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Köppen J, Kleinschmidt M, Morawski M, Rahfeld JU, Wermann M, Cynis H, Hegenbart U, Daniel C, Roßner S, Schilling S, Schulze A. Identification of isoaspartate-modified transthyretin as potential target for selective immunotherapy of transthyretin amyloidosis. Amyloid 2024; 31:184-194. [PMID: 38801321 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2024.2358121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies suggest a progressive accumulation of post-translationally modified peptides within amyloid fibrils, including isoaspartate (isoD) modifications. Here, we generated and characterised novel monoclonal antibodies targeting isoD-modified transthyretin (TTR). The antibodies were used to investigate the presence of isoD-modified TTR in deposits from transthyretin amyloidosis patients and to mediate antibody-dependent phagocytosis of TTR fibrils. METHODS Monoclonal antibodies were generated by immunisation of mice using an isoD-modified peptide and subsequent hybridoma generation. The antibodies were characterised in terms of affinity and specificity to isoD-modified TTR using surface plasmon resonance, transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining of human cardiac tissue. The potential to elicit antibody-dependent phagocytosis of TTR fibrils was assessed using THP-1 cells. RESULTS We developed two mouse monoclonal antibodies, 2F2 and 4D4, with high nanomolar affinity for isoD-modified TTR and strong selectivity over the unmodified epitope. Both antibodies show presence of isoD-modified TTR in human cardiac tissue, but not in freshly purified recombinant TTR, suggesting isoD modification only present in aged fibrillar deposits. Likewise, the antibodies only facilitated phagocytosis of TTR fibrils and not TTR monomers by THP-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS These antibodies label aged, non-native TTR deposits, leaving native TTR unattended and thereby potentially enabling new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janett Köppen
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin Kleinschmidt
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute - Center of Neuropathology and Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Michael Wermann
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Holger Cynis
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ute Hegenbart
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Amyloidosis Center, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute - Center of Neuropathology and Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Schilling
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Faculty of Applied Biosciences and Bioprocess Technology, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Köthen, Germany
| | - Anja Schulze
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Faculty of Applied Biosciences and Bioprocess Technology, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Köthen, Germany
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2
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Pinto MV, França MC, Gonçalves MVM, Machado-Costa MC, Freitas MRGD, Gondim FDAA, Marrone CD, Martinez ARM, Moreira CL, Nascimento OJM, Covaleski APP, Oliveira ASBD, Pupe CCB, Rodrigues MMJ, Rotta FT, Scola RH, Marques W, Waddington-Cruz M. Brazilian consensus for diagnosis, management and treatment of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis with peripheral neuropathy: second edition. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2023; 81:308-321. [PMID: 37059440 PMCID: PMC10104762 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1764412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis with peripheral neuropathy (ATTRv-PN) is an autosomal dominant inherited sensorimotor and autonomic polyneuropathy with over 130 pathogenic variants identified in the TTR gene. Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis with peripheral neuropathy is a disabling, progressive and life-threatening genetic condition that leads to death in ∼ 10 years if untreated. The prospects for ATTRv-PN have changed in the last decades, as it has become a treatable neuropathy. In addition to liver transplantation, initiated in 1990, there are now at least 3 drugs approved in many countries, including Brazil, and many more are being developed. The first Brazilian consensus on ATTRv-PN was held in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil, in June 2017. Given the new advances in the area over the last 5 years, the Peripheral Neuropathy Scientific Department of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology organized a second edition of the consensus. Each panelist was responsible for reviewing the literature and updating a section of the previous paper. Thereafter, the 18 panelists got together virtually after careful review of the draft, discussed each section of the text, and reached a consensus for the final version of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinicius Pinto
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Centro de Estudos em Paramiloidose Antônio Rodrigues de Mello, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Neurology, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Raimundo Gomes de Freitas
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Centro de Estudos em Paramiloidose Antônio Rodrigues de Mello, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Carlo Domenico Marrone
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital São Lucas, Clínica Marrone e Ambulatório de Doenças Neuromusculare, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francisco Tellechea Rotta
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Marques
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Waddington-Cruz
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Centro de Estudos em Paramiloidose Antônio Rodrigues de Mello, Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
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3
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Hou Y, Gao Y, Guo S, Zhang Z, Chen R, Zhang X. Applications of spatially resolved omics in the field of endocrine tumors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:993081. [PMID: 36704039 PMCID: PMC9873308 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.993081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine tumors derive from endocrine cells with high heterogeneity in function, structure and embryology, and are characteristic of a marked diversity and tissue heterogeneity. There are still challenges in analyzing the molecular alternations within the heterogeneous microenvironment for endocrine tumors. Recently, several proteomic, lipidomic and metabolomic platforms have been applied to the analysis of endocrine tumors to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tumor genesis, progression and metastasis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of spatially resolved proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics guided by mass spectrometry imaging and spatially resolved microproteomics directed by microextraction and tandem mass spectrometry. In this regard, we will discuss different mass spectrometry imaging techniques, including secondary ion mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and desorption electrospray ionization. Additionally, we will highlight microextraction approaches such as laser capture microdissection and liquid microjunction extraction. With these methods, proteins can be extracted precisely from specific regions of the endocrine tumor. Finally, we compare applications of proteomic, lipidomic and metabolomic platforms in the field of endocrine tumors and outline their potentials in elucidating cellular and molecular processes involved in endocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shudi Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- General Surgery, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruibing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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4
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Damy T, Adams D, Bridoux F, Grateau G, Planté-Bordeneuve V, Ghiron Y, Farrugia A, Pelcot F, Taieb C, Labeyrie C, Jaccard A, Georgin-Lavialle S. Amyloidosis from the patient perspective: the French daily impact of amyloidosis study. Amyloid 2022; 29:165-174. [PMID: 35144512 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2022.2035354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloidosis is a complex group of rare conditions. For patients, amyloidosis is severely debilitating: physically and psychologically. Currently, data are lacking to evaluate the medical, economic, and social burden of systemic amyloidosis. OBJECTIVE To analyse the patient burden according to the main types of systemic amyloidosis. METHODS The French Daily Impact of Amyloidosis study was an observational, cross-sectional and non-interventional study. Adults diagnosed with light chain (AL), transthyretin (ATTR), amyloid A (AA) and other rare forms of amyloidosis were eligible. Data regarding amyloidosis prevalence, diagnosis, management, and impact on everyday life were collected using a study-specific survey built by the Association Française Contre l'Amylose (AFCA) and the four French National Referral Centres for Amyloidosis. RESULTS A total of 603 patients, predominantly male (65%) with an average age of 66.8 years, including 170 AL, 224 ATTRv, 109 ATTRwt and 25 AA amyloidosis patients, completed the study-specific survey. The median delay from presentation to confirmed diagnosis was 27.4 months but varied according to amyloidosis type. Patients before diagnosis had breathlessness (49%), tingling sensation (33%), pain (28%), difficulty in walking (28%) and weight loss (22%). Amyloidosis was most frequently suspected (49%) and confirmed (57%) in local hospitals but managed in French amyloidosis referral centres (58%). Patients often reported problems with mobility, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression, but not with self-care. CONCLUSIONS Systemic amyloidosis severely impacts daily life. The delay to confirmed amyloidosis diagnosis needs to be reduced. Early, effective treatment is required to optimise patient benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Damy
- Referral Centre for Cardiac Amyloidosis, GRC Amyloid Research Institute, Reseau amylase, Créteil, France.,Filière CARDIOGEN.,Department of Cardiology, DHU A-TVB, CHU Henri Mondor, AP-HP, INSERM U955 and UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - David Adams
- Filière FILNEMUS.,Referral Center for Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy (NNERF), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Departement of Neurology, CHU Bicêtre, AP-HP, INSERM U 1195 and University of Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Frank Bridoux
- Referral Center for AL amyloidosis, Limoges, France.,Filière MARIH, Paris, France.,Department of Nephrology, CHRU Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Gilles Grateau
- Filière FAI2R.,Department of Internal Medicine, Sorbonne University, GRC AA SU, CHU Tenon, AP-HP, National Reference Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and AA Amyloidosis (CEREMAIA), Paris, France
| | - Violaine Planté-Bordeneuve
- Referral Centre for Cardiac Amyloidosis, GRC Amyloid Research Institute, Reseau amylase, Créteil, France.,Department of Neurology, CHU Henri Mondor, AP-HP, INSERM U955 and UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Yves Ghiron
- Department of Cardiology, DHU A-TVB, CHU Henri Mondor, AP-HP, INSERM U955 and UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Agnès Farrugia
- Association Française Contre l'Amylose, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Céline Labeyrie
- Filière FILNEMUS.,Referral Center for Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy (NNERF), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Departement of Neurology, CHU Bicêtre, AP-HP, INSERM U 1195 and University of Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Arnaud Jaccard
- Referral Center for AL amyloidosis, Limoges, France.,Filière MARIH, Paris, France.,Department of Hematology, CHRU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Sophie Georgin-Lavialle
- Filière FAI2R.,Department of Internal Medicine, Sorbonne University, GRC AA SU, CHU Tenon, AP-HP, National Reference Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and AA Amyloidosis (CEREMAIA), Paris, France
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5
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Karam C, Brown D, Yang M, Done N, Dieye I, Bozas A, Vera Llonch M, Signorovitch J. Factors Associated with Increased Health-Related Quality of Life Benefits in Patients with Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis with Polyneuropathy (ATTRv-PN) Treated with Inotersen. Muscle Nerve 2022; 66:319-328. [PMID: 35766224 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis with polyneuropathy (ATTRv-PN) is a genetic condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to identify patient subgroups exhibiting the greatest health-related quality of life [HRQL] benefit from inotersen treatment. METHODS We examined data from the inotersen phase 2/3 randomized controlled trial for ATTRv-PN, NEURO-TTR (NCT01737398, 66 weeks). LASSO regression models predicted changes in Norfolk QoL-DN total score (TQoL, range -4 to 136; higher scores indicate poorer HRQL) from baseline in the inotersen and placebo arm, respectively. Individualized efficacy scores (ES) were calculated as differences between predicted change-scores had patients received inotersen vs. placebo. Patients were ranked by ES to define the greatest-benefit subpopulation (top 50%). Characteristics of the top 50% and bottom 50% of patients were compared. RESULTS The overall mean ± standard deviation TQoL change was -0.20±19.13 for inotersen (indicating no change) and 10.77±21.13 for placebo (indicating deterioration). Within the highest-benefit patients, mean TQoL change was -11.03±17.06 (improvement) for inotersen and 11.24±22.97 (deterioration) for placebo (P<0.001). Compared with the overall population, patients in the greatest-benefit subpopulation were younger, more likely to have polyneuropathy disability (PND) scores 1 or 2, less likely to have received prior tafamidis or diflunisal treatment, and more likely to have Val30Met mutations and higher (worse) baseline TQoL. CONCLUSION Patients who were younger and/or at earlier polyneuropathy stages experienced greater HRQL benefits from inotersen over 66 weeks. These findings underscore the need for early diagnosis and treatment initiation, especially among more severely affected patients in early stages of ATTRv-PN. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chafic Karam
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Duncan Brown
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals/Akcea Therapeutics, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Min Yang
- Analysis Group, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicolae Done
- Analysis Group, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ibou Dieye
- Analysis Group, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Bozas
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals/Akcea Therapeutics, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Yan W, Li P, Wu C, Zhou C, Liao A, Yang W, Wang H. Case Report: Management of Primary Tracheobronchial Light Chain Amyloidosis in a Patient With Biclonal Gammopathy Using a Systemic Bortezomib-Based Regimen. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:728561. [PMID: 34722570 PMCID: PMC8554224 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.728561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary tracheobronchial light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare and heterogeneous disease characterized by the buildup of amyloid deposits in the airway mucosa. Although its treatment remains challenging, the current view is that the localized form can be treated conservatively due to its slow progression. While radiotherapy has proven effective in treating localized form of the disease, some patients do not respond to local treatment and continue to experience poor quality of life, highlighting the need to explore additional treatment strategies. In this report, we discuss a case of primary tracheobronchial AL amyloidosis with biclonal gammopathy (IgA κ and IgG κ) in a 46-year-old man who was transferred to our hospital due to dyspnea progression over the preceding 3 years. Chest computed tomography revealed irregular tracheobronchial stenosis with wall thickening, and histological examination of the bronchial biopsies confirmed the diagnosis of endobronchial AL amyloidosis. Owing to the poor effect of radiation therapy and treatments for improving airway patency, he was treated with a systemic chemotherapy regimen [cyclophosphamide-bortezomib-dexamethasone (CyBorD)]. We observed substantial improvements in his dyspnea, highlighting the potential of systemic therapy to improve quality of life of patients with tracheobronchial AL amyloidosis. However, the long-term pathological changes associated with local bronchial lesions require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cen Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuming Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aijun Liao
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huihan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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7
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Benson MD, Dasgupta NR, Rao R. Diagnosis and Screening of Patients with Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis (hATTR): Current Strategies and Guidelines. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2020; 16:749-758. [PMID: 32884276 PMCID: PMC7434568 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s185677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The outlook for transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is changing with the availability of new and emerging treatments. ATTR now appears to be more common than previously thought and is no longer viewed as an obscure diagnosis with a grim prognosis. Now more than ever, there is growing emphasis on the need for early diagnosis because the treatments appear to be most effective if started in earlier stages of the disease. Diagnosing ATTR is a challenge as it may initially present with nonspecific symptoms and it is often thought of as a diagnosis of exclusion. Increased awareness is imperative as new treatments offer hope and have the potential to change the disease trajectory. ATTR commonly presents with neurological and cardiac features. Transthyretin (TTR) is a protein produced in the liver which misfolds either due to genetic mutations or due to aging and results in deposition of amyloid fibrils in organs and tissues. Apart from the traditional imaging modalities, newer techniques including echocardiographic strain imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear scintigraphy, as well as the increased availability of genetic testing are aiding in making a timely diagnosis. In this review, we present the current understanding of the ATTR disease process, diagnostic and surveillance approaches, newer treatment modalities, and the future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Benson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - N R Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46040, USA
| | - R Rao
- Division of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46040, USA
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8
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Lozano-Cruz T, Alcarraz-Vizán G, de la Mata FJ, de Pablo S, Ortega P, Duarte Y, Bravo-Moraga F, González-Nilo FD, Novials A, Gómez R. Cationic Carbosilane Dendritic Systems as Promising Anti-Amyloid Agents in Type 2 Diabetes. Chemistry 2020; 26:7609-7621. [PMID: 32259327 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The most common denominator of many of the neurodegenerative diseases is badly folded protein accumulation, which results in the formation of insoluble protein deposits located in different parts of the organism, causing cell death and tissue degeneration. Dendritic systems have turned out to be a promising new therapeutic approach for the treatment of these diseases due to their ability to modulate the folding of these proteins. With this perspective, and focused on type 2 diabetes (T2D), characterized by the presence of deposits containing the amyloidogenic islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), we demonstrate how different topologies of cationic carbosilane dendrimers inhibit the formation of insoluble protein deposits in pancreatic islets isolated from transgenic Tg-hIAPP mice. Also, the results obtained by the modification of dendritic carbosilane wedges with the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) at the focal point confirmed their potential as anti-amyloid agents with a concentration efficiency in their therapeutic action five orders of magnitude lower than that observed for free 4-PBA. Computational studies, which determined the main interaction between IAPP and dendrimers at the atomic level, support the experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Lozano-Cruz
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 028029, Madrid, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), IRYCIS, Colmenar Viejo Road, Km 9, 100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Alcarraz-Vizán
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre Diabetes and, Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier de la Mata
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 028029, Madrid, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), IRYCIS, Colmenar Viejo Road, Km 9, 100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara de Pablo
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Ortega
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 028029, Madrid, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), IRYCIS, Colmenar Viejo Road, Km 9, 100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yorley Duarte
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Bravo-Moraga
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando D González-Nilo
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience of Valparaíso, Faculty of Science, University of Valparaíso, 2340000, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Anna Novials
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre Diabetes and, Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28805, Madrid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 028029, Madrid, Spain.,Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), IRYCIS, Colmenar Viejo Road, Km 9, 100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
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