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Castelo-Soccio L, Kim H, Gadina M, Schwartzberg PL, Laurence A, O'Shea JJ. Protein kinases: drug targets for immunological disorders. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:787-806. [PMID: 37188939 PMCID: PMC10184645 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases play a major role in cellular activation processes, including signal transduction by diverse immunoreceptors. Given their roles in cell growth and death and in the production of inflammatory mediators, targeting kinases has proven to be an effective treatment strategy, initially as anticancer therapies, but shortly thereafter in immune-mediated diseases. Herein, we provide an overview of the status of small molecule inhibitors specifically generated to target protein kinases relevant to immune cell function, with an emphasis on those approved for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. The development of inhibitors of Janus kinases that target cytokine receptor signalling has been a particularly active area, with Janus kinase inhibitors being approved for the treatment of multiple autoimmune and allergic diseases as well as COVID-19. In addition, TEC family kinase inhibitors (including Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors) targeting antigen receptor signalling have been approved for haematological malignancies and graft versus host disease. This experience provides multiple important lessons regarding the importance (or not) of selectivity and the limits to which genetic information informs efficacy and safety. Many new agents are being generated, along with new approaches for targeting kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Castelo-Soccio
- Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanna Kim
- Juvenile Myositis Pathogenesis and Therapeutics Unit, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arian Laurence
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Self-Antigens Targeted by Regulatory T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063155. [PMID: 35328581 PMCID: PMC8954990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While progress has been made toward understanding mechanisms that lead to the development of autoimmunity, there is less knowledge regarding protective mechanisms from developing such diseases. For example, in type 1 diabetes (T1D), the immune-mediated form of diabetes, the role of pathogenic T cells in the destruction of pancreatic islets is well characterized, but immune-mediated mechanisms that contribute to T1D protection have not been fully elucidated. One potential protective mechanism includes the suppression of immune responses by regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) that recognize self-peptides from islets presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules. In this review, we summarize what is known about the antigenic self-peptides recognized by Tregs in the context of T1D.
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3
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Zhao Q, Dai H, Liu X, Jiang H, Liu W, Feng Z, Zhang N, Gao Y, Dong Z, Zhou X, Du J, Zhang N, Rui H, Yuan L, Liu B. Helper T Cells in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665629. [PMID: 34093559 PMCID: PMC8173183 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system produces an antibody response to its own antigens due to impaired immune tolerance. Although antibodies are derived from plasma cells differentiated by B cells, the T-B cells also contribute a lot to the immune system. In particular, the subsets of helper T (Th) cells, including the dominant subsets such as Th2, Th17, and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and the inferior subsets such as regulatory T (Treg) cells, shape the immune imbalance of IMN and promote the incidence and development of autoimmune responses. After reviewing the physiological knowledge of various subpopulations of Th cells and combining the existing studies on Th cells in IMN, the role model of Th cells in IMN was explained in this review. Finally, the existing clinical treatment regimens for IMN were reviewed, and the importance of the therapy for Th cells was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihan Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Dai
- Shunyi Branch, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xianli Liu
- Shunyi Branch, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hanxue Jiang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Feng
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Chinese Medicine Hospital Pinggu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaocheng Dong
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhou
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jieli Du
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Naiqian Zhang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Rui
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Baoli Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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4
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Papillion A, Ballesteros-Tato A. The Potential of Harnessing IL-2-Mediated Immunosuppression to Prevent Pathogenic B Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667342. [PMID: 33986755 PMCID: PMC8112607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive drugs can partially control Antibody (Ab)-dependent pathology. However, these therapeutic regimens must be maintained for the patient's lifetime, which is often associated with severe side effects. As research advances, our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of auto-reactive B cell responses has significantly advanced. As a result, novel immunotherapies aimed to restore immune tolerance and prevent disease progression in autoimmune patients are underway. In this regard, encouraging results from clinical and preclinical studies demonstrate that subcutaneous administration of low-doses of recombinant Interleukin-2 (r-IL2) has potent immunosuppressive effects in patients with autoimmune pathologies. Although the exact mechanism by which IL-2 induces immunosuppression remains unclear, the clinical benefits of the current IL-2-based immunotherapies are attributed to its effect on bolstering T regulatory (Treg) cells, which are known to suppress overactive immune responses. In addition to Tregs, however, rIL-2 also directly prevent the T follicular helper cells (Tfh), T helper 17 cells (Th17), and Double Negative (DN) T cell responses, which play critical roles in the development of autoimmune disorders and have the ability to help pathogenic B cells. Here we discuss the broader effects of rIL-2 immunotherapy and the potential of combining rIL-2 with other cytokine-based therapies to more efficiently target Tfh cells, Th17, and DN T cells and subsequently inhibit auto-antibody (ab) production in autoimmune patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Ballesteros-Tato
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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5
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Graßhoff H, Comdühr S, Monne LR, Müller A, Lamprecht P, Riemekasten G, Humrich JY. Low-Dose IL-2 Therapy in Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648408. [PMID: 33868284 PMCID: PMC8047324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are crucial for the maintenance of peripheral tolerance and for the control of ongoing inflammation and autoimmunity. The cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) is essentially required for the growth and survival of Treg in the peripheral lymphatic tissues and thus plays a vital role in the biology of Treg. Most autoimmune and rheumatic diseases exhibit disturbances in Treg biology either at a numerical or functional level resulting in an imbalance between protective and pathogenic immune cells. In addition, in some autoimmune diseases, a relative deficiency of IL-2 develops during disease pathogenesis leading to a disturbance of Treg homeostasis, which further amplifies the vicious cycle of tolerance breach and chronic inflammation. Low-dose IL-2 therapy aims either to compensate for this IL-2 deficiency to restore a physiological state or to strengthen the Treg population in order to be more effective in counter-regulating inflammation while avoiding global immunosuppression. Here we highlight key findings and summarize recent advances in the clinical translation of low-dose IL-2 therapy for the treatment of autoimmune and rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jens Y. Humrich
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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6
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AlHaddad J, Melhem G, Allos H, Azzi J. Regulatory T Cells: Promises and Challenges. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-020-00292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Wu R, Li N, Zhao X, Ding T, Xue H, Gao C, Li X, Wang C. Low-dose Interleukin-2: Biology and therapeutic prospects in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102645. [PMID: 32801037 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic aggressive arthritis that is characterized with systemic inflammation response, the production of abnormal antibodies, and persistent synovitis. One of the key mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of RA is the imbalance of CD4 + T lymphocyte subsets, from T helper (Th) 17 cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells to T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, which can mediate autoimmune inflammatory response to promote the overproduction of cytokines and abnormal antibodies. Although the treatment of RA has greatly changed due to the discovery of biological agents such as anti-TNF, the remission of it is still not satisfactory, thus, it is urgently required new treatment to realize the sustained remission of RA via restoring the immune tolerance. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been discovered to be a pleiotropic cytokine to promote inflammatory response and maintain immune tolerance. Low-dose IL-2 therapy is a driver of the imbalance between autoimmunity and immune tolerance towards immune tolerance, which has been tried to treat various autoimmune diseases. Recent researches show that low-dose IL-2 is a promising treatment for RA. In this review, we summarize the advances understandings in the biology of IL-2 and highlight the impact of the IL-2 pathway on the balance of Th17/Treg and Tfh/Tfr aiming to investigate the role of IL-2-mediated immune tolerance in RA and discuss the application and the therapeutic prospect of low-dose IL-2 in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihe Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiangcong Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Tingting Ding
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongwei Xue
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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8
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Feng M, Guo H, Zhang C, Wang Y, Liang Z, Zhao X, Qin Y, Wu Y, Liu G, Gao C, Luo J. Absolute reduction of regulatory T cells and regulatory effect of short-term and low-dose IL-2 in polymyositis or dermatomyositis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 77:105912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Shao Q, Gao H. Progress in interleukin-2 therapy for rheumatic immune diseases by regulating the immune balance of T cells. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12822. [PMID: 31494958 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breaking the balance between effector T cells, including Th17 (T helper cell 17) cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is a key link in the pathogenesis of rheumatic immune diseases, which lead to a new concept of regulating immune balance in the treatment of rheumatic immune diseases. Interleukin (IL)-2 can effectively regulate the differentiation, development and functional activity of regulatory T cells, thus restoring the immune balance between regulatory T cells and effector T cells. Therefore, low-dose IL-2 has been used in the treatment of rheumatic immune diseases, and it has become a promising new choice to achieve therapeutic purpose by regulating the immune balance of T cell. Here, we discuss the role of T cells immune imbalance in the pathogenesis of rheumatic immune diseases and the mechanism of IL-2 in the treatment of rheumatic immune diseases by regulating T cells immune balance and summarize the relevant clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shao
- Department of Rheumatology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Gao
- Department of Rheumatology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
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10
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Ballesteros-Tato A, Papillion A. Mechanisms of action of low-dose IL-2 restoration therapies in SLE. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 61:39-45. [PMID: 31450016 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) shortage is a hallmark of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Importantly, clinical and preclinical studies demonstrate the potential clinical benefits of IL-2-based restoration therapies for the treatment of SLE. Here we discuss the immunological consequences of IL-2 deficiency in SLE patients and the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of low-dose IL-2 regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Ballesteros-Tato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Amber Papillion
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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11
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Timasheva YR, Zaplakhova OV, Nasibullin TR, Tuktarova IA, Erdman VV, Bakhtiiarova KZ, Mustafina OE. Association between Allelic Variants of IL2, IL2RA, and IL7R Genes and Multiple Sclerosis. RUSS J GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795419030153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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The association between multiple sclerosis and genetic variations of TGFβ1 and IL2 genes in Iraqi patients. Meta Gene 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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13
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Antonioli L, Blandizzi C, Pacher P, Guilliams M, Haskó G. Rethinking Communication in the Immune System: The Quorum Sensing Concept. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:88-97. [PMID: 30611647 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quorum sensing was first described as the communication process bacteria employ to coordinate changes in gene expression and therefore, their collective behavior in response to population density. Emerging new evidence suggests that quorum sensing can also contribute to the regulation of immune cell responses. Quorum sensing might be achieved by the ability of immune cells to perceive the density of their own populations or those of other cells in their environment; responses to alterations in cell density might then be coordinated via changes in gene expression and protein signaling. Quorum sensing mechanisms can regulate T and B cell as well as macrophage function. We posit that perturbations in quorum sensing may undermine the balance between diverse immune cell populations and predispose the host to immune abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martin Guilliams
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Ontogeny and Functional Specialization, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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14
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Ye C, Brand D, Zheng SG. Targeting IL-2: an unexpected effect in treating immunological diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:2. [PMID: 29527328 PMCID: PMC5837126 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-017-0002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis since Treg dysfunction in both animals and humans is associated with multi-organ autoimmune and inflammatory disease. While IL-2 is generally considered to promote T-cell proliferation and enhance effector T-cell function, recent studies have demonstrated that treatments that utilize low-dose IL-2 unexpectedly induce immune tolerance and promote Treg development resulting in the suppression of unwanted immune responses and eventually leading to treatment of some autoimmune disorders. In the present review, we discuss the biology of IL-2 and its signaling to help define the key role played by IL-2 in the development and function of Treg cells. We also summarize proof-of-concept clinical trials which have shown that low-dose IL-2 can control autoimmune diseases safely and effectively by specifically expanding and activating Treg. However, future studies will be needed to validate a better and safer dosing strategy for low-dose IL-2 treatments utilizing well-controlled clinical trials. More studies will also be needed to validate the appropriate dose of IL-2/anti-cytokine or IL-2/anti-IL-2 complex in the experimental animal models before moving to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxiu Ye
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Brand
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Song G. Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA USA
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15
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Davick JJ, Gaughan E, Barry M, Gru AA. Primary Cutaneous Small/Medium CD4+ T-CELL Lymphoproliferative Disorder Occurring in a Patient With Metastatic Melanoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2018; 40:60-63. [PMID: 28719434 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic agents designed to stimulate the immune system are now cornerstones in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. These drugs promote lymphocyte growth and survival, which could plausibly result in clinical lymphoproliferative disorders. We report the case of a 62-year-old female with metastatic melanoma who developed primary cutaneous small/medium CD4 T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder (PC-SMTCL) after treatment with vemurafenib and recombinant high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2). The patient developed a painless red papule behind the ear. A biopsy showed a dense population of CD4 lymphocytes with a T-follicular helper cell phenotype. Molecular studies confirmed the presence of a clonal population of T cells, and the process was classified as PC-SMTCL. The patient was diagnosed with metastatic melanoma approximately 3 years before the development of the cutaneous lymphoma and had been treated with vemurafenib followed by 2 courses of IL-2. The patient's last course of IL-2 was completed in April of 2013. She developed the cutaneous lymphoma behind her ear in December of 2015. An association between PC-SMTCL and vemurafenib treatment for advanced melanoma has been reported previously in one patient; however, an association between PC-SMTCL and IL-2 treatment has not been documented. The immunostimulatory properties of IL-2 or vemurafenib may be responsible for the development of PC-SMTCL in our patient. Additionally, antigenic stimulation of the immune system by melanoma itself could contribute to clonal selection of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Davick
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Elizabeth Gaughan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Alejandro A Gru
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA
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16
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Vitamin D 3 supplementation and the IL-2/IL-2R pathway in multiple sclerosis: Attenuation of progressive disturbances? J Neuroimmunol 2017; 314:50-57. [PMID: 29153546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 upregulates IL-2 receptor alpha (IL2RA, CD25)-expression on CD4+ T cells in vitro. We investigated effects of 48-weeks vitamin D3 supplements on CD25-expression by CD4+ T cells of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). There was no significant difference between the vitamin D3 (n=30) and placebo group (n=23) in IL2RA mRNA-expression by PBMC. Likewise, CD25 cell surface-expression by conventional or regulatory T cells (Treg) did not differ between groups, although Treg CD25-expression and circulating soluble-CD25 levels decreased significantly in the placebo but not vitamin D3-group. We speculate that vitamin D3 may promote the maintenance of CD25-related immune homeostasis in MS.
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17
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Burren OS, Rubio García A, Javierre BM, Rainbow DB, Cairns J, Cooper NJ, Lambourne JJ, Schofield E, Castro Dopico X, Ferreira RC, Coulson R, Burden F, Rowlston SP, Downes K, Wingett SW, Frontini M, Ouwehand WH, Fraser P, Spivakov M, Todd JA, Wicker LS, Cutler AJ, Wallace C. Chromosome contacts in activated T cells identify autoimmune disease candidate genes. Genome Biol 2017; 18:165. [PMID: 28870212 PMCID: PMC5584004 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoimmune disease-associated variants are preferentially found in regulatory regions in immune cells, particularly CD4+ T cells. Linking such regulatory regions to gene promoters in disease-relevant cell contexts facilitates identification of candidate disease genes. Results Within 4 h, activation of CD4+ T cells invokes changes in histone modifications and enhancer RNA transcription that correspond to altered expression of the interacting genes identified by promoter capture Hi-C. By integrating promoter capture Hi-C data with genetic associations for five autoimmune diseases, we prioritised 245 candidate genes with a median distance from peak signal to prioritised gene of 153 kb. Just under half (108/245) prioritised genes related to activation-sensitive interactions. This included IL2RA, where allele-specific expression analyses were consistent with its interaction-mediated regulation, illustrating the utility of the approach. Conclusions Our systematic experimental framework offers an alternative approach to candidate causal gene identification for variants with cell state-specific functional effects, with achievable sample sizes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1285-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver S Burren
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Arcadio Rubio García
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Present address: JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Biola-Maria Javierre
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Present address: JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jonathan Cairns
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Nicholas J Cooper
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - John J Lambourne
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Ellen Schofield
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Xaquin Castro Dopico
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Present address: JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Richard Coulson
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Frances Burden
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Sophia P Rowlston
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Kate Downes
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Steven W Wingett
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Mattia Frontini
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Willem H Ouwehand
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK.,British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Peter Fraser
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Mikhail Spivakov
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Present address: JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Present address: JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Antony J Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.,Present address: JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Chris Wallace
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK. .,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK. .,MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK.
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18
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Alahgholi-Hajibehzad M, Durmuş H, Aysal F, Gülşen-Parman Y, Oflazer P, Deymeer F, Saruhan-Direskeneli G. The effect of interleukin (IL)-21 and CD4 + CD25 ++ T cells on cytokine production of CD4 + responder T cells in patients with myasthenia gravis. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:201-207. [PMID: 28671717 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of the suppressive function of regulatory T (Treg ) cells has been reported in myasthenia gravis (MG). In this study, cytokine-related mechanisms that may lead to the defect of Treg were investigated in patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive MG (AChR + MG). Proliferation and cytokine production of responder T (Tresp ) cells in response to polyclonal activation were measured in a suppression assay. The effect of interleukin (IL)-21 on suppression was evaluated in vitro in co-culture. IL-21 increased the proliferation of Tresp cells in Tresp /Treg co-cultures. Tresp cells from patients with MG secreted significantly lower levels of IL-2. In patients with MG, IL-2 levels did not change with the addition of Treg to cultures, whereas it decreased significantly in controls. In Tresp /Treg co-cultures, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 production increased in the presence of Treg in patients. Interferon (IFN)-γ was decreased, whereas IL-17A was increased in both patient and control groups. IL-21 inhibited the secretion of IL-4 in MG and healthy controls (HC), and IL-17A in HC only. The results demonstrated that IL-21 enhances the proliferation of Tresp cells in the presence of Treg . An effect of IL-21 mainly on Tresp cells through IL-2 is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alahgholi-Hajibehzad
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - H Durmuş
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Aysal
- Department of Neurology, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Y Gülşen-Parman
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - P Oflazer
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Deymeer
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - G Saruhan-Direskeneli
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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19
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Ruan GF, Zheng L, Huang JS, Huang WX, Gong BD, Fang XX, Zhang XY, Tang JP. Effect of mesenchymal stem cells on Sjögren-like mice and the microRNA expression profiles of splenic CD4+ T cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2828-2838. [PMID: 28587347 PMCID: PMC5450633 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) serve immuno-regulatory functions and offer a promising novel treatment for certain autoimmune diseases. The present study investigated the therapeutic effect of mice bone marrow (BM)-MSCs on mice with relatively late stage of Sjögren-like disease and the impact of BM-MSCs on the microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles of splenic CD4+ T cells. Female NOD/Ltj mice were randomized into two groups: The disease group (n=8) and the MSC-treated group (n=8). Female ICR mice served as the healthy control group (n=8). The MSC-treated group received an injection of MSCs when they were 26 weeks old. Water intake, blood glucose and salivary flow rate were measured and submandibular glands were resected and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to calculate the focus score. The concentrations of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, hepatocyte growth factor, interferon γ, IL-10, prostaglandin E2, transforming growth factor β1 and tumor necrosis factor-α in serum were measured using ELISA. The expression of miRNAs in splenic CD4+ T cells were measured using deep sequencing. The results demonstrated that treatment with BM-MSCs prevented a decline in the salivary flow rate and lymphocyte infiltration in the salivary glands of NOD mice, indicating that MSC-treatment had a therapeutic effect on NOD mice with relatively late stage of Sjögren-like disease. ELISA and deep sequencing results showed that the three groups of mice had different serum concentrations of cytokines/growth factors and different miRNA expression profiles of splenic CD4+ T cells. This implies that the alteration in serum levels of cytokines/growth factors and miRNA expression profiles of splenic CD4+ T cells may explain the therapeutic effect MSCs have on Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Feng Ruan
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Shu Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Xue Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Bang-Dong Gong
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Xing Fang
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Tang
- Department of Rheumatology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
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20
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Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy affects expression of adipogenic-regulating genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in lean male mice offspring. Eur J Nutr 2016; 57:723-730. [PMID: 28004271 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is a widespread issue that may have long-lasting consequences on offspring adiposity. We sought to determine how maternal vitamin D deficiency during the perinatal period would affect offspring adipose tissue development and gene expression. METHODS Female C57BL/6 J mice were fed either a vitamin D deficient (VDD) or control diet from 4 weeks before pregnancy (periconception) until 7 days postparturition. Male offspring were weighed and euthanized at 75 days of age (early adult period), at which point serum was collected for biochemical analyses, and perigonadal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (PGAT and SQAT, respectively) were excised, weighed, then flash-frozen for later histology and analyses of adipogenic gene expression. RESULTS All adult male offspring were nonobese; there were no significant differences in body weight, adipose pad weight, or adipocyte size. However, VDD-exposed offspring had greater expression of the adipogenic-regulating genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) and vitamin D receptor (Vdr). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that exposure to vitamin D deficiency during the perinatal period can directly affect genes involved in the development of adipose tissue in nonobese offspring. These novel findings invite further investigation into the mechanisms by which maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy affects adipose development and metabolic health of offspring.
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21
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Activation of the adenosine A2A receptor exacerbates experimental autoimmune neuritis in Lewis rats in association with enhanced humoral immunity. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 293:129-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Zhang D, Tu E, Kasagi S, Zanvit P, Chen Q, Chen W. Manipulating regulatory T cells: a promising strategy to treat autoimmunity. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:1201-11. [PMID: 26568117 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are extremely important in maintaining immune tolerance. Manipulation of Treg cells, especially autoantigen-specific Treg cells is a promising approach for treatments of autoimmune disease since Treg cells may provide the advantage of antigen specificity without overall immune suppression. However, the clinical application of Treg cells has long been limited due to low numbers of Treg cells and the difficulty in identifying their antigen specificity. In this review, we summarize studies that demonstrate regression of autoimmune diseases using Treg cells as therapeutics. We also discuss approaches to generate polyclonal and autoantigen-specific Treg cells in vitro and in vivo. We also discuss our recent study that describes a novel approach of generating autoantigen-specific Treg cells in vivo and restoring immune tolerance by two steps apoptosis-antigen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunfang Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Eric Tu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shimpei Kasagi
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter Zanvit
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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