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Bernareggi D, Xie Q, Prager BC, Yun J, Cruz LS, Pham TV, Kim W, Lee X, Coffey M, Zalfa C, Azmoon P, Zhu H, Tamayo P, Rich JN, Kaufman DS. CHMP2A regulates tumor sensitivity to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1899. [PMID: 35393416 PMCID: PMC8990014 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are known to mediate killing of various cancer types, but tumor cells can develop resistance mechanisms to escape NK cell-mediated killing. Here, we use a "two cell type" whole genome CRISPR-Cas9 screening system to discover key regulators of tumor sensitivity and resistance to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in human glioblastoma stem cells (GSC). We identify CHMP2A as a regulator of GSC resistance to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and we confirm these findings in a head and neck squamous cells carcinoma (HNSCC) model. We show that deletion of CHMP2A activates NF-κB in tumor cells to mediate increased chemokine secretion that promotes NK cell migration towards tumor cells. In the HNSCC model we demonstrate that CHMP2A mediates tumor resistance to NK cells via secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that express MICA/B and TRAIL. These secreted ligands induce apoptosis of NK cells to inhibit their antitumor activity. To confirm these in vitro studies, we demonstrate that deletion of CHMP2A in CAL27 HNSCC cells leads to increased NK cell-mediated killing in a xenograft immunodeficient mouse model. These findings illustrate a mechanism of tumor immune escape through EVs secretion and identify inhibition of CHMP2A and related targets as opportunities to improve NK cell-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bernareggi
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Qi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Briana C Prager
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Cleveland Clinic & Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jiyoung Yun
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Luisjesus S Cruz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timothy V Pham
- Center for Novel Therapeutics and Moores Cancer Center, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - William Kim
- Center for Novel Therapeutics and Moores Cancer Center, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiqing Lee
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Michael Coffey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Zalfa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pardis Azmoon
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Huang Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- Center for Novel Therapeutics and Moores Cancer Center, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dan S Kaufman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Vucetic A, Filho ADSL, Dong G, Olivier M. Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Leishmania spp. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2116:555-574. [PMID: 32221942 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0294-2_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, a class of extracellular vesicles, are released by eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea, as evident from both in vitro and in vivo studies. These nano-sized double-membraned vesicles play an important role in cell-to-cell communication, dysregulation of the immune system, and pathogenesis in a number of diseases, including leishmaniasis. Leishmania is a genus of obligate intracellular parasites, which infect host macrophages, are transmitted through the bite of a sandfly, and are shown to secrete exosomes with immunomodulatory activities. Given the importance of these vesicles in Leishmania spp. virulence, it is necessary to perform appropriate isolation and characterization in order to further study their relevance in the parasite's infectious life cycle. In this chapter, we describe four methods for the isolation of extracellular vesicles derived from Leishmania species including ultracentrifugation, polyethylene glycol-based precipitation, size-exclusion chromatography, and sucrose-gradient fractionation. Further, we describe the preparation of isolated samples for characterization by nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and proteomic profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vucetic
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health (IDIGH) Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alonso Da Silva Lira Filho
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health (IDIGH) Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - George Dong
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health (IDIGH) Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health (IDIGH) Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Poggio M, Hu T, Pai CC, Chu B, Belair CD, Chang A, Montabana E, Lang UE, Fu Q, Fong L, Blelloch R. Suppression of Exosomal PD-L1 Induces Systemic Anti-tumor Immunity and Memory. Cell 2019; 177:414-427.e13. [PMID: 30951669 PMCID: PMC6499401 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 805] [Impact Index Per Article: 161.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PD-L1 on the surface of tumor cells binds its receptor PD-1 on effector T cells, thereby suppressing their activity. Antibody blockade of PD-L1 can activate an anti-tumor immune response leading to durable remissions in a subset of cancer patients. Here, we describe an alternative mechanism of PD-L1 activity involving its secretion in tumor-derived exosomes. Removal of exosomal PD-L1 inhibits tumor growth, even in models resistant to anti-PD-L1 antibodies. Exosomal PD-L1 from the tumor suppresses T cell activation in the draining lymph node. Systemically introduced exosomal PD-L1 rescues growth of tumors unable to secrete their own. Exposure to exosomal PD-L1-deficient tumor cells suppresses growth of wild-type tumor cells injected at a distant site, simultaneously or months later. Anti-PD-L1 antibodies work additively, not redundantly, with exosomal PD-L1 blockade to suppress tumor growth. Together, these findings show that exosomal PD-L1 represents an unexplored therapeutic target, which could overcome resistance to current antibody approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Poggio
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edith Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tianyi Hu
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edith Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Chien-Chun Pai
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Brandon Chu
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edith Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cassandra D Belair
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edith Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anthony Chang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elizabeth Montabana
- Division of Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ursula E Lang
- Department of Pathology and Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Qi Fu
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edith Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert Blelloch
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edith Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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4
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Atay S, Wilkey DW, Milhem M, Merchant M, Godwin AK. Insights into the Proteome of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors-Derived Exosomes Reveals New Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 17:495-515. [PMID: 29242380 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing tumors continuously release nano-sized vesicles that represent circulating "fingerprints" of the tumor's identity. In gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), we have previously reported that these tumors release "oncosomes" carrying the constitutively activated tyrosine kinase (TK) receptor KIT. Despite the clinical utility of TK inhibitors, such as imatinib mesylate (IM), recurrence and metastasis are clinical problems that urge the need to identify new tumor-derived molecules. To this aim, we performed the first high quality proteomic study of GIST-derived exosomes (GDEs) and identified 1,060 proteins composing the core GDE proteome (cGDEp). The cGDEp was enriched in diagnostic markers (e.g. KIT, CD34, ANO1, PROM1, PRKCQ, and ENG), as well as proteins encoded by genes previously reported expressed in GIST (e.g. DPP4, FHL1, CDH11, and KCTD12). Many of these proteins were validated using cell lines, patient-derived KIT+ exosomes, and GIST tissues. We further show that in vitro and in vivo-derived GDE, carry proteins associated with IM response, such as Sprouty homolog 4 (SPRY4), surfeit 4 (SURF4), ALIX, and the cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A). Additionally, we report that the total exosome levels and exosome-associated KIT and SPRY4 protein levels have therapeutic values. In fact, molecular characterization of in vivo-derived KIT+ exosomes indicate significant sorting of p-KITTyr719, total KIT, and SPRY4 after IM-treatment of metastatic patients as compared with the pre-IM levels. Our data suggest that analysis of circulating exosomes levels and molecular markers of IM response in GIST patients with primary and metastatic disease is suitable to develop liquid based biopsies for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of response to treatment of these tumors. In summary, these findings provide the first insight into the proteome of GIST-derived oncosomes and offers a unique opportunity to further understand their oncogenic elements which contribute to tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD007997.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safinur Atay
- From the ‡Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., 4005 WHE, MS3040, Kansas City, Kansas 66160;
| | - Daniel W Wilkey
- §University of Louisville Room 209, Donald Baxter Research Building, 570 S. Preston Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Mohammed Milhem
- ¶Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation 200 Hawkins Drive, C32 GH Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Michael Merchant
- §University of Louisville Room 209, Donald Baxter Research Building, 570 S. Preston Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- From the ‡Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., 4005 WHE, MS3040, Kansas City, Kansas 66160.,‖University of Kansas Cancer Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., 4005 WHE, MS3040, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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Mehdiani A, Maier A, Pinto A, Barth M, Akhyari P, Lichtenberg A. An innovative method for exosome quantification and size measurement. J Vis Exp 2015:50974. [PMID: 25650897 PMCID: PMC4354536 DOI: 10.3791/50974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the biological importance of exosomes has recently gained an increasing amount of scientific and clinical attention, much is still unknown about their complex pathways, their bioavailability and their diverse functions in health and disease. Current work focuses on the presence and the behavior of exosomes (in vitro as well as in vivo) in the context of different human disorders, especially in the fields of oncology, gynecology and cardiology. Unfortunately, neither a consensus regarding a gold standard for exosome isolation exists, nor is there an agreement on such a method for their quantitative analysis. As there are many methods for the purification of exosomes and also many possibilities for their quantitative and qualitative analysis, it is difficult to determine a combination of methods for the ideal approach. Here, we demonstrate nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), a semi-automated method for the characterization of exosomes after isolation from human plasma by ultracentrifugation. The presented results show that this approach for isolation, as well as the determination of the average number and size of exosomes, delivers reproducible and valid data, as confirmed by other methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Mehdiani
- Research Group Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf
| | - Anatol Maier
- Research Group Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf
| | - Antonio Pinto
- Research Group Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf
| | - Mareike Barth
- Research Group Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf
| | - Payam Akhyari
- Research Group Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf;
| | - Artur Lichtenberg
- Research Group Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf
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Zhang YT, Wu ZH, Zhang K, Zhao JH, Ye BN, Feng NP. An in vitro and in vivo comparison of solid and liquid-oil cores in transdermal aconitine nanocarriers. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3602-3610. [PMID: 25187419 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study compared transdermal aconitine delivery using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and microemulsion (ME) vehicles. Aconitine-loaded SLN and ME were formulated with the same surfactant, cosurfactant, and water content, with an equal amount of oil matrix (ATO 888 for SLN and ethyl oleate for ME). These nanosized formulations (70-90 nm) showed suitable pH values and satisfactory skin tissue biocompatibility. SLN contained a higher concentration of smaller nanoparticles, compared with that in ME. Neither of the nanocarriers penetrated across excised skin in their intact form. In vitro transdermal delivery studies found that transdermal aconitine flux was lower from SLN than from ME (p < 0.05), but skin aconitine deposition was higher using SLN (p < 0.05). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting indicated that in vitro uptake of fluorescently labeled SLN by human immortalized keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells was greater than that of ME, indicating that a transcellular pathway may contribute to cutaneous drug absorption more effectively from SLN. In vivo studies found that these formulations could loosen stratum corneum layers and increase skin surface crannies, which may also enhance transdermal aconitine delivery. SLN produced a more sustained aconitine release, indicating that compared with ME, this transdermal delivery vehicle may reduce the toxicity of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ji-Hui Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bei-Ni Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Nian-Ping Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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