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KMT2A-MLLT1 and the Novel SEC16A-KMT2A in a Cryptic 3-Way Translocation t(9;11;19) Present in an Infant With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 44:e719-e722. [PMID: 34966090 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
About 25% of the patients with the translocation t(11;19)(q23;p13.3)/KMT2A-MLLT1 present three-way or more complex fusions, associated with a worse prognosis, suggesting that a particular mechanism creates functional KMT2A fusions for this condition. In this work, we show a cryptic three-way translocation t(9;11;19). Interestingly, long-distance inverse polymerase chain reaction sequencing revealed a KMT2A-MLLT1 and the yet unreported out-of-frame SEC16A-KMT2A fusion, associated with low SEC16A expression and KMT2A overexpression, in an infant with B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting a poor prognosis. Our case illustrates the importance of molecular cytogenetic tests in selecting cases for further investigations, which could open perspectives regarding novel therapeutic approaches for poor prognosis childhood leukemias.
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Panagopoulos I, Heim S. Interstitial Deletions Generating Fusion Genes. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:167-196. [PMID: 33893073 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A fusion gene is the physical juxtaposition of two different genes resulting in a structure consisting of the head of one gene and the tail of the other. Gene fusion is often a primary neoplasia-inducing event in leukemias, lymphomas, solid malignancies as well as benign tumors. Knowledge about fusion genes is crucial not only for our understanding of tumorigenesis, but also for the diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment of cancer. Balanced chromosomal rearrangements, in particular translocations and inversions, are the most frequent genetic events leading to the generation of fusion genes. In the present review, we summarize the existing knowledge on chromosome deletions as a mechanism for fusion gene formation. Such deletions are mostly submicroscopic and, hence, not detected by cytogenetic analyses but by array comparative genome hybridization (aCGH) and/or high throughput sequencing (HTS). They are found across the genome in a variety of neoplasias. As tumors are increasingly analyzed using aCGH and HTS, it is likely that more interstitial deletions giving rise to fusion genes will be found, significantly impacting our understanding and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Panagopoulos
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Sverre Heim
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Panagopoulos I, Andersen K, Eilert-Olsen M, Rognlien AG, Munthe-Kaas MC, Micci F, Heim S. Rare KMT2A-ELL and Novel ZNF56-KMT2A Fusion Genes in Pediatric T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:121-131. [PMID: 33608309 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Previous reports have associated the KMT2A-ELL fusion gene, generated by t(11;19)(q23;p13.1), with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We herein report a KMT2A-ELL and a novel ZNF56-KMT2A fusion genes in a pediatric T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). MATERIALS AND METHODS Genetic investigations were performed on bone marrow of a 13-year-old boy diagnosed with T-ALL. RESULTS A KMT2A-ELL and a novel ZNF56-KMT2A fusion genes were generated on der(11)t(11;19)(q23;p13.1) and der(19)t(11;19)(q23;p13.1), respectively. Exon 20 of KMT2A fused to exon 2 of ELL in KMT2A-ELL chimeric transcript whereas exon 1 of ZNF56 fused to exon 21 of KMT2A in ZNF56-KMT2A transcript. A literature search revealed four more T-ALL patients carrying a KMT2A-ELL fusion. All of them were males aged 11, 11, 17, and 20 years. CONCLUSION KMT2A-ELL fusion is a rare recurrent genetic event in T-ALL with uncertain prognostic implications. The frequency and impact of ZNF56-KMT2A in T-ALL are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Panagopoulos
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Kristin Andersen
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martine Eilert-Olsen
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Gro Rognlien
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monica Cheng Munthe-Kaas
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesca Micci
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Heim
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Pathways, Processes, and Candidate Drugs Associated with a Hoxa Cluster-Dependency Model of Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11122036. [PMID: 31861091 PMCID: PMC6966468 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11122036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High expression of the HOXA cluster correlates with poor clinical outcome in acute myeloid leukemias, particularly those harboring rearrangements of the mixed-lineage-leukemia gene (MLLr). Whilst decreased HOXA expression acts as a readout for candidate experimental therapies, the necessity of the HOXA cluster for leukemia maintenance has not been fully explored. Primary leukemias were generated in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from Cre responsive transgenic mice for conditional deletion of the Hoxa locus. Hoxa deletion resulted in reduced proliferation and colony formation in which surviving leukemic cells retained at least one copy of the Hoxa cluster, indicating dependency. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Hoxa wild type and deleted leukemic cells identified a unique gene signature associated with key pathways including transcriptional mis-regulation in cancer, the Fanconi anemia pathway and cell cycle progression. Further bioinformatics analysis of the gene signature identified a number of candidate FDA-approved drugs for potential repurposing in high HOXA expressing cancers including MLLr leukemias. Together these findings support dependency for an MLLr leukemia on Hoxa expression and identified candidate drugs for further therapeutic evaluation.
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Chen M, Liu R, Wu C, Li X, Wang Y. A novel de novo mutation (p.Pro1310Glnfs*46) in KMT2A caused Wiedemann-Steiner Syndrome in a Chinese boy with postnatal growth retardation: a case report. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5555-5559. [PMID: 31250358 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wiedemann-Steiner Syndrome (WSS) is a very rare autosomal dominant disease. Mutations in the KMT2A gene have been shown to cause this disease. A 1-year-old Chinese boy exhibited growth delay, psychomotor retardation, limb hypotonia and facial dysmorphism that was consistent with WSS. His body weight started to drop below the normal range at 3 months old, and the decline persisted. Whole-exome sequencing showed a novel de novo mutation (p.Pro1310Glnfs*46) in KMT2A, which confirmed the diagnosis of WSS. We diagnosed a Chinese boy who presented postnatal growth retardation with WSS caused by a novel de novo mutation in KMT2A. Our findings expand the mutational and phenotypic spectra of WSS and will be valuable for the mutation-based pre- and postnatal screening for and genetic diagnosis of WSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ruihong Liu
- United Laboratory of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital and BGI, Department of Experimental Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xunhua Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- United Laboratory of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital and BGI, Department of Experimental Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China. .,Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University, 19 Long Dong Mei Hua Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
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6
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Ney Garcia DR, de Souza MT, de Figueiredo AF, Othman MAK, Rittscher K, Abdelhay E, Capela de Matos RR, Meyer C, Marschalek R, Land MGP, Liehr T, Ribeiro RC, Silva MLM. Molecular characterization of KMT2A fusion partner genes in 13 cases of pediatric leukemia with complex or cryptic karyotypes. Hematol Oncol 2016; 35:760-768. [PMID: 27282883 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In pediatric acute leukemias, reciprocal chromosomal translocations frequently cause gene fusions involving the lysine (K)-specific methyltransferase 2A gene (KMT2A, also known as MLL). Specific KMT2A fusion partners are associated with the disease phenotype (lymphoblastic vs. myeloid), and the type of KMT2A rearrangement also has prognostic implications. However, the KMT2A partner gene cannot always be identified by banding karyotyping. We sought to identify such partner genes in 13 cases of childhood leukemia with uninformative karyotypes by combining molecular techniques, including multicolor banding FISH, reverse-transcriptase PCR, and long-distance inverse PCR. Of the KMT2A fusion partner genes, MLLT3 was present in five patients, all with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, MLLT1 in two patients, and MLLT10, MLLT4, MLLT11, and AFF1 in one patient each. Reciprocal reading by long-distance inverse PCR also disclosed KMT2A fusions with PITPNA in one patient, with LOC100132273 in another patient, and with DNA sequences not compatible with any gene in three patients. The most common KMT2A breakpoint region was intron/exon 9 (3/8 patients), followed by intron/exon 11 and 10. Finally, multicolor banding revealed breakpoints in other chromosomes whose biological and prognostic implications remain to be determined. We conclude that the combination of molecular techniques used in this study can efficiently identify KMT2A fusion partners in complex pediatric acute leukemia karyotypes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela R Ney Garcia
- Clinical Medicine Postgraduate Program, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Cytogenetics Department, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana T de Souza
- Cytogenetics Department, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Oncology Post Graduation Program, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda F de Figueiredo
- Cytogenetics Department, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Oncology Post Graduation Program, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Moneeb A K Othman
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Eliana Abdelhay
- Oncology Post Graduation Program, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto R Capela de Matos
- Cytogenetics Department, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Oncology Post Graduation Program, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claus Meyer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Diagnostic Center of Acute Leukemia, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Rolf Marschalek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Diagnostic Center of Acute Leukemia, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Marcelo G P Land
- Clinical Medicine Postgraduate Program, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Martagão Gesteira Institute of Pediatrics and Child Development, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Raul C Ribeiro
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Maria Luiza Macedo Silva
- Clinical Medicine Postgraduate Program, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Cytogenetics Department, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Oncology Post Graduation Program, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Zhao L, Zhou J, Gong F, Zhang R, Wu D. [Clinical efficacy observation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in 16 patients with mixed phenotype acute leukemia]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2015; 36:963-5. [PMID: 26632474 PMCID: PMC7342418 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Fang Gong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ri Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Depei Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Suzhou 215006, China
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Ney Garcia DR, Liehr T, Emerenciano M, Meyer C, Marschalek R, Pombo-de-Oliveira MDS, Ribeiro RC, Poirot Land MG, Macedo Silva ML. Molecular studies reveal a MLL-MLLT3 gene fusion displaced in a case of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with complex karyotype. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:143-7. [PMID: 25843568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangement of the mixed lineage-leukemia gene (MLL-r) is common in hematological diseases and is generally associated with poor prognosis. The mixed-lineage leukemia gene translocated to, 3 (MLLT3) gene (9p22) is a frequent MLL-r partner (∼18% of leukemias with MLL rearrangement) and is characterized by the translocation t(9;11) (p22;q23), forming an MLL-MLLT3 gene fusion. MLL-r are usually simple reciprocal translocations between two different chromosomes, although karyotypes with complex MLL-r have been observed. We present a rare case of a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a complex karyotype in which the classical t(9;11) (p22;q23) was cryptically relocated into a third chromosome in a balanced three-way translocation. At the genome level, however, the MLL-MLLT3 three-way translocation still displayed both reciprocal fusion transcripts. This argues in favor for a model where a simple two-way t(9;11) (p22;q23) was likely the first step that then evolved in to a more complex karyotype. Multicolor banding techniques can be used to greatly refine complex karyotypes and its chromosomal breakpoints. Also in the presence of putative new rearrangements, Long distance inverse-PCR is an important tool to identify which gene fusion is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ribeiro Ney Garcia
- Clinical Medicine Postgraduate Program, College of Medicine, Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Cytogenetics Department, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mariana Emerenciano
- Postgraduate Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claus Meyer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Diagnostic Center of Acute Leukemia, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Rolf Marschalek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Diagnostic Center of Acute Leukemia, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Raul C Ribeiro
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcelo Gerardin Poirot Land
- Clinical Medicine Postgraduate Program, College of Medicine, Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Martagão Gesteira Institute of Pediatrics and Child Development, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Macedo Silva
- Clinical Medicine Postgraduate Program, College of Medicine, Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Cytogenetics Department, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Postgraduate Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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9
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Panagopoulos I, Gorunova L, Kerndrup G, Spetalen S, Tierens A, Osnes LTN, Andersen K, Müller LSO, Hellebostad M, Zeller B, Heim S. Rare MLL-ELL fusion transcripts in childhood acute myeloid leukemia-association with young age and myeloid sarcomas? Exp Hematol Oncol 2015; 5:8. [PMID: 26949571 PMCID: PMC4779576 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-016-0037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chromosomal translocation t(11;19)(q23;p13) with a breakpoint within subband 19p13.1 is found mainly in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and results in the MLL-ELL fusion gene. Variations in the structure of MLL-ELL seem to influence the leukemogenic potency of the fusion in vivo and may lie behind differences in clinical features. The number of cases reported so far is very limited and the addition of more information about MLL-ELL variants is essential if the possible clinical significance of rare fusions is to be determined. CASE PRESENTATION Cytogenetic and molecular genetic analyses were done on the bone marrow cells of a 20-month-old boy with an unusual form of myelomonocytic AML with multiple myeloid sarcomas infiltrating bone and soft tissues. The G-banding analysis together with FISH yielded the karyotype 47,XY, +6,t(8;19;11)(q24;p13;q23). FISH analysis also demonstrated that MLL was split. RNA-sequencing showed that the translocation had generated an MLL-ELL chimera in which exon 9 of MLL (nt 4241 in sequence with accession number NM_005933.3) was fused to exon 6 of ELL (nt 817 in sequence with accession number NM_006532.3). RT-PCR together with Sanger sequencing verified the presence of the above-mentioned fusion transcript. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings and information on a few previously reported patients, we speculate that young age, myelomonoblastic AML, and the presence of extramedullary disease may be typical of children with rare MLL-ELL fusion transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Panagopoulos
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, P.O.Box 4953, 0424 Oslo, Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludmila Gorunova
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, P.O.Box 4953, 0424 Oslo, Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gitte Kerndrup
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Signe Spetalen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Tierens
- Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Haematopathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Liv T N Osnes
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Andersen
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, P.O.Box 4953, 0424 Oslo, Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Marit Hellebostad
- Department of Pediatrics, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken HF, Drammen, Norway
| | - Bernward Zeller
- Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Heim
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, P.O.Box 4953, 0424 Oslo, Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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MacDonald IA, Hathaway NA. Epigenetic roots of immunologic disease and new methods for examining chromatin regulatory pathways. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:261-70. [PMID: 25533290 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to accurately quantitate and experimentally examine epigenetic modifications across the human genome has exploded in the past decade. This has given rise to a wealth of new information concerning the contributions of epigenetic regulatory networks to the pathogenesis of human disease. In particular, immunological disorders have strong developmental roots in chromatin regulatory pathways. In this review, we focus on the epigenetic signatures and new discoveries revealing the epigenetic compositions of specific immunological cancers and autoimmune diseases. We also comment on the conserved epigenetic roots among diverse immunological disorders and suggest inhibition strategies that may be relevant for future treatment. Finally, we highlight emerging experimental tools with the capability to examine the mechanisms of chromatin regulatory enzymes with a high level of temporal control. The knowledge of genetic and epigenetic defects in immunological disease combined with new experimental approaches will elucidate the contribution of individual enzymes in complex epigenetic regulatory networks. This could lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for some very diverse and difficult to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A MacDonald
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Hathaway
- 1] Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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11
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Acute myeloid leukemia with t(10;11): a pathological entity with distinct clinical presentation. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2014; 15:47-51. [PMID: 25081372 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute myeloid leukemias with MLL rearrangements are frequently associated with myelomonocytic and monoblastic/monocytic morphology, with an increased risk of leukocytosis and leukostasis-related complications. Yet, little is known regarding the clinical presentation of adult AML patients with MLL translocations based on the specific translocation partner. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two recent AML cases with t(10;11)(p12;q23) translocations are detailed, with their shared presenting symptoms highlighted, followed by a review of the current literature. RESULTS The specific t(10;11)(p12;q23) MLL translocation is a rare recurrent translocation partner, most commonly seen in pediatric and young adult AML. A high incidence of early morbidity from leukocytosis-related complications are frequently seen, including diffuse intravascular coagulation and tumor lysis syndrome with multiorgan system failure, even without a true leukocytosis. CONCLUSION With prompt therapy and intensive supportive care first remissions are frequently attained, however, patients have a high risk of relapse, extramedullary disease, and poor long-term outcomes.
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Mendelsohn BA, Pronold M, Long R, Smaoui N, Slavotinek AM. Advanced bone age in a girl with Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome and an exonic deletion in KMT2A (MLL). Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2079-83. [PMID: 24818805 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of the gene implicated in a Mendelian disorder subsequently leads to an expansion of potential phenotypes associated with mutations in that gene as patients with features beyond the core phenotype are identified by sequencing. Here, we present a young girl with developmental delay, short stature despite a markedly advanced bone age, hypertrichosis without elbow hair, renal anomalies, and dysmorphic facial features, found to have a heterozygous, de novo, intragenic deletion encompassing exons 2-10 of the KMT2A (MLL) gene detected by whole exome sequencing. Heterozygous mutations in this gene were recently demonstrated to cause Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome (OMIM 605130). Importantly, retrospective analysis of this patient's chromosomal microarray revealed decreased copy number of two probes corresponding to exons 2 and 9 of the KMT2A gene, though this result was not reported by the testing laboratory in keeping with standard protocols for reportable size cutoffs for array comparative genomic hybridization. This patient expands the clinical phenotype associated with mutations in KMT2A to include variable patterns of hypertrichosis and a significantly advanced bone age with premature eruption of the secondary dentition despite her growth retardation. This patient also represents the first report of Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome due to an exonic deletion, supporting haploinsufficiency as a causative mechanism. Our patient also illustrates the need for sensitive guidelines for the reporting of chromosomal microarray findings that are below traditional reporting size cutoffs, but that impact exons or other genomic regions of known function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A Mendelsohn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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