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Zaghloul HAH, Hice RH, Arensburger P, Bideshi DK, Federici BA. Extended in vivo transcriptomes of two ascoviruses with different tissue tropisms reveal alternative mechanisms for enhancing virus reproduction in hemolymph. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16402. [PMID: 34385487 PMCID: PMC8361023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95553-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascoviruses are large dsDNA viruses characterized by the extraordinary changes they induce in cellular pathogenesis and architecture whereby after nuclear lysis and extensive hypertrophy, each cell is cleaved into numerous vesicles for virion reproduction. However, the level of viral replication and transcription in vesicles compared to other host tissues remains uncertain. Therefore, we applied RNA-Sequencing to compare the temporal transcriptome of Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus (SfAV) and Trichoplusia ni ascovirus (TnAV) at 7, 14, and 21 days post-infection (dpi). We found most transcription occurred in viral vesicles, not in initial tissues infected, a remarkably novel reproduction mechanism compared to all other viruses and most other intracellular pathogens. Specifically, the highest level of viral gene expression occurred in hemolymph, for TnAV at 7 dpi, and SfAV at 14 dpi. Moreover, we found that host immune genes were partially down-regulated in hemolymph, where most viral replication occurred in highly dense accumulations of vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A H Zaghloul
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Microbiology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Riverside, USA.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Robert H Hice
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Microbiology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Riverside, USA
| | - Peter Arensburger
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA
| | - Brian A Federici
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Microbiology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Riverside, USA. .,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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Wilhelm SW, Bird JT, Bonifer KS, Calfee BC, Chen T, Coy SR, Gainer PJ, Gann ER, Heatherly HT, Lee J, Liang X, Liu J, Armes AC, Moniruzzaman M, Rice JH, Stough JMA, Tams RN, Williams EP, LeCleir GR. A Student's Guide to Giant Viruses Infecting Small Eukaryotes: From Acanthamoeba to Zooxanthellae. Viruses 2017; 9:E46. [PMID: 28304329 PMCID: PMC5371801 DOI: 10.3390/v9030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of infectious particles that challenge conventional thoughts concerning "what is a virus" has led to the evolution a new field of study in the past decade. Here, we review knowledge and information concerning "giant viruses", with a focus not only on some of the best studied systems, but also provide an effort to illuminate systems yet to be better resolved. We conclude by demonstrating that there is an abundance of new host-virus systems that fall into this "giant" category, demonstrating that this field of inquiry presents great opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Wilhelm
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Jordan T Bird
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Kyle S Bonifer
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Benjamin C Calfee
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Tian Chen
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Samantha R Coy
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - P Jackson Gainer
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Eric R Gann
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Huston T Heatherly
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Jasper Lee
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Jiang Liu
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - April C Armes
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - J Hunter Rice
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Joshua M A Stough
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Robert N Tams
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Evan P Williams
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Gary R LeCleir
- The Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Durzyńska J, Goździcka-Józefiak A. Viruses and cells intertwined since the dawn of evolution. Virol J 2015; 12:169. [PMID: 26475454 PMCID: PMC4609113 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to define nature of viruses and to uncover their origin. Our aim within this work was to show that there are different perceptions of viruses and many concepts to explain their emergence: the virus-first concept (also called co-evolution), the escape and the reduction theories. Moreover, a relatively new concept of polyphyletic virus origin called “three RNA cells, three DNA viruses” proposed by Forterre is described herein. In this paper, not only is each thesis supported by a body of evidence but also counter-argued in the light of various findings to give more insightful considerations to the readers. As the origin of viruses and that of living cells are most probably interdependent, we decided to reveal ideas concerning nature of cellular last universal common ancestor (LUCA). Furthermore, we discuss monophyletic ancestry of cellular domains and their relationships at the molecular level of membrane lipids and replication strategies of these three types of cells. In this review, we also present the emergence of DNA viruses requiring an evolutionary transition from RNA to DNA and recently discovered giant DNA viruses possibly involved in eukaryogenesis. In the course of evolution viruses emerged many times. They have always played a key role through horizontal gene transfer in evolutionary events and in formation of the tree of life or netlike routes of evolution providing a great deal of genetic diversity. In our opinion, future findings are crucial to better understand past relations between viruses and cells and the origin of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Durzyńska
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Anna Goździcka-Józefiak
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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