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Newton HS, Dobrovolskaia MA. Immunophenotyping: Analytical approaches and role in preclinical development of nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 185:114281. [PMID: 35405297 PMCID: PMC9164149 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical products can activate immune cells, suppress their function, or change the immune responses to traditional immunologically active agonists such as those present in microbes. Therefore, the assessment of immunostimulation, immunosuppression, and immunomodulation comprises the backbone of immunotoxicity studies of new drug entities. Depending on physicochemical properties (e.g., size, charge, surface functionalities, hydrophobicity), nanoparticles can be immunostimulatory, immunosuppressive, and immunomodulatory. Various methods and experimental frameworks have been established to support preclinical translational studies of nanotechnology-based drug products. Immunophenotyping after the exposure of cells or preclinical animal models to nanoparticles can provide critical information about the changes in both the numbers of immune cells and their activation status. However, this methodology is underutilized in preclinical studies of engineered nanomaterials. Herein, we review current literature about varieties of instrumentation and methods utilized for immunophenotyping, discuss their advantages and limitations, and propose a roadmap for applying immunophenotyping to support preclinical immunological characterization of nanotechnology-based formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Newton
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick MD, USA.
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2
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Latreille PL, Le Goas M, Salimi S, Robert J, De Crescenzo G, Boffito DC, Martinez VA, Hildgen P, Banquy X. Scratching the Surface of the Protein Corona: Challenging Measurements and Controversies. ACS NANO 2022; 16:1689-1707. [PMID: 35138808 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This Review aims to provide a systematic analysis of the literature regarding ongoing debates in protein corona research. Our goal is to portray the current understanding of two fundamental and debated characteristics of the protein corona, namely, the formation of mono- or multilayers of proteins and their binding (ir)reversibility. The statistical analysis we perform reveals that these characterisitics are strongly correlated to some physicochemical factors of the NP-protein system (particle size, bulk material, protein type), whereas the technique of investigation or the type of measurement (in situ or ex situ) do not impact the results, unlike commonly assumed. Regarding the binding reversibility, the experimental design (either dilution or competition experiments) is also shown to be a key factor, probably due to nontrivial protein binding mechanisms, which could explain the paradoxical phenomena reported in the literature. Overall, we suggest that to truly predict and control the protein corona, future efforts should be directed toward the mechanistic aspects of protein adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Luc Latreille
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marine Le Goas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sina Salimi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jordan Robert
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Daria C Boffito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Vincent A Martinez
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - Patrice Hildgen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Wang C, Wang Z, Dong L. Translating Current Bioanalytical Techniques for Studying Corona Activity. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:661-672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wang Z, Wang C, Liu S, He W, Wang L, Gan J, Huang Z, Wang Z, Wei H, Zhang J, Dong L. Specifically Formed Corona on Silica Nanoparticles Enhances Transforming Growth Factor β1 Activity in Triggering Lung Fibrosis. ACS NANO 2017; 11:1659-1672. [PMID: 28085241 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A corona is a layer of macromolecules formed on a nanoparticle surface in vivo. It can substantially change the biological identity of nanomaterials and possibly trigger adverse responses from the body tissues. Dissecting the role of the corona in the development of a particular disease may provide profound insights for understanding toxicity of nanomaterials in general. In our present study, we explored the capability of different silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) to induce silicosis in the mouse lung and analyzed the composition of coronas formed on these particles. We found that SiNPs of certain size and surface chemistry could specifically recruit transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) into their corona, which subsequently induces the development of lung fibrosis. Once embedded into the corona on SiNPs, TGF-β1 was remarkably more stable than in its free form, and its fibrosis-triggering activity was significantly prolonged. Our study meaningfully demonstrates that a specific corona component on a certain nanoparticle could initiate a particular pathogenic process in a clinically relevant disease model. Our findings may shed light on the understanding of molecular mechanisms of human health risks correlated with exposure to small-scale substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Shang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lintao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - JingJing Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhenheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Haoyang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Laboratory for Nano-Technology, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210093, China
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Siccardi M, Martin P, Smith D, Curley P, McDonald T, Giardiello M, Liptrott N, Rannard S, Owen A. Towards a rational design of solid drug nanoparticles with optimised pharmacological properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1:110-123. [PMID: 27774308 PMCID: PMC5054800 DOI: 10.1002/jin2.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid drug nanoparticles (SDNs) are a nanotechnology with favourable characteristics to enhance drug delivery and improve the treatment of several diseases, showing benefit for improved oral bioavailability and injectable long‐acting medicines. The physicochemical properties and composition of nanoformulations can influence the absorption, distribution, and elimination of nanoparticles; consequently, the development of nanoparticles for drug delivery should consider the potential role of nanoparticle characteristics in the definition of pharmacokinetics. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacological behaviour of efavirenz SDNs and the identification of optimal nanoparticle properties and composition. Seventy‐seven efavirenz SDNs were included in the analysis. Cellular accumulation was evaluated in HepG2 (hepatic) and Caco‐2 (intestinal), CEM (lymphocyte), THP1 (monocyte), and A‐THP1 (macrophage) cell lines. Apparent intestinal permeability (Papp) was measured using a monolayer of Caco‐2 cells. The Papp values were used to evaluate the potential benefit on pharmacokinetics using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. The generated SDNs had an enhanced intestinal permeability and accumulation in different cell lines compared to the traditional formulation of efavirenz. Nanoparticle size and excipient choice influenced efavirenz apparent permeability and cellular accumulation, and this appeared to be cell line dependent. These findings represent a valuable platform for the design of SDNs, giving an empirical background for the selection of optimal nanoparticle characteristics and composition. Understanding how nanoparticle components and physicochemical properties influence pharmacological patterns will enable the rational design of SDNs with desirable pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Siccardi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool L693GF UK
| | - Phillip Martin
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool L693GF UK
| | - Darren Smith
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool L693GF UK
| | - Paul Curley
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool L693GF UK
| | - Tom McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, Crown Street University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Marco Giardiello
- Department of Chemistry, Crown Street University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Neill Liptrott
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool L693GF UK
| | - Steve Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, Crown Street University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool L693GF UK
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Owen A, Rannard S. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges for long acting injectable therapies: Insights for applications in HIV therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 103:144-156. [PMID: 26916628 PMCID: PMC4935562 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advances in solid drug nanoparticle technologies have resulted in a number of long-acting (LA) formulations with the potential for once monthly or longer administration. Such formulations offer great utility for chronic diseases, particularly when a lack of medication compliance may be detrimental to treatment response. Two such formulations are in clinical development for HIV but the concept of LA delivery has its origins in indications such as schizophrenia and contraception. Many terms have been utilised to describe the LA approach and standardisation would be beneficial. Ultimately, definitions will depend upon specific indications and routes of delivery, but for HIV we propose benchmarks that reflect perceived clinical benefits and available data on patient attitudes. Specifically, we propose dosing intervals of ≥1week, ≥1month or ≥6months, for oral, injectable or implantable strategies, respectively. This review focuses upon the critical importance of potency in achieving the LA outcome for injectable formulations and explores established and emerging technologies that have been employed across indications. Key technological challenges such as the need for consistency and ease of administration for drug combinations, are also discussed. Finally, the review explores the gaps in knowledge regarding the pharmacology of drug release from particulate-based LA injectable suspensions. A number of hypotheses are discussed based upon available data relating to local drug metabolism, active transport systems, the lymphatics, macrophages and patient-specific factors. Greater knowledge of the mechanisms that underpin drug release and protracted exposure will help facilitate further development of this strategy to achieve the promising clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, 70 Pembroke Place, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L693GF, UK
| | - Steve Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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Toxicity and inflammatory response in Swiss albino mice after intraperitoneal and oral administration of polyurethane nanoparticles. Toxicol Lett 2016; 246:17-27. [PMID: 26820842 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work in vivo experiments were conducted in order to characterize the biocompatibility of polyurethane nanoparticles (PU-NPs) after intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral administration. Additionally, ex vivo assays were performed to assess human blood compatibility as well as in vitro assays to assess protein binding. Our results indicated that administration of three different concentrations of PU-NPs induced a significant increase in visceral fat accumulation after oral dosing. In addition, fat tissue of mice intraperitoneally treated with the highest concentration of nanoparticles showed diffuse mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate in the fat tissue. Histopathological assessment showed inflammatory infiltrate and hepatocyte vacuolization in the liver, inflammatory infiltration and vascular congestion in the lung and glomerular necrosis in the kidney. Hepatic enzymes related with liver function were significantly increased in both groups of mice treated with PU-NPs. The PU-NPs did not affect the human blood cells number as well as coagulation time but showed a susceptibility to bind in proteins commonly found in the blood stream. In addition, increased amounts of pro inflammatory cytokines in vivo, as well as ex vivo in human cells were observed. Further studies to establish the consequences of long-term exposure to PU-NPs are warranted.
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