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Li G, Lee C, Read AT, Wang K, Ha J, Kuhn M, Navarro I, Cui J, Young K, Gorijavolu R, Sulchek T, Kopczynski C, Farsiu S, Samples J, Challa P, Ethier CR, Stamer WD. Anti-fibrotic activity of a rho-kinase inhibitor restores outflow function and intraocular pressure homeostasis. eLife 2021; 10:60831. [PMID: 33783352 PMCID: PMC8009676 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used as an ophthalmic medication. A common, sight-threatening adverse event of glucocorticoid usage is ocular hypertension, caused by dysfunction of the conventional outflow pathway. We report that netarsudil, a rho-kinase inhibitor, decreased glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension in patients whose intraocular pressures were poorly controlled by standard medications. Mechanistic studies in our established mouse model of glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension show that netarsudil both prevented and reduced intraocular pressure elevation. Further, netarsudil attenuated characteristic steroid-induced pathologies as assessed by quantification of outflow function and tissue stiffness, and morphological and immunohistochemical indicators of tissue fibrosis. Thus, rho-kinase inhibitors act directly on conventional outflow cells to prevent or attenuate fibrotic disease processes in glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension in an immune-privileged environment. Moreover, these data motivate the need for a randomized prospective clinical study to determine whether netarsudil is indeed superior to first-line anti-glaucoma drugs in lowering steroid-induced ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Chanyoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - A Thomas Read
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Jungmin Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | - Megan Kuhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Iris Navarro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Jenny Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Katherine Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Rahul Gorijavolu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Todd Sulchek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | | | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - John Samples
- Washington State University Floyd Elson School of Medicine, Spokane, United States
| | - Pratap Challa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - C Ross Ethier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, United States
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Bertrand JA, Woodward DF, Sherwood JM, Wang JW, Overby DR. The role of EP 2 receptors in mediating the ultra-long-lasting intraocular pressure reduction by JV-GL1. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:1610-1616. [PMID: 33239414 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single application of JV-GL1 substantially lowers non-human primate intraocular pressure (IOP) for about a week, independent of dose. This highly protracted effect does not correlate with its ocular biodisposition or correlate with the once-daily dosing regimen for other prostanoid EP2 receptor agonists such as trapenepag or omidenepag. The underlying pharmacological mechanism for the multiday extended activity of JV-GL1 is highly intriguing. The present studies were intended to determine EP2 receptor involvement in mediating the long-term ocular hypotensive activity of JV-GL1 by using mice genetically deficient in EP2 receptors. METHODS The protracted IOP reduction produced by JV-GL1 was investigated in C57BL/6J and EP2 receptor knock-out mice (B6.129-Ptger2tm1Brey /J; EP2KO). Both ocular normotensive and steroid-induced ocular hypertensive (SI-OHT) mice were studied. IOP was measured tonometrically under general anaesthesia. Aqueous humour outflow facility was measured ex vivo using iPerfusion in normotensive C57BL/6J mouse eyes perfused with 100 nM de-esterified JV-GL1 and in SI-OHT C57BL/6J mouse eyes that had received topical JV-GL1 (0.01%) 3 days prior. RESULTS Both the initial 1-day and the protracted multiday effects of JV-GL1 in the SI-OHT model for glaucoma were abolished by deletion of the gene encoding the EP2 receptor. Thus, JV-GL1 did not lower IOP in SI-OHT EP2KO mice, but in littermate SI-OHT EP2WT control mice, JV-GL1 statistically significantly lowered IOP for 4-6 days. CONCLUSIONS Both the 1-day and the long-term effects of JV-GL1 on IOP are entirely EP2 receptor dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David F Woodward
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,JeniVision Inc, Suite 200, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Jenny W Wang
- JeniVision Inc, Suite 200, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Darryl R Overby
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Gote V, Sikder S, Sicotte J, Pal D. Ocular Drug Delivery: Present Innovations and Future Challenges. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:602-624. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.256933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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In vivo measurement of trabecular meshwork stiffness in a corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertensive mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1714-1722. [PMID: 30651311 PMCID: PMC6358695 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814889116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular corticosteroids are commonly used clinically. Unfortunately, their administration frequently leads to ocular hypertension, i.e., elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), which, in turn, can progress to a form of glaucoma known as steroid-induced glaucoma. The pathophysiology of this condition is poorly understood yet shares similarities with the most common form of glaucoma. Using nanotechnology, we created a mouse model of corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension. This model functionally and morphologically resembles human ocular hypertension, having titratable, robust, and sustained IOPs caused by increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow. Using this model, we then interrogated the biomechanical properties of the trabecular meshwork (TM), including the inner wall of Schlemm's canal (SC), tissues known to strongly influence IOP and to be altered in other forms of glaucoma. Specifically, using spectral domain optical coherence tomography, we observed that SC in corticosteroid-treated mice was more resistant to collapse at elevated IOPs, reflecting increased TM stiffness determined by inverse finite element modeling. Our noninvasive approach to monitoring TM stiffness in vivo is applicable to other forms of glaucoma and has significant potential to monitor TM function and thus positively affect the clinical care of glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide.
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Wang H, Li M, Zhang Z, Xue H, Chen X, Ji Y. Physiological function of myocilin and its role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma in the trabecular meshwork (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:671-681. [PMID: 30483726 PMCID: PMC6317685 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocilin is highly expressed in the trabecular meshwork (TM), which plays an important role in the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP). Myocilin abnormalities may cause dysfunction of the TM, potentially leading to increased IOP. High IOP is a well‑known primary risk factor for glaucoma. Myocilin mutations are common among glaucoma patients, and they are implicated in juvenile‑onset open‑angle glaucoma (JOAG) and adult‑onset primary open‑angle glaucoma (POAG). Aggregation of aberrant mutant myocilins is closely associated with glaucoma pathogenesis. The aim of the present review was to discuss the recent findings regarding the major physiological functions of myocilin, such as intra‑ and extracellular proteolytic processes. We also aimed to discuss the risk factors associated with myocilin and the development of glaucoma, such as misfolded/mutant myocilin, imbalance of myocilin and extracellular proteins, and instability of mutant myocilin associated with temperature. Finally, we further outlined certain issues that are yet to be resolved, which may represent the basis for future studies on the role of myocilin in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhe Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Xue
- Public Health School, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Science and Education, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, P.R. China
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu 214500, P.R. China
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Owiti AO, Pal D, Mitra A. PSMA Antibody-Conjugated Pentablock Copolymer Nanomicellar Formulation for Targeted Delivery to Prostate Cancer. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3534-3549. [PMID: 30151731 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to develop a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) antibody-conjugated drug-loaded nanomicelles using MPEG--PLA-PCL-PLA-PEG-NH2 pentablock copolymer for targeted delivery of hydrophobic anticancer drugs to prostate cancer cells. During this experiment, monomers of L-lactide, ε-caprolactone, poly(ethylene glycol)-methyl ether, and poly(ethylene glycol)-NH2 were used to prepare pentablock copolymer using the ring opening technique. The pentablock nanomicellar (PBNM) formulation was prepared by the evaporation-rehydration method. The resultant pentablock nanomicelles were then conjugated with PSMA antibody resulting in PSMA-Ab-PTX-PBNM. Both the block copolymers and the nanomicelles were analyzed by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The obtained nanomicelles (NM) were then analyzed for size and zeta potential using dynamic light scattering-dynamic laser scattering (DLS) and then further submitted to H-NMR and TEM analyses. The XRD, FTIR, and the H-NMR analyses confirmed the structure of the pentablock copolymers. The average size for conjugated nanomicellar was 45 nm ± 2.5 nm. The average (ζ-potential) was around - 28 mV. H-NMR and FTIR analysis done on PSMA-coupled paclitaxel-loaded PBNM showed peaks characteristic of the drug (paclitaxel) and the polymer, confirming the successful encapsulation. TEM analysis showed well-defined spherical morphology and confirmed the size range obtained by the DLS. In vitro release studies revealed sustained slow of PTX in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Confocal scanning microscopy (TEM) of coumarin6-loaded in PBNM indicated that pentablock nanomicelles were internalized into the prostate cancer (PC-3) cells. Cell proliferation assay showed that nanomicelles ferried paclitaxel into the PC-3 cells and subsequently reduced the cell proliferation. The results depict PTX-PBNM-Ab as a suitable carrier for targeted delivery of drugs to prostate cancer cells.
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Owiti AO, Mitra A, Joseph M, Pal D. Strategic Pentablock Copolymer Nanomicellar Formulation for Paclitaxel Delivery System. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3110-3122. [PMID: 30112614 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomicelles (NM) enhance solubility and absorption of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Various polymers and non-polymers are utilized to prepare nanomicellar formulations to achieve high absorption and delivery of drugs. The main purpose of this study was to develop drug-loaded nanomicelles with pentablock copolymers for paclitaxel delivery. Monomers of lactide, ε-caprolactone, and polyethylene-glycol were utilized to prepare pentablock copolymer by ring opening technique. The pentablock nanomicelles (PBNM) were formulated by evaporation and rehydration. Both copolymers and nanomicelles were analyzed by H-NMR, FTIR, and XRD. Nanomicelles were further analyzed for size and zeta potential using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and by H-NMR and TEM. The XRD, FTIR, and H-NMR analyses confirmed the structures of the pentablock copolymers. Average size was 20 nm ± 5.00 nm, and ζ-potential is around zero. H-NMR and FTIR analyses for Paclitaxel-PBNM indicated peaks of paclitaxel and the polymer, confirming successful encapsulation. TEM showed spherical morphology and size range similar to that obtained by DLS. In vitro release studies revealed slow first-order paclitaxel release rate from pentablock nanomicelles in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis with coumarin-6-loaded in PBNM indicated that pentablock nanomicelles were efficiently taken into prostate cancer (PC-3) cells. Cell proliferation assay showed that nanomicelles were able to ferry adequate amounts of paclitaxel drug into PC-3 cells and subsequently inhibiting PC-3 cell proliferation significantly. Results confirmed that pentablock copolymer can generate drug-loaded nanomicelles with desirable sizes and zeta potential. These demonstrate potentiality of pentablock nanomicelles as carrier for anticancer delivery.
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Advances and applications of block-copolymer-based nanoformulations. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1139-1151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang K, Li G, Read AT, Navarro I, Mitra AK, Stamer WD, Sulchek T, Ethier CR. The relationship between outflow resistance and trabecular meshwork stiffness in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5848. [PMID: 29643342 PMCID: PMC5895808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24165-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that common mechanisms may underlie the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and steroid-induced glaucoma (SIG). The biomechanical properties (stiffness) of the trabecular meshwork (TM) have been shown to differ between POAG patients and unaffected individuals. While features such as ocular hypertension and increased outflow resistance in POAG and SIG have been replicated in mouse models, whether changes of TM stiffness contributes to altered IOP homeostasis remains unknown. We found that outer TM was stiffer than the inner TM and, there was a significant positive correlation between outflow resistance and TM stiffness in mice where conditions are well controlled. This suggests that TM stiffness is intimately involved in establishing outflow resistance, motivating further studies to investigate factors underlying TM biomechanical property regulation. Such factors may play a role in the pathophysiology of ocular hypertension. Additionally, this finding may imply that manipulating TM may be a promising approach to restore normal outflow dynamics in glaucoma. Further, novel technologies are being developed to measure ocular tissue stiffness in situ. Thus, the changes of TM stiffness might be a surrogate marker to help in diagnosing altered conventional outflow pathway function if those technologies could be adapted to TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America
| | - Guorong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States of America
| | - A Thomas Read
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America
| | - Iris Navarro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States of America
| | - Ashim K Mitra
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, 64110, United States of America
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, United States of America
| | - Todd Sulchek
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America
| | - C Ross Ethier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America. .,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America.
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