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Duque-Prata A, Serpa C, Caridade PJSB. Theoretical Evaluation of Fluorinated Resazurin Derivatives for In Vivo Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:1507. [PMID: 38611787 PMCID: PMC11013821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Primarily owing to the pronounced fluorescence exhibited by its reduced form, resazurin (also known as alamarBlue®) is widely employed as a redox sensor to assess cell viability in in vitrostudies. In an effort to broaden its applicability for in vivo studies, molecular adjustments are necessary to align optical properties with the near-infrared imaging window while preserving redox properties. This study delves into the theoretical characterisation of a set of fluorinated resazurin derivatives proposed by Kachur et al., 2015 examining the influence of fluorination on structural and electrochemical properties. Assuming that the conductor-like polarisable continuum model mimics the solvent effect, the density functional level of theory combining M06-2X/6-311G* was used to calculate the redox potentials. Furthermore, (TD-)DFT calculations were performed with PBE0/def2-TZVP to evaluate nucleophilic characteristics, transition states for fluorination, relative energies, and fluorescence spectra. With the aim of exploring the potential of resazurin fluorinated derivatives as redox sensors tailored for in vivo applications, acid-base properties and partition coefficients were calculated. The theoretical characterisation has demonstrated its potential for designing novel molecules based on fundamental principles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pedro J. S. B. Caridade
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 304-535 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.D.-P.); (C.S.)
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2
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Chetyrkina MR, Fedorov FS, Nasibulin AG. In vitro toxicity of carbon nanotubes: a systematic review. RSC Adv 2022; 12:16235-16256. [PMID: 35733671 PMCID: PMC9152879 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02519a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) toxicity-related issues provoke many debates in the scientific community. The controversial and disputable data about toxicity doses, proposed hazard effects, and human health concerns significantly restrict CNT applications in biomedical studies, laboratory practices, and industry, creating a barrier for mankind in the way of understanding how exactly the material behaves in contact with living systems. Raising the toxicity question again, many research groups conclude low toxicity of the material and its potential safeness at some doses for contact with biological systems. To get new momentum for researchers working on the intersection of the biological field and nanomaterials, i.e., CNT materials, we systematically reviewed existing studies with in vitro toxicological data to propose exact doses that yield toxic effects, summarize studied cell types for a more thorough comparison, the impact of incubation time, and applied toxicity tests. Using several criteria and different scientific databases, we identified and analyzed nearly 200 original publications forming a "golden core" of the field to propose safe doses of the material based on a statistical analysis of retrieved data. We also differentiated the impact of various forms of CNTs: on a substrate and in the form of dispersion because in both cases, some studies demonstrated good biocompatibility of CNTs. We revealed that CNTs located on a substrate had negligible impact, i.e., 90% of studies report good viability and cell behavior similar to control, therefore CNTs could be considered as a prospective conductive substrate for cell cultivation. In the case of dispersions, our analysis revealed mean values of dose/incubation time to be 4-5 μg mL-1 h-1, which suggested the material to be a suitable candidate for further studies to get a more in-depth understanding of its properties in biointerfaces and offer CNTs as a promising platform for fundamental studies in targeted drug delivery, chemotherapy, tissue engineering, biosensing fields, etc. We hope that the present systematic review will shed light on the current knowledge about CNT toxicity, indicate "dark" spots and offer possible directions for the subsequent studies based on the demonstrated here tabulated and statistical data of doses, cell models, toxicity tests, viability, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fedor S Fedorov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Nobel Str. 3 143026 Moscow Russia
| | - Albert G Nasibulin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Nobel Str. 3 143026 Moscow Russia
- Aalto University FI-00076 15100 Espoo Finland
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Mohammadi E, Zeinali M, Mohammadi-Sardoo M, Iranpour M, Behnam B, Mandegary A. The effects of functionalization of carbon nanotubes on toxicological parameters in mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 39:1147-1167. [PMID: 31957491 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119899988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as a new class of multifunctional nanoparticles in biomedicine, but their multiple in vivo effects remain unclear. Also, the impact of various functionalization types and duration of exposures are still unidentified. Herein, we report a complete toxicological study to evaluate the effects of single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs) with either amine or carboxylic acid (COOH) surface functional groups. The results showed that significant oxidative stress and the subsequent cell apoptosis could be resulted in both acute and, mainly, in chronic intravenous administrations. Also, male reproductive parameters were altered during these exposures. The amino-functionalized CNTs had more toxic properties compared with the COOH functionalized group, and also, in some groups, the multiwalled nanotubes were more active in eliciting cytotoxicity than the single-walled nanotubes. Interestingly, the SWCNTs-COOH had the least alterations in most of the parameters. Evidently, it is concluded that the toxicity of CNTs in specific organs can be minimized through particular surface functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - M Zeinali
- Biotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, Iran
| | - M Mohammadi-Sardoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - M Iranpour
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - B Behnam
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - A Mandegary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Treatment with 3-Aminobenzamide Negates the Radiofrequency-Induced Adaptive Response in Two Cell Models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152768. [PMID: 31382475 PMCID: PMC6696271 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In previous investigations, we demonstrated that pre-exposure of different cell cultures to radiofrequency fields can reduce the damage induced by genotoxic agents, an effect resembling the so-called adaptive response. In this study, we pre-exposed human peripheral blood lymphocytes and Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell line to 1950 MHz, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) signal, for 20 h, and then treated cultures with Mitomycin-C. After confirming the induction of an adaptive response in terms of the reduction of micronuclei formation, we observed that such a response was negated by treatments with 3-aminobenzamide. Since 3-aminobenzamide is an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase enzyme, which is involved in DNA repair, these results support the possible involvement of DNA repair mechanisms in radiofrequency-induced adaptive response.
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Dutt TS, Mia MB, Saxena RK. Elevated internalization and cytotoxicity of polydispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes in activated B cells can be basis for preferential depletion of activated B cells in vivo. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:849-860. [PMID: 31232140 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1593541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Uptake of polydispersed acid-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (AF-SWCNTs) in resting and LPS-activated B cells was studied using fluorescence-tagged AF-SWCNTs (FAF-SWCNTs). Activated B cells internalized substantially higher amounts of FAF-SWCNTs [76.5% AF-SWCNT+ B cells, mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) 720.6] as compared to the resting B cells [39.5% AF-SWCNT+ B cells, MFI 198.5]. B cells in S and G2/M phases were found to have significantly higher uptake of FAF-SWCNTs as compared to cells in G0/G1 phase. Confocal microscopy indicated that AF-SWCNTs were essentially localized on cell membrane in resting B cells, whereas in activated B cells, AF-SWCNTs were distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Targeting of AF-SWCNTs specifically to activated B cells in vivo was examined by first administering intravenously LPS-activated B cells tagged with fluorescence tracer (CFSE) in mice, followed by FAF-SWCNTs through the same route. It was found that FAF-SWCNTs were specifically taken up by CFSE+CD19+-activated B cells (95% FAF-SWCNT+ B cells, MFI 3725) as compared to CFSE- CD19+ resting B cells (31.1% FAF-SWCNT+ B cells, MFI 428). Administration (i.v.) of LPS resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of B cell in mouse spleen that was reduced by 68% by administering AF-SWCNTs. In control mice, the corresponding decrease in B cell proportion was 49%, which was significantly lower (p < 0.005) than the decline in LPS-treated mice. These results indicate that AF-SWCNTs may have the potential as an agent for depleting activated B cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru S Dutt
- a Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , Chanakyapuri , India
| | - Md Babu Mia
- a Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , Chanakyapuri , India
| | - Rajiv K Saxena
- a Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , Chanakyapuri , India
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Romano-Feinholz S, Salazar-Ramiro A, Muñoz-Sandoval E, Magaña-Maldonado R, Hernández Pedro N, Rangel López E, González Aguilar A, Sánchez García A, Sotelo J, Pérez de la Cruz V, Pineda B. Cytotoxicity induced by carbon nanotubes in experimental malignant glioma. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:6005-6026. [PMID: 28860763 PMCID: PMC5573058 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s139004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite multiple advances in the diagnosis of brain tumors, there is no effective treatment for glioblastoma. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which were previously used as a diagnostic and drug delivery tool, have now been explored as a possible therapy against neoplasms. However, although the toxicity profile of nanotubes is dependent on the physicochemical characteristics of specific particles, there are no studies exploring how the effectivity of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is affected by different methods of production. In this study, we characterize the structure and biocompatibility of four different types of MWCNTs in rat astrocytes and in RG2 glioma cells as well as the induction of cell lysis and possible additive effect of the combination of MWCNTs with temozolomide. We used undoped MWCNTs (labeled simply as MWCNTs) and nitrogen-doped MWCNTs (labeled as N-MWCNTs). The average diameter of both pristine MWCNTs and pristine N-MWCNTs was ~22 and ~35 nm, respectively. In vitro and in vivo results suggested that these CNTs can be used as adjuvant therapy along with the standard treatment to increase the survival of rats implanted with malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alelí Salazar-Ramiro
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery (NINN), Mexico City
| | | | - Roxana Magaña-Maldonado
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery (NINN), Mexico City
| | | | | | | | | | - Julio Sotelo
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery (NINN), Mexico City
| | | | - Benjamín Pineda
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery (NINN), Mexico City
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Boyes WK, Thornton BLM, Al-Abed SR, Andersen CP, Bouchard DC, Burgess RM, Hubal EAC, Ho KT, Hughes MF, Kitchin K, Reichman JR, Rogers KR, Ross JA, Rygiewicz PT, Scheckel KG, Thai SF, Zepp RG, Zucker RM. A comprehensive framework for evaluating the environmental health and safety implications of engineered nanomaterials. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:767-810. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1328400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William K. Boyes
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Brittany Lila M. Thornton
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Souhail R. Al-Abed
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christian P. Andersen
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Dermont C. Bouchard
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert M. Burgess
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Elaine A. Cohen Hubal
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kay T. Ho
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Michael F. Hughes
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kirk Kitchin
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jay R. Reichman
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kim R. Rogers
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Ross
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Paul T. Rygiewicz
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kirk G. Scheckel
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sheau-Fung Thai
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Richard G. Zepp
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert M. Zucker
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Liu Z, Liu Y, Peng D. Hydroxylation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Enhanced biocompatibility through reduction of oxidative stress initiated cell membrane damage, cell cycle arrestment and extrinsic apoptotic pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 47:124-130. [PMID: 27669016 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Modification of CNTs with hydroxyl group promotes their applications in biomedical area. However, the impact of hydroxylation on their biocompatibility is far from being completely understood. In this study, we carried out a comprehensive evaluation of hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-OH) on the human normal liver L02 cell line, and compared it with that of pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (p-MWCNTs). Results demonstrated that compared with p-MWCNTs, MWCNTs-OH induced significantly lower oxidative stress as indicated by the level of intracellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH), subsequently lead to less cell membrane damage as demonstrated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assay, and showed slightly decreased arrestment of cell cycle distribution at G0/G1. More interestingly, MWCNTs-OH exhibited significantly lower tendency to activate caspase-8, a key molecule involved in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. All these in vitro results demonstrated that hydroxylation of MWCNTs enhanced their biocompatibility compare with p-MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbao Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Dongming Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, PR China.
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Shvedova AA, Yanamala N, Kisin ER, Khailullin TO, Birch ME, Fatkhutdinova LM. Integrated Analysis of Dysregulated ncRNA and mRNA Expression Profiles in Humans Exposed to Carbon Nanotubes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150628. [PMID: 26930275 PMCID: PMC4773015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the application of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in consumer products continues to rise, studies have expanded to determine the associated risks of exposure on human and environmental health. In particular, several lines of evidence indicate that exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) could pose a carcinogenic risk similar to asbestos fibers. However, to date the potential markers of MWCNT exposure are not yet explored in humans. METHODS In the present study, global mRNA and ncRNA expression profiles in the blood of exposed workers, having direct contact with MWCNT aerosol for at least 6 months (n = 8), were compared with expression profiles of non-exposed (n = 7) workers (e.g., professional and/or technical staff) from the same manufacturing facility. RESULTS Significant changes in the ncRNA and mRNA expression profiles were observed between exposed and non-exposed worker groups. An integrative analysis of ncRNA-mRNA correlations was performed to identify target genes, functional relationships, and regulatory networks in MWCNT-exposed workers. The coordinated changes in ncRNA and mRNA expression profiles revealed a set of miRNAs and their target genes with roles in cell cycle regulation/progression/control, apoptosis and proliferation. Further, the identified pathways and signaling networks also revealed MWCNT potential to trigger pulmonary and cardiovascular effects as well as carcinogenic outcomes in humans, similar to those previously described in rodents exposed to MWCNTs. CONCLUSION This study is the first to investigate aberrant changes in mRNA and ncRNA expression profiles in the blood of humans exposed to MWCNT. The significant changes in several miRNAs and mRNAs expression as well as their regulatory networks are important for getting molecular insights into the MWCNT-induced toxicity and pathogenesis in humans. Further large-scale prospective studies are necessary to validate the potential applicability of such changes in mRNAs and miRNAs as prognostic markers of MWCNT exposures in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Shvedova
- Exposure Assessment Branch/HELD/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, WV - 26505, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV -26505, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Exposure Assessment Branch/HELD/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, WV - 26505, United States of America
| | - Elena R. Kisin
- Exposure Assessment Branch/HELD/NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, WV - 26505, United States of America
| | - Timur O. Khailullin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV -26505, United States of America
- Department of Hygiene and Occupational Health, Kazan State Medical University, ul. Butlerova 49, Kazan, 420012 Russia
| | - M. Eileen Birch
- NIOSH/CDC, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH - 45226, United States of America
| | - Liliya M. Fatkhutdinova
- Department of Hygiene and Occupational Health, Kazan State Medical University, ul. Butlerova 49, Kazan, 420012 Russia
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Xu D, Wang J, Zhou Z, He Z, Zhao Q. Cannabinoid WIN55, 212-2 induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits the proliferation and migration of human BEL7402 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7963-70. [PMID: 26500101 PMCID: PMC4758282 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide; however, only limited therapeutic treatments are currently available. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of cannabinoids as novel therapeutic targets in HCC. In addition, the mechanism underlying the effects of a synthetic cannabinoid, WIN55, 212-2, on the BEL7402 HCC cell line was investigated. The results demonstrated that WIN55, 212-2 induced cell cycle arrest of the BEL7402 cells at the G0/G1 phase via can nabinoid receptor 2 (CB2)-mediated down regulation of phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, upregulation of p27, and downregulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4. Furthermore, inhibition of CB2 with the CB2 antagonist AM630 abrogated WIN55, 212-2-induced cell cycle arrest. Inhibition of ERK1/2 also resulted in cell cycle dysregulation and cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, which subsequently resulted in cell growth inhibition. In addition, the present study detected a significant reduction in matrix metalloproteinase-9, retinoblastoma protein and E2F1 expression, and migration inhibition by WIN treatment. These results suggested that cannabinoid receptor agonists, including WIN, may be considered as novel therapeutics for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacai Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Jianglin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Zhenkang Zhou
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan, Guangdong 523376, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
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