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Subbiah V, Baik C, Kirkwood JM. Clinical Development of BRAF plus MEK Inhibitor Combinations. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:797-810. [PMID: 32540454 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genomic profiling shows that many solid tumors are characterized by specific driver aberrations, and this has expanded the therapeutic options for many patients. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a key cell signaling pathway involved in regulating cellular growth, proliferation, and survival. Driver mutations in the BRAF gene, a key player in the MAPK pathway, are described in multiple tumor types, including subsets of melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), making BRAF a desirable target for inhibition. BRAF inhibitors have shown efficacy in several cancers; however, most patients eventually develop resistance. To delay or prevent resistance, combination therapy targeting BRAF and MEK, a downstream signaling target of BRAF in the MAPK pathway, was evaluated and demonstrated synergistic benefit. BRAF and MEK inhibitor combinations have been approved for use in various cancers by the US FDA. We review the clinical data for various BRAF plus MEK combination regimens in three cancer types with underlying BRAF driver mutations: melanoma, NSCLC, and ATC. We also discuss practical treatment considerations and management of selected combination therapy toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Subbiah
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Christina Baik
- Department of Thoracic, Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology University of Pittsburgh, and Melanoma Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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Boufraqech M, Patel D, Nilubol N, Powers A, King T, Shell J, Lack J, Zhang L, Gara SK, Gunda V, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Kumar S, Fagin J, Knauf J, Parangi S, Venzon D, Quezado M, Kebebew E. Lysyl Oxidase Is a Key Player in BRAF/MAPK Pathway-Driven Thyroid Cancer Aggressiveness. Thyroid 2019; 29:79-92. [PMID: 30398411 PMCID: PMC6352555 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BRAFV600E mutation is the most common somatic mutation in thyroid cancer. The mechanism associated with BRAF-mutant tumor aggressiveness remains unclear. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is highly expressed in aggressive thyroid cancers, and involved in cancer metastasis. The objective was to determine whether LOX mediates the effect of the activated MAPK pathway in thyroid cancer. METHODS The prognostic value of LOX and its association with mutated BRAF was analyzed in The Cancer Genome Atlas and an independent cohort. Inhibition of mutant BRAF and the MAPK pathway, and overexpression of mutant BRAF and mouse models of BRAFV600E were used to test the effect on LOX expression. RESULTS In The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort, LOX expression was higher in BRAF-mutant tumors compared to wild-type tumors (p < 0.0001). Patients with BRAF-mutant tumors with high LOX expression had a shorter disease-free survival (p = 0.03) compared to patients with a BRAF mutation and the low LOX group. In the independent cohort, a significant positive correlation between LOX and percentage of BRAF mutated cells was found. The independent cohort confirmed high LOX expression to be associated with a shorter disease-free survival (p = 0.01). Inhibition of BRAFV600E and MEK decreased LOX expression. Conversely, overexpression of mutant BRAF increased LOX expression. The mice with thyroid-specific expression of BRAFV600E showed strong LOX and p-ERK expression in tumor tissue. Inhibition of BRAFV600E in transgenic and orthotopic mouse models significantly reduced the tumor burden as well as LOX and p-ERK expression. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that BRAFV600E tumors with high LOX expression are associated with more aggressive disease. The biological underpinnings of the clinical findings were confirmed by showing that BRAF and the MAPK pathway regulate LOX expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriem Boufraqech
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dhaval Patel
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Naris Nilubol
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Astin Powers
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Timothy King
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jasmine Shell
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Justin Lack
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (NCBR), NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sudheer Kumar Gara
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Viswanath Gunda
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James Fagin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey Knauf
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Sareh Parangi
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martha Quezado
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Department of Surgery and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Address correspondence to: Electron Kebebew, MD, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, H3642, Stanford, CA 94305
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