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Pandey H, Jain D, Tang DWT, Wong SH, Lal D. Gut microbiota in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutics of inflammatory bowel disease. Intest Res 2024; 22:15-43. [PMID: 37935653 PMCID: PMC10850697 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2023.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease, which is thought to be an interplay between genetic, environment, microbiota, and immune-mediated factors. Dysbiosis in the gut microbial composition, caused by antibiotics and diet, is closely related to the initiation and progression of IBD. Differences in gut microbiota composition between IBD patients and healthy individuals have been found, with reduced biodiversity of commensal microbes and colonization of opportunistic microbes in IBD patients. Gut microbiota can, therefore, potentially be used for diagnosing and prognosticating IBD, and predicting its treatment response. Currently, there are no curative therapies for IBD. Microbiota-based interventions, including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, have been recognized as promising therapeutic strategies. Clinical studies and studies done in animal models have provided sufficient evidence that microbiota-based interventions may improve inflammation, the remission rate, and microscopic aspects of IBD. Further studies are required to better understand the mechanisms of action of such interventions. This will help in enhancing their effectiveness and developing personalized therapies. The present review summarizes the relationship between gut microbiota and IBD immunopathogenesis. It also discusses the use of gut microbiota as a noninvasive biomarker and potential therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daryl W. T. Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Sunny H. Wong
- Centre for Microbiome Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Devi Lal
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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2
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Han Y, Srinivasan S, Yun CC. Inhibition of protein kinase C-α and activation of ezrin by Lactobacillus acidophilus restore Na +/H + exchange activity and fluid absorption in db/db mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E214-E226. [PMID: 37467022 PMCID: PMC10511175 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00145.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) complications, including diarrhea, constipation, and gastroparesis, are common in patients with diabetes. Dysregulation of the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 in the intestine is linked to diarrhea and constipation, and recent studies showed that NHE3 expression is reduced in type 1 diabetes and metformin causes diarrhea in the db/db mouse model of type 2 diabetes (T2D) via inhibition of NHE3. In this study, we investigated whether NHE3 expression is altered in type 2 diabetic intestine and the underlying mechanism that dysregulates NHE3. NHE3 expression in the brush border membrane (BBM) of the intestine of diabetic mice and humans was decreased. Protein kinase C (PKC) activation is associated with pathologies of diabetes, and immunofluorescence (IF) analysis revealed increased BBM PKCα abundance. Inhibition of PKCα increased NHE3 BBM abundance and NHE3-mediated intestinal fluid absorption in db/db mice. Previous studies have shown that Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) stimulates intestinal ion transporters. LA increased NHE3 BBM expression and mitigated metformin-mediated inhibition of NHE3 in vitro and in vivo. To understand the underlying mechanism of LA-mediated stimulation of NHE3, we used Caco-2bbe cells overexpressing PKCα that mimic the elevated state of PKCα in T2D. LA diminished PKCα BBM expression, increased phosphorylation of ezrin, and the interaction of NHE3 with NHE regulatory factor 2 (NHERF2). In addition, inhibition of PKCι blocked phosphorylation of ezrin and activation of NHE3 by LA. These findings demonstrate that NHE3 is downregulated in T2D, and LA restores NHE3 expression via regulation of PKCα, PKCι, and ezrin.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used mouse models of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and human patient-derived samples to show that Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) expression is decreased in T2D. We show that protein kinase C-α (PKCα) is activated in diabetes and inhibition of PKCα increased NHE3 expression and mitigates diarrhea. We show that Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) stimulates NHE3 via inhibition of PKCα and phosphorylation of ezrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Han
- Gastroenterology Research, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Shanthi Srinivasan
- Gastroenterology Research, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - C Chris Yun
- Gastroenterology Research, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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Pandey H, Tang DWT, Wong SH, Lal D. Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer: Biological Role and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030866. [PMID: 36765824 PMCID: PMC9913759 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While CRC is thought to be an interplay between genetic and environmental factors, several lines of evidence suggest the involvement of gut microbiota in promoting inflammation and tumor progression. Gut microbiota refer to the ~40 trillion microorganisms that inhabit the human gut. Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies and metagenomics have provided new insights into the gut microbial ecology and have helped in linking gut microbiota to CRC. Many studies carried out in humans and animal models have emphasized the role of certain gut bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, and colibactin-producing Escherichia coli, in the onset and progression of CRC. Metagenomic studies have opened up new avenues for the application of gut microbiota in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CRC. This review article summarizes the role of gut microbiota in CRC development and its use as a biomarker to predict the disease and its potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Pandey
- Redcliffe Labs, Electronic City, Noida 201301, India
| | - Daryl W. T. Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Sunny H. Wong
- Centre for Microbiome Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Correspondence: (S.H.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Devi Lal
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
- Correspondence: (S.H.W.); (D.L.)
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Mohseni AH, Casolaro V, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Keyvani H, Taghinezhad-S S. Modulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway by probiotics as a fruitful target for orchestrating the immune response. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-17. [PMID: 33615993 PMCID: PMC7899637 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1886844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B or Akt (PKB/Akt) signaling pathways are considered as two but somewhat interconnected significant immune pathways which play complex roles in a variety of physiological processes as well as pathological conditions. Aberrant activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways has been reported to be associated in a wide variety of human diseases. Over the past few years, growing evidence in in vitro and in vivo models suggest that this sophisticated and subtle cascade mediates the orchestration of the immune response in health and disease through exposure to probiotics. An expanding body of literature has highlighted the contribution of probiotics and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways in gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic syndrome, skin diseases, allergy, salmonella infection, and aging. However, longitudinal human studies are possibly required to verify more conclusively whether the investigational tools used to understand the regulation of these pathways might provide effective approaches in the prevention and treatment of various disorders. In this Review, we summarize the experimental evidence from recent peer-reviewed studies and provide a brief overview of the causal relationship between the effects of probiotics and their metabolites on the components of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Mohseni
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vincenzo Casolaro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Hossein Keyvani Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran, Tel +98 21 88715350
| | - Sedigheh Taghinezhad-S
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,CONTACT Sedigheh Taghinezhad-S Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 1477893855, Iran
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Mikami A, Ogita T, Namai F, Shigemori S, Sato T, Shimosato T. Oral Administration of Flavonifractor plautii, a Bacteria Increased With Green Tea Consumption, Promotes Recovery From Acute Colitis in Mice via Suppression of IL-17. Front Nutr 2021; 7:610946. [PMID: 33614691 PMCID: PMC7890079 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.610946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonifractor plautii (FP) has been reported to participate in the metabolism of catechins in the human gut. However, there is limited information on the immune regulatory effects of this bacterium. We confirmed that the administration of green tea increases the abundance of FP in the gut microbiota and investigated the effect of FP in a mouse colitis model. Mice were orally administered FP for 10 consecutive days; colonic inflammation was evaluated daily on the basis of stool consistency, gross rectal bleeding, and body weight. In the dextran sodium sulfate model, FP-exposed animals exhibited lower levels of inflammation and strong inhibition of interleukin (IL)-17 signaling. Moreover, lipoteichoic acid from FP was identified as the active component mediating IL-17 suppression. Thus, oral administration of FP appears to modulate gut inflammation and represents a viable and inexpensive oral microbial therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayane Mikami
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tasuku Ogita
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Fu Namai
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Suguru Shigemori
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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Alcántara C, Jadán-Piedra C, Vélez D, Devesa V, Zúñiga M, Monedero V. Characterization of the binding capacity of mercurial species in Lactobacillus strains. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:5107-5113. [PMID: 28423187 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metal sequestration by bacteria has been proposed as a strategy to counteract metal contamination in foodstuffs. Lactobacilli can interact with metals, although studies with important foodborne metals such as inorganic [Hg(II)] or organic (CH3 Hg) mercury are lacking. Lactobacilli were evaluated for their potential to bind these contaminants and the nature of the interaction was assessed by the use of metal competitors, chemical and enzymatical treatments, and mutants affected in the cell wall structure. RESULTS Lactobacillus strains efficiently bound Hg(II) and CH3 Hg. Mercury binding by Lactobacillus casei BL23 was independent of cell viability. In BL23, both forms of mercury were cell wall bound. Their interaction was not inhibited by cations and it was resistant to chelating agents and protein digestion. Lactobacillus casei mutants affected in genes involved in the modulation of the negative charge of the cell wall anionic polymer lipoteichoic acid showed increased mercury biosorption. In these mutants, mercury toxicity was enhanced compared to wild-type bacteria. These data suggest that lipoteichoic acid itself or the physicochemical characteristics that it confers to the cell wall play a major role in mercury complexation. CONCLUSION This is the first example of the biosorption of Hg(II) and CH3 Hg in lactobacilli and it represents a first step towards their possible use as agents for diminishing mercury bioaccessibility from food at the gastrointestinal tract. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alcántara
- Laboratory of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Jadán-Piedra
- Laboratory of Trace Elements, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dinoraz Vélez
- Laboratory of Trace Elements, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicenta Devesa
- Laboratory of Trace Elements, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Zúñiga
- Laboratory of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Monedero
- Laboratory of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Thakur BK, Saha P, Banik G, Saha DR, Grover S, Batish VK, Das S. Live and heat-killed probiotic Lactobacillus casei Lbs2 protects from experimental colitis through Toll-like receptor 2-dependent induction of T-regulatory response. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Shiraishi T, Yokota S, Fukiya S, Yokota A. Structural diversity and biological significance of lipoteichoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria: focusing on beneficial probiotic lactic acid bacteria. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2016; 35:147-161. [PMID: 27867802 PMCID: PMC5107633 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2016-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell surface molecules are at the forefront of host-bacterium interactions. Teichoic acids are observed only in Gram-positive bacteria, and they are
one of the main cell surface components. Teichoic acids play important physiological roles and contribute to the bacterial interaction with their host. In
particular, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) anchored to the cell membrane has attracted attention as a host immunomodulator. Chemical and biological characteristics of
LTA from various bacteria have been described. However, most of the information concerns pathogenic bacteria, and information on beneficial bacteria, including
probiotic lactic acid bacteria, is insufficient. LTA is structurally diverse. Strain-level structural diversity of LTA is suggested to underpin its
immunomodulatory activities. Thus, the structural information on LTA in probiotics, in particular strain-associated diversity, is important for understanding
its beneficial roles associated with the modulation of immune response. Continued accumulation of structural information is necessary to elucidate the detailed
physiological roles and significance of LTA. In this review article, we summarize the current state of knowledge on LTA structure, in particular the structure
of LTA from lactic acid bacteria. We also describe the significance of structural diversity and biological roles of LTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Shiraishi
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Minami 1 Nishi 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yokota
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Minami 1 Nishi 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
| | - Satoru Fukiya
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokota
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
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Gagnière J, Raisch J, Veziant J, Barnich N, Bonnet R, Buc E, Bringer MA, Pezet D, Bonnet M. Gut microbiota imbalance and colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:501-518. [PMID: 26811603 PMCID: PMC4716055 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota acts as a real organ. The symbiotic interactions between resident micro-organisms and the digestive tract highly contribute to maintain the gut homeostasis. However, alterations to the microbiome caused by environmental changes (e.g., infection, diet and/or lifestyle) can disturb this symbiotic relationship and promote disease, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and cancer. Colorectal cancer is a complex association of tumoral cells, non-neoplastic cells and a large amount of micro-organisms, and the involvement of the microbiota in colorectal carcinogenesis is becoming increasingly clear. Indeed, many changes in the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota have been reported in colorectal cancer, suggesting a major role of dysbiosis in colorectal carcinogenesis. Some bacterial species have been identified and suspected to play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis, such as Streptococcus bovis, Helicobacter pylori, Bacteroides fragilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium septicum, Fusobacterium spp. and Escherichia coli. The potential pro-carcinogenic effects of these bacteria are now better understood. In this review, we discuss the possible links between the bacterial microbiota and colorectal carcinogenesis, focusing on dysbiosis and the potential pro-carcinogenic properties of bacteria, such as genotoxicity and other virulence factors, inflammation, host defenses modulation, bacterial-derived metabolism, oxidative stress and anti-oxidative defenses modulation. We lastly describe how bacterial microbiota modifications could represent novel prognosis markers and/or targets for innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Sahay B, Ge Y, Colliou N, Zadeh M, Weiner C, Mila A, Owen JL, Mohamadzadeh M. Advancing the use of Lactobacillus acidophilus surface layer protein A for the treatment of intestinal disorders in humans. Gut Microbes 2015; 6:392-7. [PMID: 26647142 PMCID: PMC4826124 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immunity is subject to complex and fine-tuned regulation dictated by interactions of the resident microbial community and their gene products with host innate cells. Deterioration of this delicate process may result in devastating autoinflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which primarily comprises Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Efficacious interventions to regulate proinflammatory signals, which play critical roles in IBD, require further scientific investigation. We recently demonstrated that rebalancing intestinal immunity via the surface layer protein A (SlpA) from Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM potentially represents a feasible therapeutic approach to restore intestinal homeostasis. To expand on these findings, we established a new method of purifying bacterial SlpA, a new SlpA-specific monoclonal antibody, and found no SlpA-associated toxicity in mice. Thus, these data may assist in our efforts to determine the immune regulatory efficacy of SlpA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Sahay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Yong Ge
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Natacha Colliou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Mojgan Zadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Chelsea Weiner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Ashley Mila
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Jennifer L Owen
- Department of Physiological Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Correspondence to: Mansour Mohamadzadeh;
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Meshkibaf S, Fritz J, Gottschalk M, Kim SO. Preferential production of G-CSF by a protein-like Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 secretory factor through activating TLR2-dependent signaling events without activation of JNKs. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:238. [PMID: 26502905 PMCID: PMC4623291 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Different species and strains of probiotic bacteria confer distinct immunological responses on immune cells. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 (GR-1) is a probiotic bacterial strain found in both the intestinal and urogenital tracts, and has immunomodulatory effects on several cell types including macrophages. However, detailed immunological responses and the signaling mechanism involved in the response are largely unknown. Results We examined the production of GR-1-induced cytokines/chemokines and signaling events in macrophages. Among 84 cytokines and chemokines examined, GR-1 discretely induced granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mRNA at highest levels (>60-fold) without inducing other cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α (<5-fold). The toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/6-agonist PAM2CSK4, TLR2/1-agonist PAM3CSK4 and TLR4-agonist lipopolysaccharide induced all of these inflammatory cytokines at high levels (>50-fold). The TLR2 ligand lipoteichoic acid activated all mitogen-activated kinases, Akt and NF-κB; whereas, GR-1 selectively activated extracellular regulated kinases and p38, NF-κB and Akt, but not c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) in a TLR2-dependent manner. Using specific inhibitors, we demonstrated that lack of JNKs activation by GR-1 caused inefficient production of pro-inflammatory cytokines but not G-CSF production. A secreted heat-labile protein-like molecule, 30–100 kDa in size, induced the preferential production of G-CSF. Conclusion This study elucidated unique signaling events triggered by GR-1, resulting in selective production of the immunomodulatory cytokine G-CSF in macrophages. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0578-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Meshkibaf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada. .,Center for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada.
| | - Jӧrg Fritz
- Department of Microbiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2 M2, Canada.
| | - Sung Ouk Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Group, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada. .,Center for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, N6G 2 V4, Canada.
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Colagiorgi A, Turroni F, Mancabelli L, Serafini F, Secchi A, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Insights into teichoic acid biosynthesis byBifidobacterium bifidumPRL2010. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv141. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Turroni F, Ventura M, Buttó LF, Duranti S, O’Toole PW, Motherway MO, van Sinderen D. Molecular dialogue between the human gut microbiota and the host: a Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium perspective. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:183-203. [PMID: 23516017 PMCID: PMC11113728 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human gut represents a highly complex ecosystem, which is densely colonized by a myriad of microorganisms that influence the physiology, immune function and health status of the host. Among the many members of the human gut microbiota, there are microorganisms that have co-evolved with their host and that are believed to exert health-promoting or probiotic effects. Probiotic bacteria isolated from the gut and other environments are commercially exploited, and although there is a growing list of health benefits provided by the consumption of such probiotics, their precise mechanisms of action have essentially remained elusive. Genomics approaches have provided exciting new opportunities for the identification of probiotic effector molecules that elicit specific responses to influence the physiology and immune function of their human host. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the intriguing relationships that exist between the human gut and key members of the gut microbiota such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, discussed here as prototypical groups of probiotic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Turroni
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Department of Microbiology Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Genetics, Biology of Microorganisms, Anthropology and Evolution, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ludovica F. Buttó
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Department of Microbiology Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sabrina Duranti
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Genetics, Biology of Microorganisms, Anthropology and Evolution, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paul W. O’Toole
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Department of Microbiology Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary O’Connell Motherway
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Department of Microbiology Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Department of Microbiology Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
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14
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Yang T, Owen JL, Lightfoot YL, Kladde MP, Mohamadzadeh M. Microbiota impact on the epigenetic regulation of colorectal cancer. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:714-25. [PMID: 24051204 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC) development can be generally divided into three categories: genetic, epigenetic, and aberrant immunologic signaling pathways, all of which may be triggered by an imbalanced intestinal microbiota. Aberrant gut microbial composition, termed 'dysbiosis', has been reported in inflammatory bowel disease patients who are at increased risk for CRC development. Recent studies indicate that it is feasible to rescue experimental models of colonic cancer by oral treatment with genetically engineered beneficial bacteria and/or their immune-regulating gene products. Here, we review the mechanisms of epigenetic modulation implicated in the development and progression of CRC, which may be the result of dysbiosis, and therefore may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
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15
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Owen JL, Mohamadzadeh M. Microbial activation of gut dendritic cells and the control of mucosal immunity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013. [PMID: 23962004 DOI: 10.1089/jlr.2013.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data support a role for gut colonization in maintaining balanced mucosal and systemic immune responses and have suggested aberrant innate immune recognition of enteric bacteria as an initiator of the adaptive immune damage associated with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). In fact, data from human studies and experimental mouse models have implicated transformation of the gut microbiota from a beneficial symbiotic state to one of imbalance or "dysbiosis" in the pathogenesis of several autoinflammatory diseases, including allergic skin and respiratory disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, and colorectal cancer. The host has evolved to co-exist and maintain a mutualistic relationship with the commensal microbes of the gut, and it is the function of the host innate immune system to initiate and maintain this homeostasis, while retaining the ability to respond appropriately to pathogenic organisms. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular interactions of the mucosal immune system that decide this delicate balance of mutualism. Furthermore, we will highlight the role of dendritic cells in preserving this precarious balance and how gene products of commensal microbes may play an integral role in re-establishing this balance once it has gone awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Owen
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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16
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Owen JL, Mohamadzadeh M. Microbial activation of gut dendritic cells and the control of mucosal immunity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:619-31. [PMID: 23962004 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data support a role for gut colonization in maintaining balanced mucosal and systemic immune responses and have suggested aberrant innate immune recognition of enteric bacteria as an initiator of the adaptive immune damage associated with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). In fact, data from human studies and experimental mouse models have implicated transformation of the gut microbiota from a beneficial symbiotic state to one of imbalance or "dysbiosis" in the pathogenesis of several autoinflammatory diseases, including allergic skin and respiratory disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, and colorectal cancer. The host has evolved to co-exist and maintain a mutualistic relationship with the commensal microbes of the gut, and it is the function of the host innate immune system to initiate and maintain this homeostasis, while retaining the ability to respond appropriately to pathogenic organisms. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular interactions of the mucosal immune system that decide this delicate balance of mutualism. Furthermore, we will highlight the role of dendritic cells in preserving this precarious balance and how gene products of commensal microbes may play an integral role in re-establishing this balance once it has gone awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Owen
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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17
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Owen JL, Mohamadzadeh M. Microbial activation of gut dendritic cells and the control of mucosal immunity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013. [PMID: 23962004 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data support a role for gut colonization in maintaining balanced mucosal and systemic immune responses and have suggested aberrant innate immune recognition of enteric bacteria as an initiator of the adaptive immune damage associated with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). In fact, data from human studies and experimental mouse models have implicated transformation of the gut microbiota from a beneficial symbiotic state to one of imbalance or "dysbiosis" in the pathogenesis of several autoinflammatory diseases, including allergic skin and respiratory disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, and colorectal cancer. The host has evolved to co-exist and maintain a mutualistic relationship with the commensal microbes of the gut, and it is the function of the host innate immune system to initiate and maintain this homeostasis, while retaining the ability to respond appropriately to pathogenic organisms. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular interactions of the mucosal immune system that decide this delicate balance of mutualism. Furthermore, we will highlight the role of dendritic cells in preserving this precarious balance and how gene products of commensal microbes may play an integral role in re-establishing this balance once it has gone awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Owen
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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18
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To yeast or not to yeast: a probiotic question. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11:988-90. [PMID: 23602819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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The impact of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 teichoic acid D-alanylation on the generation of effector and regulatory T-cells in healthy mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63099. [PMID: 23646181 PMCID: PMC3639951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To date it remains unclear how probiotics affect the immune system. Bacterial envelope components may play an essential role, as these are the first to establish bacterial-host cell interactions. Teichoic acids (TAs), and especially lipoteichoic acids, are the most pro-inflammatory components of the gram-positive bacterial envelope. This effect is dependent on D-alanyl substitution of the TA backbone and interactions with TLR2 on host cells. Although the pro-inflammatory properties of TAs have been established in vitro, it remains unclear how TAs affect immunomodulation in vivo. In this study, we investigated the role of TA D-alanylation on L. plantarum–induced intestinal and systemic immunomodulation in vivo. For this, we compared the effect of L. plantarum WCFS1 and its TA D-Alanylation negative derivative (dltX-D) on the distribution of dendritic cell and T cell populations and responses in healthy mice. We demonstrated that the majority of the L. plantarum-induced in vivo immunomodulatory effects were dependent on D-alanylation (D-Ala), as some L. plantarum WCFS1-induced immune changes were not observed in the dltX-D-treated group and some were only observed after treatment with dltX-D. Strikingly, not only pro-inflammatory immune responses were abolished in the absence of D-Ala substitution, but also anti-inflammatory responses, such as the L. plantarum-induced generation of regulatory T cells in the spleen. With this study we provide insight in host-microbe interactions, by demonstrating the involvement of D-alanylation of TAs on the bacterial membrane in intestinal and systemic immunomodulation in healthy mice.
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20
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The role of cell surface architecture of lactobacilli in host-microbe interactions in the gastrointestinal tract. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:237921. [PMID: 23576850 PMCID: PMC3610365 DOI: 10.1155/2013/237921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus species can exert health promoting effects in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) through many mechanisms, which include pathogen inhibition, maintenance of microbial balance, immunomodulation, and enhancement of the epithelial barrier function. Different species of the genus Lactobacillus can evoke different responses in the host, and not all strains of the same species can be considered beneficial. Strain variations may be related to diversity of the cell surface architecture of lactobacilli and the bacteria's ability to express certain surface components or secrete specific compounds in response to the host environment. Lactobacilli are known to modify their surface structures in response to stress factors such as bile and low pH, and these adaptations may help their survival in the face of harsh environmental conditions encountered in the GIT. In recent years, multiple cell surface-associated molecules have been implicated in the adherence of lactobacilli to the GIT lining, immunomodulation, and protective effects on intestinal epithelial barrier function. Identification of the relevant bacterial ligands and their host receptors is imperative for a better understanding of the mechanisms through which lactobacilli exert their beneficial effects on human health.
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21
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The quest for probiotic effector molecules—Unraveling strain specificity at the molecular level. Pharmacol Res 2013; 69:61-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Lightfoot YL, Mohamadzadeh M. Tailoring gut immune responses with lipoteichoic acid-deficient Lactobacillus acidophilus. Front Immunol 2013; 4:25. [PMID: 23390423 PMCID: PMC3565175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As highlighted by the development of intestinal autoinflammatory disorders when tolerance is lost, homeostatic interactions between gut microbiota, resident immune cells, and the gut epithelium are key in the maintenance of gastrointestinal health. Gut immune responses, whether stimulatory or regulatory, are dictated by the activated dendritic cells (DCs) that first interact with microorganisms and their gene products to then elicit T and B cell responses. Previously, we have demonstrated that treatment with genetically modified Lactobacillus acidophilus is sufficient to tilt the immune balance from proinflammatory to regulatory in experimental models of colitis and colon cancer. Given the significant role of DCs in efficiently orchestrating intestinal immune responses, characterization of the signals induced within these cells by the surface layer molecules, such as lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and proteins of L. acidophilus is critical for future treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases. Here, we discuss the potential regulatory pathways involved in the downregulation of pathogenic inflammation in the gut, and explore questions regarding the immune responses to LTA-deficient L. acidophilus that require future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaíma L Lightfoot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA ; Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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23
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Khan MW, Zadeh M, Bere P, Gounaris E, Owen J, Klaenhammer T, Mohamadzadeh M. Modulating intestinal immune responses by lipoteichoic acid-deficient Lactobacillus acidophilus. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:151-61. [PMID: 22339459 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanism(s) by which the intestinal commensal microbe Lactobacillus acidophilus can affect host immunity, we studied the role of a component of the cell wall, lipoteichoic acid, in colitis. MATERIALS & METHODS Colitis was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of pathogenic CD4(+)CD25(-)CD45RB(hi) T cells into Rag1(-/-) mice. The parental strain, NCK56, or the lipoteichoic acid-deficient strain, NCK2025, was then administered orally. Fluorescent microscopy was employed to examine resulting cell populations and their cytokine production in the colon. RESULTS NCK2025 enhanced IL-10 production by dendritic cells and macrophages. Increased numbers of regulatory dendritic cells coincided with the induction of activated FoxP3(+) Tregs. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the oral administration of the genetically modified strain NCK2025 may be an effective immunotherapeutic approach that reprograms the immune response in colonic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad W Khan
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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24
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Induction of intestinal pro-inflammatory immune responses by lipoteichoic acid. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2012; 9:7. [PMID: 22423982 PMCID: PMC3325164 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background The cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease are not fully understood; however, data indicate that uncontrolled chronic inflammation induced by bacterial gene products, including lipoteichoic acid (LTA), may trigger colonic inflammation resulting in disease pathogenesis. LTA is a constituent glycolipid of Gram-positive bacteria that shares many inflammatory properties with lipopolysaccharide and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of severe inflammatory responses via Toll-like receptor 2. Accordingly, we elucidate the role of LTA in immune stimulation and induced colitis in vivo. Methods To better understand the molecular mechanisms utilized by the intestinal microbiota and their gene products to induce or subvert inflammation, specifically the effect(s) of altered surface layer protein expression on the LTA-mediated pro-inflammatory response, the Lactobacillus acidophilus surface layer protein (Slp) genes encoding SlpB and SlpX were deleted resulting in a SlpB- and SlpX- mutant that continued to express SlpA (assigned as NCK2031). Results Our data show profound activation of dendritic cells by NCK2031, wild-type L. acidophilus (NCK56), and purified Staphylococcus aureus-LTA. In contrary to the LTA-deficient strain NCK2025, the LTA-expressing strains NCK2031 and NCK56, as well as S. aureus-LTA, induce pro-inflammatory innate and T cell immune responses in vivo. Additionally, neither NCK2031 nor S. aureus-LTA supplemented in drinking water protected mice from DSS-colitis, but instead, induced significant intestinal inflammation resulting in severe colitis and tissue destruction. Conclusions These findings suggest that directed alteration of two of the L. acidophilus NCFM-Slps did not ameliorate LTA-induced pro-inflammatory signals and subsequent colitis.
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25
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Mohamadzadeh M, Owen JL. Reprogramming intestinal immunity is the answer to induced pathogenic inflammation. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:1415-7. [PMID: 22091675 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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26
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Bron PA, van Baarlen P, Kleerebezem M. Emerging molecular insights into the interaction between probiotics and the host intestinal mucosa. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011; 10:66-78. [PMID: 22101918 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria can modulate immune responses in the host gastrointestinal tract to promote health. The genomics era has provided novel opportunities for the discovery and characterization of bacterial probiotic effector molecules that elicit specific responses in the intestinal system. Furthermore, nutrigenomic analyses of the response to probiotics have unravelled the signalling and immune response pathways which are modulated by probiotic bacteria. Together, these genomic approaches and nutrigenomic analyses have identified several bacterial factors that are involved in modulation of the immune system and the mucosal barrier, and have revealed that a molecular 'bandwidth of human health' could represent a key determinant in an individual's physiological responsiveness to probiotics. These approaches may lead to improved stratification of consumers and to subpopulation-level probiotic supplementation to maintain or improve health, or to reduce the risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Bron
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Lebeer S, Claes IJJ, Vanderleyden J. Anti-inflammatory potential of probiotics: lipoteichoic acid makes a difference. Trends Microbiol 2011; 20:5-10. [PMID: 22030243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) mutants of lactobacilli suppress inflammation in animal models of experimental colitis. The fact that a single mutation of an administered Lactobacillus strain can result in enhanced probiotic efficacy is surprising given the genetic diversity and complexity of the intestinal niche, but at the same time exciting from a microbiological, immunological and gastroenterological point of view. In this Opinion article, we discuss the possible impacts of LTA modification in probiotic bacteria in the context of the current knowledge regarding the proinflammatory capacity of LTA, structure-activity relationships of LTA, intestinal LTA recognition in healthy and colitis conditions and anti-inflammatory molecules of lactobacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lebeer
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2460, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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Remus DM, Kleerebezem M, Bron PA. An intimate tête-à-tête — How probiotic lactobacilli communicate with the host. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668 Suppl 1:S33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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