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Alejandra WP, Miriam Irene JP, Fabio Antonio GS, Patricia RGR, Elizabeth TA, Juan Pablo AA, Rebeca GV. Production of monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic purposes: A review. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110376. [PMID: 37244118 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been used in the development of immunotherapies that target a variety of diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and even viral infections; they play a key role in immunization and are expected after vaccination. However, some conditions do not promote the development of neutralizing antibodies. Production and use of mAbs, generated in biofactories, represent vast potential as aids in immunological responses when the organism cannot produce them on their own, these convey unique specificity by recognizing and targeting specific antigen. Antibodies can be defined as heterotetrametric glycoproteins of symmetric nature, and they participate as effector proteins in humoral responses. Additionally, there are different types of mAbs (murine, chimeric, humanized, human, mAbs as Antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific mAbs) discussed in the present work. When these molecules are produced in vitro as mAbs, several common techniques, such as hybridomas or phage display are used. There are several preferred cell lines that function as biofactories, for the production of mAbs, the selection of which rely on the variation of adaptability, productivity and both phenotypic and genotypic shifts. After the cell expression systems and culture techniques are used, there are diverse specialized downstream processes to achieve desired yield and isolation as well as product quality and characterization. Novel perspectives regarding these protocols represent a potential improvement for mAbs high-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waller-Pulido Alejandra
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jiménez-Pérez Miriam Irene
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Science, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gonzalez-Sanchez Fabio Antonio
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | - Aleman-Aguilar Juan Pablo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Science, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Garcia-Varela Rebeca
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, 45138 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Wang YM, Shaw K, Zhang GY, Chung EYM, Hu M, Cao Q, Wang Y, Zheng G, Wu H, Chadban SJ, McCarthy HJ, Harris DCH, Mackay F, Grey ST, Alexander SI. Interleukin-33 Exacerbates IgA Glomerulonephritis in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing B Cell Activating Factor. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:966-984. [PMID: 35387873 PMCID: PMC9063894 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021081145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytokine IL-33 is an activator of innate lymphoid cells 2 (ILC2s) in innate immunity and allergic inflammation. B cell activating factor (BAFF) plays a central role in B cell proliferation and differentiation, and high levels of this protein cause excess antibody production, including IgA. BAFF-transgenic mice overexpress BAFF and spontaneously develop glomerulonephritis that resembles human IgA nephropathy. METHODS We administered IL-33 or PBS to wild-type and BAFF-transgenic mice. After treating Rag1-deficient mice with IL-33, with or without anti-CD90.2 to preferentially deplete ILC2s, we isolated splenocytes, which were adoptively transferred into BAFF-transgenic mice. RESULTS BAFF-transgenic mice treated with IL-33 developed more severe kidney dysfunction and proteinuria, glomerular sclerosis, tubulointerstitial damage, and glomerular deposition of IgA and C3. Compared with wild-type mice, BAFF-transgenic mice exhibited increases of CD19+ B cells in spleen and kidney and ILC2s in kidney and intestine, which were further increased by administration of IL-33. Administering IL-33 to wild-type mice had no effect on kidney function or histology, nor did it alter the number of ILC2s in spleen, kidney, or intestine. To understand the role of ILC2s, splenocytes were transferred from IL-33-treated Rag1-deficient mice into BAFF-transgenic mice. Glomerulonephritis and IgA deposition were exacerbated by transfer of IL-33-stimulated Rag1-deficient splenocytes, but not by ILC2 (anti-CD90.2)-depleted splenocytes. Wild-type mice infused with IL-33-treated Rag1-deficient splenocytes showed no change in kidney function or ILC2 numbers or distribution. CONCLUSIONS IL-33-expanded ILC2s exacerbated IgA glomerulonephritis in a mouse model. These findings indicate that IL-33 and ILC2s warrant evaluation as possible mediators of human IgA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karli Shaw
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoff Yu Zhang
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edmund Y M Chung
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Min Hu
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Huiling Wu
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven J Chadban
- Kidney Node Laboratory, The Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hugh J McCarthy
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- QIMR, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shane T Grey
- Transplantation Immunology Group, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Friebus-Kardash J, Branco L, Ribi C, Chizzolini C, Huynh-Do U, Dubler D, Roux-Lombard P, Dolff S, Kribben A, Eisenberger U, Trendelenburg M. Immune complexes containing serum B-cell activating factor and immunoglobulin G correlate with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2017; 33:54-64. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Beyond pan-B-cell-directed therapy - new avenues and insights into the pathogenesis of SLE. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 12:645-657. [PMID: 27733759 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New insights into the mechanisms of autoimmune diseases have been obtained not only from preclinical studies, but also from clinical trials of pan-B-cell-directed therapy. Overall, the results of these clinical trials suggest that more-specific approaches focusing on pathogenic B-cell functions, and perhaps sparing or even enhancing regulatory B-cell activity, might be attractive alternatives. Importantly, pathogenic B-cell subpopulations function within a network of cellular interactions, many of which might require additional interventions to restore immunologic balance and suppress autoimmune disease. Thus, approaches that simultaneously target innate immune cells as well as multiple nodes of T-cell and B-cell interactions might hold the promise of improved therapeutic efficacy. Interfering with B-cell intracellular signalling pathways, altering their intracellular metabolic pathways and perturbing transcription factors are additional options. This Review critically analyses these approaches, examines the role of cytokines and other functions of B-lineage cells separate from antibody secretion, and provides insights into the potential next generation of therapies targeting B-lineage cells.
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Medina-Rosas J, Al-Rayes H, Moustafa AT, Touma Z. Recent advances in the biologic therapy of lupus: the 10 most important areas to look for common pitfalls in clinical trials. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:1225-38. [PMID: 27429254 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2016.1214263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease affecting different organs. The improved knowledge of the disease's pathogenesis has contributed to the emergence of immune targets and new biologic drugs directed at them. Although rheumatologists continue to use off-label biologics in SLE resistant to other immunosuppressants, only belimumab has been approved as a biological therapy since 2011. AREAS COVERED In this review, an overview is provided on: 1) the classification of the biologic drugs in clinical trials and of those under research; 2) the results of clinical trials of biologic therapy with an interpretation of pitfalls and syntheses of potential approaches to overcome these pitfalls and, 3) the commonly used disease activity metrics and composite indices for assessing response to drugs. EXPERT OPINION Some drugs that have failed in previous drug trials have shown to be efficacious in the treatment of lupus in observational studies. Moreover, the post-hoc analyses of the data of negative drug trials have shown that results of the same trials could be altered with the modification of some pitfalls. For future clinical trials, the consideration of these pitfalls is crucial when designing clinical trials. This could potentially enhance the approval of novel drugs for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Medina-Rosas
- a Toronto Western Hospital, Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases , University of Toronto Lupus Clinic , Toronto , Canada
| | - Hanan Al-Rayes
- a Toronto Western Hospital, Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases , University of Toronto Lupus Clinic , Toronto , Canada
| | - Ahmed T Moustafa
- a Toronto Western Hospital, Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases , University of Toronto Lupus Clinic , Toronto , Canada
| | - Zahi Touma
- a Toronto Western Hospital, Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases , University of Toronto Lupus Clinic , Toronto , Canada
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