, Business Center Neglinnaya Plaza, Building 2, Trubnaya Square, 107031 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris N Kholodenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular &Biomedical Research, University College Dublin
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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28
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Wasserman JK, Sekhon HS, Ayroud Y. Malignant Melanoma With Osteoclast-Like Differentiation. Int J Surg Pathol 2015; 23:478-82. [PMID: 26113663 DOI: 10.1177/1066896915592016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclast-like giant cells are frequently encountered in nonskeletal malignancies; however, the evidence to date suggests that they represent a tissue response to the lesion rather than neoplastic differentiation. We describe a case of metastatic melanoma demonstrating osteoclast-like differentiation in the lung. The lung nodule was diagnosed as a metastatic melanoma by histological features and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Resection specimen showed numerous multinucleated giant cells exhibiting osteoclast-like morphology dispersed throughout the lesion. Both the neoplastic melanocytes and giant cells were reactive for HMB-45, Melan-A, and S100. In addition, the multinucleated neoplastic giant cells were also reactive for the monocyte/macrophage lineage markers CD68 and CD163, and alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme present in normal osteoclasts. The neoplastic melanocytes and the multinucleated neoplastic giant cells were also reactive for microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, a protein required for the development of both melanocytes and osteoclasts. Collectively, a co-expression of monocyte/macrophage markers along with melanocytic markers and alkaline phosphatase in the multinucleated neoplastic giant cells in metastatic melanoma suggest that malignant melanocytes are capable of differentiating into osteoclast-like cells and consequently aid invasion into various structures and eliciting the aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yasmine Ayroud
- The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Pro-survival role of MITF in melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:352-358. [PMID: 25142731 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a therapy-resistant skin cancer due to numerous mechanisms supporting cell survival. Although components of melanoma cytoprotective mechanisms are overexpressed in many types of tumors, some of their regulators are characteristic for melanoma. Several genes mediating pro-survival functions have been identified as direct targets of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a melanocyte-specific modulator also recognized as a lineage addiction oncogene in melanoma. BRAF(V600E) and other proteins deregulated in melanoma influence MITF expression and activity, or they are the partners of MITF in melanoma response to radiotherapy and chemotherapeutics. In this review, the pro-survival activity of MITF is discussed.
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30
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Alonso-Curbelo D, Riveiro-Falkenbach E, Pérez-Guijarro E, Cifdaloz M, Karras P, Osterloh L, Megías D, Cañón E, Calvo TG, Olmeda D, Gómez-López G, Graña O, Sánchez-Arévalo Lobo VJ, Pisano DG, Wang HW, Ortiz-Romero P, Tormo D, Hoek K, Rodríguez-Peralto JL, Joyce JA, Soengas MS. RAB7 controls melanoma progression by exploiting a lineage-specific wiring of the endolysosomal pathway. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:61-76. [PMID: 24981740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although common cancer hallmarks are well established, lineage-restricted oncogenes remain less understood. Here, we report an inherent dependency of melanoma cells on the small GTPase RAB7, identified within a lysosomal gene cluster that distinguishes this malignancy from over 35 tumor types. Analyses in human cells, clinical specimens, and mouse models demonstrated that RAB7 is an early-induced melanoma driver whose levels can be tuned to favor tumor invasion, ultimately defining metastatic risk. Importantly, RAB7 levels and function were independent of MITF, the best-characterized melanocyte lineage-specific transcription factor. Instead, we describe the neuroectodermal master modulator SOX10 and the oncogene MYC as RAB7 regulators. These results reveal a unique wiring of the lysosomal pathway that melanomas exploit to foster tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Direna Alonso-Curbelo
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Erica Riveiro-Falkenbach
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Eva Pérez-Guijarro
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Metehan Cifdaloz
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Panagiotis Karras
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Lisa Osterloh
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Diego Megías
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Biotechnology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Estela Cañón
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Tonantzin G Calvo
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - David Olmeda
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Gómez-López
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Osvaldo Graña
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Víctor Javier Sánchez-Arévalo Lobo
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - David G Pisano
- Bioinformatics Unit, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Hao-Wei Wang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pablo Ortiz-Romero
- Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Damià Tormo
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Keith Hoek
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - José L Rodríguez-Peralto
- Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28041, Spain
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - María S Soengas
- Melanoma Laboratory, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
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Capowski EE, Simonett JM, Clark EM, Wright LS, Howden SE, Wallace KA, Petelinsek AM, Pinilla I, Phillips MJ, Meyer JS, Schneider BL, Thomson JA, Gamm DM. Loss of MITF expression during human embryonic stem cell differentiation disrupts retinal pigment epithelium development and optic vesicle cell proliferation. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6332-44. [PMID: 25008112 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a master regulator of pigmented cell survival and differentiation with direct transcriptional links to cell cycle, apoptosis and pigmentation. In mouse, Mitf is expressed early and uniformly in optic vesicle (OV) cells as they evaginate from the developing neural tube, and null Mitf mutations result in microphthalmia and pigmentation defects. However, homozygous mutations in MITF have not been identified in humans; therefore, little is known about its role in human retinogenesis. We used a human embryonic stem cell (hESC) model that recapitulates numerous aspects of retinal development, including OV specification and formation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and neural retina progenitor cells (NRPCs), to investigate the earliest roles of MITF. During hESC differentiation toward a retinal lineage, a subset of MITF isoforms was expressed in a sequence and tissue distribution similar to that observed in mice. In addition, we found that promoters for the MITF-A, -D and -H isoforms were directly targeted by Visual Systems Homeobox 2 (VSX2), a transcription factor involved in patterning the OV toward a NRPC fate. We then manipulated MITF RNA and protein levels at early developmental stages and observed decreased expression of eye field transcription factors, reduced early OV cell proliferation and disrupted RPE maturation. This work provides a foundation for investigating MITF and other highly complex, multi-purposed transcription factors in a dynamic human developmental model system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara E Howden
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | | | | | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza 50009, Spain, Aragon Institute of Health Sciences, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | | | - Jason S Meyer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Bernard L Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - David M Gamm
- Waisman Center, McPherson Eye Research Institute and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA,
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Abstract
The MYC family of proteins is a group of basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper transcription factors that feature prominently in cancer. Overexpression of MYC is observed in the vast majority of human malignancies and promotes an extraordinary set of changes that impact cell proliferation, growth, metabolism, DNA replication, cell cycle progression, cell adhesion, differentiation, and metastasis. The purpose of this review is to introduce the reader to the mammalian family of MYC proteins, highlight important functional properties that endow them with their potent oncogenic potential, describe their mechanisms of action and of deregulation in cancer cells, and discuss efforts to target the unique properties of MYC, and of MYC-driven tumors, to treat cancer.
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De Filippis D, Russo A, De Stefano D, Cipriano M, Esposito D, Grassia G, Carnuccio R, Russo G, Iuvone T. Palmitoylethanolamide inhibits rMCP-5 expression by regulating MITF activation in rat chronic granulomatous inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 725:64-9. [PMID: 24440533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation, a condition frequently associated with several pathologies, is characterized by angiogenic and fibrogenic responses that may account for the development of granulomatous tissue. We previously demonstrated that the chymase, rat mast cell protease-5 (rMCP-5), exhibits pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic properties in a model of chronic inflammation sustained by mast cells (MCs), granuloma induced by the subcutaneous carrageenan-soaked sponge implant in rat. In this study, we investigated the effects of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an anti-inflammatory and analgesic endogenous compound, on rMCP-5 mRNA expression and Microphtalmia-associated Transcription Factor (MITF) activation in the same model of chronic inflammation. The levels of rMCP-5 mRNA were detected using semi-quantitative RT-PCR; the protein expression of chymase and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) were analyzed by western blot; MITF/DNA binding activity and MITF phosphorylation were assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and immunoprecipitation, respectively. The administration of PEA (200, 400 and 800 µg/ml) significantly decreased rMCP-5 mRNA and chymase protein expression induced by λ-carrageenan. These effects were associated with a significant decrease of MITF/DNA binding activity and phosphorylated MITF as well as phosphorylated ERK levels. In conclusion, our results, showing the ability of PEA to inhibit MITF activation and chymase expression in granulomatous tissue, may yield new insights into the understanding of the signaling pathways leading to MITF activation controlled by PEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele De Filippis
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annapina Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela De Stefano
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Cipriano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluca Grassia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Carnuccio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Iuvone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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