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AlAkrash HS, Ghabbani HM, AlSaleh FA, Nassar RM, AlHumaidan AA, AlHasan AM, AlMosa AM, AlBluwi AA, Eltholoth HS, Ali NM, AlZahrani AY. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement-associated renal cell carcinoma: Rare subset case report. Urol Case Rep 2024; 55:102798. [PMID: 39104401 PMCID: PMC11298843 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2024.102798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement-associated renal cell carcinoma (ALK-RCC) is a rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma characterized by genetic rearrangements involving the ALK gene. Managing ALK-RCC is challenging due to its rarity and limited treatment options. Targeted therapies directed at the ALK gene have shown promise. ALK-RCC is a rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma with unique clinical and pathological features. ALK inhibitors may hold promise as a targeted therapy for ALK-RCC. Further research is needed to understand the behavior of ALK-RCC and develop effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad S. AlAkrash
- Urology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham M. Ghabbani
- Urology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A. AlSaleh
- Urology Department, King Khaled University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad M. Nassar
- Urology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almaha A. AlHumaidan
- College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah M. AlMosa
- Urology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hossam S. Eltholoth
- Urology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagoud M. Ali
- Histopathology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Y. AlZahrani
- Urology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Gorczyński A, Miszewski K, Gager Y, Koch S, Pötschke J, Ugrinovski D, Gabert J, Pospieszyńska A, Wydra D, Duchnowska R, Szymanowski B, Cierniak S, Kruecken I, Neumann K, Mirkov K, Biernat W, Czapiewski P. Prognostic value of ALK overexpression and molecular abnormalities in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2023; 38:17-26. [PMID: 37522200 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-230117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ALK receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) aberrations have an established role in pathogenesis of many neoplasms, but their clinical significance in high grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is unclear. OBJECTIVE To analyse the frequency of ALK overexpression, molecular abnormalities of ALK, and their impact on the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in HGSOC. METHODS Protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using three different clones of anti-ALK antibody. The presence of translocations was analysed using fluorescent in situ hybridization. Next-generation sequencing was used for studying the copy number variation, as well as point mutation and translocations involving other commonly rearranged genes. RESULTS ALK overexpression was demonstrated in up to 52% of tumours, whereas ALK copy gains in 8.2%, with no clear impact on survival. ALK point mutations were identified in 13 tumours (8.9%), with 3 belonging to the class IV showing significantly better OS. A trend suggesting better PFS was also noticed in these cases. Additionally, three gene fusions were found: ERBB2-GRB7, PRKCA-BRCA1 and SND1-BRAF, none of which has been previously described in HGSOC. CONCLUSIONS HGSOC harbouring activating ALK mutations might be associated with a better survival, while ALK overexpression and ALK amplification does not impact the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gorczyński
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kevin Miszewski
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Agata Pospieszyńska
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wydra
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Renata Duchnowska
- Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Szymanowski
- Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szczepan Cierniak
- Department of Pathology, Military Institute of Medicine, National Research Institute, Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irene Kruecken
- PathoNext GmbH, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Neumann
- Institute of Pathology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Katarina Mirkov
- Institute of Pathology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Czapiewski
- Institute of Pathology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
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Activity of ALK Inhibitors in Renal Cancer with ALK Alterations: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073995. [PMID: 35409355 PMCID: PMC8999731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) associated with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements (ALK-RCC) is currently considered an “emerging or provisional” tumor entity by the last World Health Organization classification published in 2016. Although several studies assessing ALK-RCC’s clinical and histological characteristics have been published in recent years, only a few publications have evaluated the activity of ALK inhibitors (ALK-i) in this subgroup of patients. Considering the well-recognized efficacy of this evolving class of targeted therapies in other ALK-positive tumors, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate the reported activity of ALK-i in the ALK-RCC subtype. MEDLINE was searched from its inception to 7 January 2022 for case reports and case series on adult metastatic ALK-RCC patients treated with ALK-i whose therapeutic outcomes were available. A virtual cohort of ALK-RCC patients was created. Our results showed a favorable activity of first- and second-generation ALK-i in pretreated ALK-RCC patients in terms of either radiological response or performance status improvement. We hope that the present work will prompt the creation of large, multi-institutional clinical trials to confirm these promising early data.
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ALK alterations in salivary gland carcinomas. Virchows Arch 2020; 478:933-941. [PMID: 33237469 PMCID: PMC8099847 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02971-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salivary gland carcinomas represent a heterogeneous group of poorly characterized head and neck tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ALK gene and protein aberrations in a large, well-characterized cohort of these tumors. A total of 182 salivary gland carcinomas were tested for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positivity by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using the cut-off of 10% positive cells. ALK positive tumors were subjected to FISH analysis and followed by hybrid capture–based next generation sequencing (NGS). Of the 182 tumors, 8 were ALK positive by IHC. Further analysis using hybrid capture NGS analysis revealed a novel MYO18A (Exon1-40)-ALK (exon 20-29) gene fusion in one case of intraductal carcinoma. Additional genomic analyses resulted in the detection of inactivating mutations in BRAF and TP53, as well as amplifications of ERBB2 and ALK. ALK rearrangements are a rare entity in salivary gland carcinomas. We identified a potentially targetable novel ALK fusion in an intraductal carcinoma of minor salivary glands.
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Mehta J, Borges A. ALK positive histiocytosis in an adult female with an EML4-ALK RNA fusion. HUMAN PATHOLOGY: CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehpc.2020.200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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A novel ALK inhibitor ZYY inhibits Karpas299 cell growth in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model and induces protective autophagy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 383:114781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Gorczynski A, Czapiewski P, Korwat A, Budynko L, Prelowska M, Okon K, Biernat W. ALK-rearranged renal cell carcinomas in Polish population. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152669. [PMID: 31677810 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase, the activation of which is considered an important event in the pathogenesis of several neoplasms and a predictive factor for the targeted therapy with ALK inhibitors. Thus far, ALK rearrangements have been identified in 22 renal cell carcinomas in both pediatric and adult patients. We evaluated the incidence of ALK rearrangement-associated RCC in adult Central European population. An immunohistochemical evaluation of 1019 kidney tumors was performed with use of three different clones of anti-ALK antibodies. None of the tested samples showed positive staining, which suggests that the incidence of ALK rearrangement-associated renal cell carcinomas is significantly lower in the Polish population, and indicates a potential association between ethnicity and occurrence of these rare neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gorczynski
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Czapiewski
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Korwat
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Lukasz Budynko
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Monika Prelowska
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Okon
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University, Grzegorzecka 16, 33-332, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland.
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Palmirotta R, Quaresmini D, Lovero D, Silvestris F. ALK gene alterations in cancer: biological aspects and therapeutic implications. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:277-292. [PMID: 28112990 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ALK was first reported in 1994 as a translocation in anaplastic large cell lymphoma and then described with different abnormalities in a number of tumors. Recently, a shortly accumulated biomedical research clarified the numerous biological processes underlying its ability to support cancer development, growth and progression. Advent of precision medicine has finally provided unexpected advances, leading to the development of ALK-targeting inhibitors with superior efficacy as compared with standard chemotherapy regimens, as well as the identification of resistance mechanisms and the creation of ‘next-generation’ treatments. This review summarizes the current understanding of ALK-driven cancers from the oncogenesis and mutation frequency by The Cancer Genome Atlas database through the diagnostic approach, to an updated portrait of available tyrosine kinase inhibitors, considering their effectiveness in cancer treatment, the molecular reasons of therapeutic failure, and the actual and future ways to overcome resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Palmirotta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Quaresmini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenica Lovero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
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Targeting autophagy enhances the anti-tumoral action of crizotinib in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30149-64. [PMID: 26338968 PMCID: PMC4745787 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas (ALK+ ALCL) occur predominantly in children and young adults. Their treatment, based on aggressive chemotherapy, is not optimal since ALCL patients can still expect a 30% 2-year relapse rate. Tumor relapses are very aggressive and their underlying mechanisms are unknown. Crizotinib is the most advanced ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor and is already used in clinics to treat ALK-associated cancers. However, crizotinib escape mechanisms have emerged, thus preventing its use in frontline ALCL therapy. The process of autophagy has been proposed as the next target for elimination of the resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this study, we investigated whether autophagy is activated in ALCL cells submitted to ALK inactivation (using crizotinib or ALK-targeting siRNA). Classical autophagy read-outs such as autophagosome visualization/quantification by electron microscopy and LC3-B marker turn-over assays were used to demonstrate autophagy induction and flux activation upon ALK inactivation. This was demonstrated to have a cytoprotective role on cell viability and clonogenic assays following combined ALK and autophagy inhibition. Altogether, our results suggest that co-treatment with crizotinib and chloroquine (two drugs already used in clinics) could be beneficial for ALK-positive ALCL patients.
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Shen Q, Wang X, Yu B, Shi S, Liu B, Wang Y, Xia Q, Rao Q, Zhou X. Comparing four different ALK antibodies with manual immunohistochemistry (IHC) to screen for ALK -rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung Cancer 2015; 90:492-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Merkel cell carcinoma - recent advances in the biology, diagnostics and treatment. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:536-46. [PMID: 24811434 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon primary cutaneous carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation. Since recent discovery of MCCs strong association with Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), there has been a rapid increase in the understanding of the carcinomas genetics, molecular biology and pathogenesis. In our study, we reviewed recent advances and controversies concerning MCC histogenesis, epidemiology, diagnostic and prognostic markers. We analyzed the association of MCPyV with MCC and the possible new targets for therapy. We also examined English-based literature regarding MCC pathogenesis published between 2008 and 2013, which lead to a deeper understanding of the topic. Our study showed that the association of MCPyV strongly influences the course of MCC. Additionally, it has been shown that a immunological response to MCPyV may in the future give hope to identify new therapeutic strategies in treatment of this fatal malignancy. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Rare Cancers.
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