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Mairinger E, Wessolly M, Buderath P, Borchert S, Henrich L, Mach P, Steinborn J, Kimming R, Jasani B, Schmid KW, Bankfalvi A, Mairinger FD. Tumor cell cytoplasmic metallothionein expression associates with differential tumor immunogenicity and prognostic outcome in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1252700. [PMID: 38023247 PMCID: PMC10663300 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1252700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The underlying mechanism of high T-cell presence as a favorable prognostic factor in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is not yet understood. In addition to immune cells, various cofactors are essential for immune processes. One of those are metallothioneins (MTs), metal-binding proteins comprising various isoforms. MTs play a role in tumor development and drug resistance. Moreover, MTs influence inflammatory processes by regulating zinc homeostasis. In particular, T-cell function and polarization are particularly susceptible to changes in zinc status. The aim of the present study was to investigate a possible role of MT-mediated immune response and its association with prognostic outcome in ovarian cancer. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on a clinically well-characterized cohort of 24 patients with HGSOC treated at the University Hospital of Essen. Gene expression patterns for anti-cancer immunogenicity-related targets were performed using the NanoString nCounter platform for digital gene expression analysis with the appurtenant PanCancer Immune Profiling panel, consisting of 770 targets and 30 reference genes. Tumor-associated immunohistochemical MT protein expression was evaluated using a semi-quantitative four-tier Immunohistochemistry (IHC) scoring. Results MT immunoexpression was detected in 43% (10/23) of all HGSOC samples. MT immunoexpression levels showed a significant association to survival, leading to prolonged progression-free and overall survival in positively stained tumors. Furthermore, T-cell receptor signaling gene signature showed a strong activation in MT-positive tumors. Activated downstream signaling cascades resulting in elevated interferon-gamma expression with a shift in the balance between T helper cells (TH1 and TH2) could be observed in the MT-positive subgroup. In addition, a higher expression pattern of perforin and several granzymes could be detected, overall suggestive of acute, targeted anti-cancer immune response in MT-positive samples. Conclusion This is the first study combining broad, digital mRNA screening of anti-tumor immune response-associated genes and their relation to MT-I/II in ovarian cancer. MT overexpression is associated with molecular characteristics of an anti-cancer immune response and is a strong prognostic marker in ovarian HGSOC. The observed immune cell activation associated with tumor MT expression comprises but is not limited to T cells and natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Wessolly
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Paul Buderath
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Borchert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Larissa Henrich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Pawel Mach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Steinborn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rainer Kimming
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bharat Jasani
- Department of Pathology, Targos - A Discovery Life Sciences Company, Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Agnes Bankfalvi
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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2
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Naso JR, Tessier-Cloutier B, Senz J, Huntsman DG, Churg A. Significance of p53 immunostaining in mesothelial proliferations and correlation with TP53 mutation status. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:77-81. [PMID: 34497363 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
p53 immunohistochemistry has long been proposed for the separation of benign from malignant mesothelial proliferations, with the older literature suggesting that any degree of positivity supported a diagnosis of mesothelioma. However, using modern immunohistochemistry platforms in other organ systems, notably gynecologic tumors, it has become clear that p53 staining can represent wild-type protein, and only specific staining patterns (absent, overexpression, or cytoplasmic expression) are indicative of a TP53 mutation. We applied these principles to two tissue microarrays containing 94 mesotheliomas and 66 reactive mesothelial proliferations. Seven/65 (11%) epithelioid mesotheliomas showed aberrant staining (four absent and three overexpression patterns) as did 5/29 (17%) of sarcomatoid mesotheliomas (all overexpression patterns). We sequenced the TP53 gene (exons 2-11) in five of the epithelioid and three of the sarcomatoid cases with aberrant staining as well as 12 epithelioid and eight sarcomatoid mesotheliomas with wild-type staining. All three sarcomatoid cases with aberrant staining showed mutated TP53, as did three of the epithelioid cases; in two of the epithelioid cases no mutation was detected, most likely because of large deletions not detected by this assay. In contrast, none of the 20 mesotheliomas with wild-type staining contained mutated TP53. We conclude that absent or overexpression p53 staining patterns can be used as a marker of a malignant vs. a benign mesothelial proliferation. The sensitivity of p53 staining by itself is low, but here addition of p53 to BAP1/MTAP staining increased sensitivity from 72 to 81% for epithelioid and 38 to 50% for sarcomatoid mesotheliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Naso
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Basile Tessier-Cloutier
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Janine Senz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David G Huntsman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew Churg
- Department of Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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3
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Yang H, Xu D, Schmid RA, Peng RW. Biomarker-guided targeted and immunotherapies in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920971421. [PMID: 33240401 PMCID: PMC7672749 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920971421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a lethal thoracic malignancy whose incidence is still increasing worldwide. MPM is characterized by frequent inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs), e.g., the homozygous deletion of CDKN2A/2B and various genetic alterations that inactivate BAP1, NF2, LATS1/2, and TP53. The leading cause for the poor prognosis of patients with MPM is the lack of effective treatment options, with conventional chemotherapy being the standard of care in the clinic, which has remained unchanged for almost 20 years. Precision oncology, a burgeoning effort to provide precise cancer treatment tailored to unique molecular changes in individual patients, has made tremendous progress in the last decade in several cancers, but not in MPM. Recent studies indicate a high degree of tumor heterogeneity in MPM and the importance to optimize histological and molecular classifications for improved treatment. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of recent advances in MPM by focusing on new stratifications of tumor subgroups, specific vulnerabilities associated with functional loss of TSGs and other biomarkers, and potential clinical implications. The molecularly based subdivisions not only deepen our understanding of MPM pathobiology, but more importantly, they may raise unprecedented new hopes for personalized treatment of MPM patients with biomarker-guided targeted and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitang Yang
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duo Xu
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ralph A. Schmid
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 50, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Ren-Wang Peng
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 50, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
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4
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Yang H, Xu D, Yang Z, Yao F, Zhao H, Schmid RA, Peng RW. Systematic Analysis of Aberrant Biochemical Networks and Potential Drug Vulnerabilities Induced by Tumor Suppressor Loss in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2310. [PMID: 32824422 PMCID: PMC7465812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is driven by the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). An unmet need in the field is the translation of the genomic landscape into effective TSG-specific therapies. Methods: We correlated genomes against transcriptomes of patients' MPM tumors, by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The identified aberrant biochemical networks and potential drug targets induced by tumor suppressor loss were validated by integrative data analysis and functional interrogation. Results: CDKN2A/2B loss activates G2/M checkpoint and PI3K/AKT, prioritizing a co-targeting strategy for CDKN2A/2B-null MPM. CDKN2A deficiency significantly co-occurs with deletions of anti-viral type I interferon (IFN-I) genes and BAP1 mutations, that enriches the IFN-I signature, stratifying a unique subset, with deficient IFN-I, but proficient BAP1 for oncolytic viral immunotherapies. Aberrant p53 attenuates differentiation and SETD2 loss acquires the dependency on EGFRs, highlighting the potential of differentiation therapy and pan-EGFR inhibitors for these subpopulations, respectively. LATS2 deficiency is linked with dysregulated immunoregulation, suggesting a rationale for immune checkpoint blockade. Finally, multiple lines of evidence support Dasatinib as a promising therapeutic for LATS2-mutant MPM. Conclusions: Systematic identification of abnormal cellular processes and potential drug vulnerabilities specified by TSG alterations provide a framework for precision oncology in MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitang Yang
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 50, CH3008 Bern, Switzerland; (H.Y.); (D.X.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; (F.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Duo Xu
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 50, CH3008 Bern, Switzerland; (H.Y.); (D.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhang Yang
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 50, CH3008 Bern, Switzerland; (H.Y.); (D.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Feng Yao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; (F.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; (F.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Ralph A. Schmid
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 50, CH3008 Bern, Switzerland; (H.Y.); (D.X.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Ren-Wang Peng
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 50, CH3008 Bern, Switzerland; (H.Y.); (D.X.); (Z.Y.)
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Mennerich D, Kubaichuk K, Kietzmann T. DUBs, Hypoxia, and Cancer. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:632-653. [PMID: 31706510 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in protein ubiquitylation and hypoxia are commonly associated with cancer. Ubiquitylation is carried out by three sequentially acting ubiquitylating enzymes and can be opposed by deubiquitinases (DUBs), which have emerged as promising drug targets. Apart from protein localization and activity, ubiquitylation regulates degradation of proteins, among them hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Thereby, various E3 ubiquitin ligases and DUBs regulate HIF abundance. Conversely, several E3s and DUBs are regulated by hypoxia. While hypoxia is a powerful HIF regulator, less is known about hypoxia-regulated DUBs and their impact on HIFs. Here, we review current knowledge about the relationship of E3s, DUBs, and hypoxia signaling. We also discuss the reciprocal regulation of DUBs by hypoxia and use of DUB-specific drugs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mennerich
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland
| | - Kateryna Kubaichuk
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland.
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Walter RFH, Sydow SR, Berg E, Kollmeier J, Christoph DC, Christoph S, Eberhardt WEE, Mairinger T, Wohlschlaeger J, Schmid KW, Mairinger FD. Bortezomib sensitivity is tissue dependent and high expression of the 20S proteasome precludes good response in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:8711-8720. [PMID: 31576173 PMCID: PMC6765394 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s194337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bortezomib is an approved proteasome inhibitor for the treatment of certain lymphoma subtypes. Two clinical trials investigated bortezomib in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and failed to improve outcome. We present a potential explanation for this event. Methods 171 patients with MPM were analyzed for their mRNA expression of proteasomal subunits PSMA1, PSMA5, PSMB1, PSMB2, PSMB4 and PSMB5 via qPCR (n=84) or sequencing (n=87 TCGA/cBioPortal data set “Mesothelioma”). Outcome and subunit expression were correlated. Four mesothelial and one fibroblast cell line were treated with bortezomib and cisplatin. Cellular response was measured after 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hrs. Enzyme activity of proteasomal subunits was assessed via functional enzyme activity assays. Results Patients with MPM presented with elevated expression of proteasomal subunits compared to benign controls (p<0.001). PSMB4 correlated with outcome (Cox propotiortional-hazards model (COXPH): p<0.0175, TCGA/cBioPortal data). In cell lines, apoptosis was the main event with a peak after 48 hr incubation for bortezomib or cisplatin. Only two cell lines with comparably low proteasome activity (PSMB2 and PSMB5) responded to 50 nM and 100 nM bortezomib better than to cisplatin (MRC-5, NCI-H2052). MSTO-211H responded to cisplatin only, whereas the other two cell lines were considered therapy resistant (Met-5A, NCI-H2452). Interpretation Two clinical trials testing bortezomib in MPM failed, although MPM presents with high proteasome expression, which predicts bortezomib sensitivity in several tumors. Bortezomib induced apoptosis in MPM cell lines with low proteasome activity only. Bortezomib is not suitable for the treatment of MPM, and biomarker-based stratification could have improved both clinical trials. Trial registration NCT00513877 and NCT00458913
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fred Henry Walter
- Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Erika Berg
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Kollmeier
- Institute of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Emil Von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Christian Christoph
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Internistic Oncology, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Christoph
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Emil Von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeremias Wohlschlaeger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kurt Werner Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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7
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Involvement of E3 Ligases and Deubiquitinases in the Control of HIF-α Subunit Abundance. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060598. [PMID: 31208103 PMCID: PMC6627837 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathways are cellular processes involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular functions. Enzymes called ubiquitin E3 ligases perform protein ubiquitylation. The action of these enzymes can be counteracted by another group of enzymes called deubiquitinases (DUBs), which remove ubiquitin from target proteins. The balanced action of these enzymes allows cells to adapt their protein content to a variety of cellular and environmental stress factors, including hypoxia. While hypoxia appears to be a powerful regulator of the ubiquitylation process, much less is known about the impact of DUBs on the HIF system and hypoxia-regulated DUBs. Moreover, hypoxia and DUBs play crucial roles in many diseases, such as cancer. Hence, DUBs are considered to be promising targets for cancer cell-specific treatment. Here, we review the current knowledge about the role DUBs play in the control of HIFs, the regulation of DUBs by hypoxia, and their implication in cancer progression.
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8
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Inhibition of MDM2 via Nutlin-3A: A Potential Therapeutic Approach for Pleural Mesotheliomas with MDM2-Induced Inactivation of Wild-Type P53. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2018; 2018:1986982. [PMID: 30112000 PMCID: PMC6077509 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1986982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previously, our group demonstrated that nuclear expression of E3 ubiquitin ligase (MDM2) in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is significantly associated with decreased overall survival. A possible explanation may be that overexpression of MDM2 leads to a proteasomal degradation of TP53 that eventually results in a loss of TP53-induced apoptosis and senescence. It is well known from other tumor entities that restoration of TP53 activity, e.g., by MDM2 inhibition, results in an instant TP53-induced stress and/or DNA damage response of cancer cells. Nutlin-3A (a cis-imidazoline analogue) has been described as a potent and selective MDM2 inhibitor preventing MDM2-TP53-interaction by specific binding to the hydrophobic TP53-binding pocket of MDM2. In the present study, the effects of MDM2 inhibition in MPM via Nutlin-3A and standard platinum based chemotherapeutic agents were comparatively tested in three MPM cell lines (NCI-H2052, MSTO-211H, and NCI-H2452) showing different expression profiles of TP53, MDM2, and its physiological inhibitor of MDM2—P14/ARF. Our in vitro experiments on MPM cell lines revealed that Nutlin-3A in combination with cisplatin resulted in up to 9.75 times higher induction of senescence (p=0.0050) and up to 5 times higher apoptosis rate (p=0.0067) compared to the commonly applied cisplatin and pemetrexed regimens. Thus Nutlin-3A, a potent inhibitor of MDM2, is associated with a significant induction of senescence and apoptosis in MPM cell lines, making Nutlin-3A a promising substance for a targeted therapy in the subgroup of MPM showing MDM2 overexpression.
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9
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Mairinger FD, Schmeller J, Borchert S, Wessolly M, Mairinger E, Kollmeier J, Hager T, Mairinger T, Christoph DC, Walter RFH, Eberhardt WEE, Plönes T, Wohlschlaeger J, Jasani B, Schmid KW, Bankfalvi A. Immunohistochemically detectable metallothionein expression in malignant pleural mesotheliomas is strongly associated with early failure to platin-based chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22254-22268. [PMID: 29854276 PMCID: PMC5976462 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a biologically highly aggressive tumor arising from the pleura with a dismal prognosis. Cisplatin is the drug of choice for the treatment of MPM, and carboplatin seems to have comparable efficacy. Nevertheless, cisplatin treatment results in a response rate of merely 14% and a median survival of less than seven months. Due to their role in many cellular processes, methallothioneins (MTs) have been widely studied in various cancers. The known heavy metal detoxifying effect of MT-I and MT-II may be the reason for heavy metal drug resistance of various cancers including MPM. Methods 105 patients were retrospectively analyzed immunohistochemically for their MT expression levels. Survival analysis was done by Cox-regression, and statistical significance determined using likelihood ratio, Wald test and Score (logrank) tests. Results Cox-regression analyses were done in a linear and logarithmic scale revealing a significant association between expression of MT and shortened overall survival (OS) in a linear (p=0.0009) and logarithmic scale (p=0.0003). Reduced progression free survival (PFS) was also observed for MT expressing tumors (linear: p=0.0134, log: p=0.0152). Conclusion Since both, overall survival and progression-free survival are negatively correlated with detectable MT expression in MPM, our results indicate a possible resistance to platin-based chemotherapy associated with MT expression upregulation, found exclusively in progressive MPM samples. Initial cell culture studies suggest promoter DNA hypomethylation and expression of miRNA-566 a direct regulator of copper transporter SLC31A1 and a putative regulator of MT1A and MT2A gene expression, to be responsible for the drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian D Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Schmeller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Borchert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Wessolly
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elena Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Kollmeier
- Department of Pneumology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hager
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Mairinger
- Department of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel C Christoph
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Internistic Oncology, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen, Germany
| | - Robert F H Walter
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Centre, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wilfried E E Eberhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Centre, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Till Plönes
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Thoracical Endoscopy, Ruhrlandklinik, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jeremias Wohlschlaeger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Diakonissenkrankenhaus Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany
| | - Bharat Jasani
- Department of Pathology, Targos Molecular Pathology GmbH, Kassel, Germany
| | - Kurt Werner Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Agnes Bankfalvi
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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10
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Mairinger FD, Werner R, Flom E, Schmeller J, Borchert S, Wessolly M, Wohlschlaeger J, Hager T, Mairinger T, Kollmeier J, Christoph DC, Schmid KW, Walter RFH. miRNA regulation is important for DNA damage repair and recognition in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Virchows Arch 2017; 470:627-637. [PMID: 28466156 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Platin-containing regimes are currently considered as state-of-the-art therapies in malignant pleural mesotheliomas (MPM) but show dissatisfying response rates ranging from 6 to 16% only. Still, the reasons for the rather poor efficacy remain largely unknown. A clear stratification of patients based on new biomarkers seems to be a promising approach to enhance clinical management, which would be a long-needed improvement for MPM patients but does not seem likely soon unless new biomarkers can be validated. Twenty-four formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumour specimens were subjected to a miRNA expression screening of 800 important miRNAs using digital quantification via the nCounter technique (NanoString). We defined a small subset of miRNAs regulating the key enzymes involved in the repair of platin-associated DNA damage. Particularly, the TP53 pathway network for DNA damage recognition as well as genes related to the term "BRCAness" are the main miRNA targets within this context. The TP53 pathway network for DNA damage recognition as well as genes related to the term "BRCAness" are the main players for risk stratification in patients suffering from this severe disease. Taking the specific molecular profile of the tumour into account can help to enhance the clinical management prospectively and to smooth the way to better response prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dominik Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Robert Werner
- Institute of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Flom
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Schmeller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Borchert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Wessolly
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Jeremias Wohlschlaeger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hager
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Kollmeier
- Institute of Pneumology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Christian Christoph
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Centre, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kurt Werner Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Robert Fred Henry Walter
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.,Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Centre, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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11
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Yao X, Gao H, Li C, Wu L, Bai J, Wang J, Li Y, Zhang Y. Analysis of Ki67, HMGA1, MDM2, and RB expression in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Neurooncol 2017; 132:199-206. [PMID: 28255749 PMCID: PMC5378727 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are the most prevalent type of pituitary macro-adenoma. Clarifying the relationship between NFPA markers and disease progression or recurrence could provide a basis for administration of adjuvant treatments. The present study examined the expression levels of high-mobility group (HMG)A1, Ki-67, mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), and retinoblastoma (RB)with respect to NFPA recurrence. Immunohistochemistry was carried out using antibodies to Ki-67, MDM2, HMGA-1, and RB on tissue microarray slides of a cohort of 35 paired NFPA samples of primary and recurrence/regrowth tumors. Based on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging data, tumors were classified as recurrence (n = 20) included primary and recurrent tumors or regrowth (n = 15) included primary and regrowth tumors, which are paired. Protein expression was classified as negative or positive according to the H-score method and was analyzed with respect to clinical and pathological findings. MDM2-positive cases accounted for11/20 primary and 19/20 s recurrent tumors (χ2 = 8.533, P = 0.003), and 9/15 primary tumors and 15/15 s regrowth tumors (χ2 = 7.5, P = 0.006). MGA1-positive cases represented 9/20 primary tumors and 16/20 s recurrent tumors (χ2 = 5.227, P = 0.022), and 4/15 primary tumors and 12/15 s regrowth tumors (χ2 = 8.571, P = 0.003). There was no statistically significant difference in Ki-67 expression between primary and second recurrent/regrowth tumors although theKi67 labeling index was higher in the latter groups. RB was highly expressed in all groups with no significant difference between them. HMGA1 and MDM2 were more highly expressed in recurrence/regrowth cases of NFPA than in primary NFPA. HMGA1 and MDM2 are biomarkers and potential drug targets for NFPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yao
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.,Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiwei Bai
- Neurosurgical Department, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jichao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yangfang Li
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.
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12
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Walter RFH, Vollbrecht C, Werner R, Wohlschlaeger J, Christoph DC, Schmid KW, Mairinger FD. microRNAs are differentially regulated between MDM2-positive and negative malignant pleural mesothelioma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:18713-21. [PMID: 26918730 PMCID: PMC4951323 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly aggressive tumour first-line treated with a combination of cisplatin and pemetrexed. MDM2 and P14/ARF (CDKN2A) are upstream regulators of TP53 and may contribute to its inactivation. In the present study, we now aimed to define the impact of miRNA expression on this mechanism. Material and Methods 24 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumour specimens were used for miRNA expression analysis of the 800 most important miRNAs using the nCounter technique (NanoString). Significantly deregulated miRNAs were identified before a KEGG-pathway analysis was performed. Results 17 miRNAs regulating TP53, 18 miRNAs regulating MDM2, and 11 miRNAs directly regulating CDKN2A are significantly downregulated in MDM2-expressing mesotheliomas. TP53 is downregulated in MDM2-negative tumours through miRNAs with a miSVR prediction score of 11.67, RB1 with a prediction score of 8.02, MDM2 with a prediction score of 4.50 and CDKN2A with a prediction score of 1.27. Conclusion MDM2 expression seems to impact miRNA expression levels in MPM. Especially, miRNAs involved in TP53-signaling are strongly decreased in MDM2-positive mesotheliomas. A better understanding of its tumour biology may open the chance for new therapeutic approaches and thereby augment patients' outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fred Henry Walter
- Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Centre, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Claudia Vollbrecht
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Division of Molecular Pathology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Werner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jeremias Wohlschlaeger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Christian Christoph
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Centre, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kurt Werner Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Fabian Dominik Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Division of Molecular Pathology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Pasello G, Urso L, Mencoboni M, Grosso F, Ceresoli GL, Lunardi F, Vuljan SE, Bertorelle R, Sacchetto V, Ciminale V, Rea F, Favaretto A, Conte P, Calabrese F. MDM2 and HIF1alpha expression levels in different histologic subtypes of malignant pleural mesothelioma: correlation with pathological and clinical data. Oncotarget 2016; 6:42053-66. [PMID: 26544728 PMCID: PMC4747209 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive tumor with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Sarcomatoid/biphasic mesotheliomas are characterized by more aggressive behaviour and a poorer prognosis compared with the epithelioid subtype. To date prognostic and tailored therapeutic biomarkers are lacking. The present study analyzed the expression levels of MDM2 and HIF1alpha in different histologic subtypes from chemonaive MPM patients. Diagnostic biopsies of MPM patients from four Italian cancer centers were centrally collected and analyzed. MDM2 and HIF1alpha expression levels were investigated through immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR. Pathological assessment of necrosis, inflammation and proliferation index was also performed. Molecular markers, pathological features and clinical characteristics were correlated to overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS). Sixty MPM patients were included in the study (32 epithelioid and 28 non-epithelioid). Higher levels of MDM2 (p < 0.001), HIF1alpha (p = 0.013), necrosis (p = 0.013) and proliferation index (p < 0.001) were seen mainly in sarcomatoid/biphasic subtypes. Higher levels of inflammation were significantly associated with epithelioid subtype (p = 0.044). MDM2 expression levels were correlated with HIF1alpha levels (p = 0.0001), necrosis (p = 0.008) and proliferation index (p = 0.009). Univariate analysis showed a significant correlation of non-epithelioid histology (p = 0.04), high levels of necrosis (p = 0.037) and proliferation index (p = 0.0002) with shorter PFS. Sarcomatoid/biphasic and epithelioid mesotheliomas showed different MDM2 and HIF1alpha expression levels and were characterized by different levels of necrosis, proliferation and inflammation. Further studies are warranted to confirm a prognostic and predictive role of such markers and features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pasello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS Padova, Italy
| | - Loredana Urso
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Federica Grosso
- Oncohematologic Department, Mesothelioma Unit, Oncology, SS Antonio e Biagio General Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Lunardi
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Edith Vuljan
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Bertorelle
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Sacchetto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ciminale
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Rea
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Adolfo Favaretto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS Padova, Italy
| | - PierFranco Conte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS Padova, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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14
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Walter RFH, Vollbrecht C, Werner R, Mairinger T, Schmeller J, Flom E, Wohlschlaeger J, Barbetakis N, Paliouras D, Chatzinikolaou F, Adamidis V, Tsakiridis K, Zarogoulidis P, Trakada G, Christoph DC, Schmid KW, Mairinger FD. Screening of Pleural Mesotheliomas for DNA-damage Repair Players by Digital Gene Expression Analysis Can Enhance Clinical Management of Patients Receiving Platin-Based Chemotherapy. J Cancer 2016; 7:1915-1925. [PMID: 27698933 PMCID: PMC5039377 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare, predominantly asbestos-related and biologically highly aggressive tumour leading to a dismal prognosis. Multimodality therapy consisting of platinum-based chemotherapy is the treatment of choice. The reasons for the rather poor efficacy of platinum compounds remain largely unknown. Material and Methods: For this exploratory mRNA study, 24 FFPE tumour specimens were screened by digital gene expression analysis. Based on data from preliminary experiments and recent literature, a total of 366 mRNAs were investigated using a Custom CodeSet from NanoString. All statistical analyses were calculated with the R i386 statistical programming environment. Results: CDC25A and PARP1 gene expression were correlated with lymph node spread, BRCA1 and TP73 expression levels with higher IMIG stage. NTHL1 and XRCC3 expression was associated with TNM stage. CHECK1 as well as XRCC2 expression levels were correlated with tumour progression in the overall cohort of patients. CDKN2A and MLH1 gene expression influenced overall survival in this collective. In the adjuvant treated cohort only, CDKN2A, CHEK1 as well as ERCC1 were significantly associated with overall survival. Furthermore, TP73 expression was associated with progression in this subgroup. Conclusion: DNA-damage response plays a crucial role in response to platin-based chemotherapeutic regimes. In particular, CHEK1, XRCC2 and TP73 are strongly associated with tumour progression. ERCC1, MLH1, CDKN2A and most promising CHEK1 are prognostic markers for OS in MPM. TP73, CDKN2A, CHEK1 and ERCC1 seem to be also predictive markers in adjuvant treated MPMs. After a prospective validation, these markers may improve clinical and pathological practice, finally leading to a patients' benefit by an enhanced clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fred Henry Walter
- Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Centre, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany;; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Claudia Vollbrecht
- Institute of Pathology, Division of Molecular Pathology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Werner
- Department of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Mairinger
- Department of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin Germany
| | - Jan Schmeller
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elena Flom
- Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Centre, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jeremias Wohlschlaeger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany;; Institute of Pathology, Ev.-Luth. Diakonissenkrankenhaus Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Barbetakis
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Theagenio Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Paliouras
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Theagenio Cancer Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Vasilis Adamidis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kosmas Tsakiridis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Trakada
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Kurt Werner Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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15
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Karni-Schmidt O, Lokshin M, Prives C. The Roles of MDM2 and MDMX in Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 11:617-44. [PMID: 27022975 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For more than 25 years, MDM2 and its homolog MDMX (also known as MDM4) have been shown to exert oncogenic activity. These two proteins are best understood as negative regulators of the p53 tumor suppressor, although they may have additional p53-independent roles. Understanding the dysregulation of MDM2 and MDMX in human cancers and how they function either together or separately in tumorigenesis may improve methods of diagnosis and for assessing prognosis. Targeting the proteins themselves, or their regulators, may be a promising therapeutic approach to treating some forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Karni-Schmidt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
| | - Maria Lokshin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
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16
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Urso L, Calabrese F, Favaretto A, Conte P, Pasello G. Critical review about MDM2 in cancer: Possible role in malignant mesothelioma and implications for treatment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 97:220-30. [PMID: 26358421 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 regulates genes involved in DNA repair, metabolism, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence. p53 is mutated in about 50% of the human cancers, while in tumors with wild-type p53 gene, the protein function may be lost because of overexpression of Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2). MDM2 targets p53 for ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. p53 reactivation through MDM2 inhibitors seems to be a promising strategy to sensitize p53 wild-type cancer cells to apoptosis. Moreover, additional p53-independent molecular functions of MDM2, such as neoangiogenesis promotion, have been suggested. Thus, MDM2 might be a target for anticancer treatment because of its antiapoptotic and proangiogenetic role. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive asbestos-related tumor where wild-type p53 might be present. The present review gives a complete landscape about the role of MDM2 in cancer pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment, with particular focus on Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Urso
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Adolfo Favaretto
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - PierFranco Conte
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Italy; Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Pasello
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy.
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17
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Davidson B. Prognostic factors in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:789-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Guerriero A, Giovenali P, La Starza R, Mecucci C, Montesi G, Pasquino S, Pierini T, Ragni T, Sidoni A. Metachronous cardiac and cerebral sarcomas: case report with focus on molecular findings and review of the literature. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:482-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Walter RFH, Mairinger FD, Ting S, Vollbrecht C, Mairinger T, Theegarten D, Christoph DC, Schmid KW, Wohlschlaeger J. MDM2 is an important prognostic and predictive factor for platin-pemetrexed therapy in malignant pleural mesotheliomas and deregulation of P14/ARF (encoded by CDKN2A) seems to contribute to an MDM2-driven inactivation of P53. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:883-90. [PMID: 25668009 PMCID: PMC4453955 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly aggressive tumour that is
first-line treated with a combination of cisplatin and pemetrexed. Until
now, predictive and prognostic biomarkers are lacking, making it a
non-tailored therapy regimen with unknown outcome. P53 is frequently
inactivated in MPM, but mutations are extremely rare. MDM2 and P14/ARF
are upstream regulators of P53 that may contribute to P53 inactivation. Methods: A total of 72 MPM patients were investigated. MDM2 immunoexpression was
assessed in 65 patients. MDM2 and P14/ARF mRNA
expression was analysed in 48 patients of the overall collective. The
expression results were correlated to overall survival (OS) and
progression-free survival (PFS). Results: OS and PFS correlated highly significantly with MDM2 mRNA and protein
expression, showing a dismal prognosis for patients with elevated MDM2
expression (for OS: Score (logrank) test: P⩽0.002, and for PFS:
Score (logrank) test; P<0.007). MDM2 was identified as robust
prognostic and predictive biomarker for MPM on the mRNA and protein level.
P14/ARF mRNA expression reached no statistical
significance, but Kaplan–Meier curves distinguished patients with low
P14/ARF expression and hence shorter survival from patients
with higher expression and prolonged survival. Conclusions: MDM2 is a prognostic and predictive marker for a platin–pemetrexed
therapy of patients with MPMs. Downregulation of P14/ARF expression
seems to contribute to MDM2-overexpression-mediated P53 inactivation in MPM
patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F H Walter
- 1] Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Tüschener Weg 40, Essen D-45239, Germany [2] Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - F D Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S Ting
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - C Vollbrecht
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - T Mairinger
- Department of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Theegarten
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - D C Christoph
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany [2] Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - K W Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J Wohlschlaeger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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