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Xiaoyong T, Yuping C, Wei H, Juan C, Feng Q, Zhuo L. Evaluafion of the efficacy of wall shear stress in carotid artery stenting. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31383. [PMID: 38828314 PMCID: PMC11140617 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To characterize the value of carotid wall shear stress (WSS) following carotid artery stenting (CAS) in patients with carotid stenosis. Methods Twenty-eight patients with carotid stenosis treated with CAS between March 2021 to May 2022 in the eighth medical center of the PLA General Hospital were selected for our study. Carotid ultrasound was performed before the operation, one week post-operation, and six months post-operation. Carotid artery WSS was detected by blood flow vector imaging, and the changes in WSS before and after the operation were collected. Genetic testing of drugs was detected for patients with restenosis. Results Pre-operative WSS of the proximal, narrowest region, and distal carotid arteries in patients with ischemic carotid artery stenosis was 7.88 ± 3.18Pa, 14.36 ± 6.66Pa, and 1.55 ± 1.15Pa, respectively. Comparatively, pre-operative WSS of the proximal, narrowest region and distal carotid arteries in patients without ischemic symptoms was 5.02 ± 1.99Pa, 9.68 ± 4.23Pa, and 1.10 ± 0.68Pa, respectively, with a significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.001). Overall WSS of the proximal, narrowest region, and distal carotid arteries in patients before CAS was 6.68 ± 3.0Pa, 12.47 ± 5.98Pa, and 1.39 ± 0. 96Pa. WSS of the proximal, narrowest region, and distal carotid was 4.15 ± 1.42Pa, 6.71 ± 2.64Pa, and1.86 ± 1.13Pa one week after CAS, compared to 4.44 ± 1.91Pa, 7.90 ± 4.38Pa, and 2. 36 ± 1.09Pa six months after CAS. WSS of the proximal and narrowest region of the carotid artery was reduced after carotid stenting, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in WSS between one week and six months after stenting (P > 0.05). Conclusion We employed early carotid WSS as a means of evaluating the efficacy of carotid artery stenting. Changes in carotid WSS are closely associated with carotid artery stenosis, providing valuable hemodynamic information for CAS treatment. This technique holds great application value in pre-operative evaluation and long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiaoyong
- Senior Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Yuping
- Senior Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huang Wei
- Senior Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Juan
- Senior Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu Feng
- Senior Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhuo
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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2
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Siemens A, Anderson SJ, Rassekh SR, Ross CJD, Carleton BC. A Systematic Review of Polygenic Models for Predicting Drug Outcomes. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091394. [PMID: 36143179 PMCID: PMC9505711 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygenic models have emerged as promising prediction tools for the prediction of complex traits. Currently, the majority of polygenic models are developed in the context of predicting disease risk, but polygenic models may also prove useful in predicting drug outcomes. This study sought to understand how polygenic models incorporating pharmacogenetic variants are being used in the prediction of drug outcomes. A systematic review was conducted with the aim of gaining insights into the methods used to construct polygenic models, as well as their performance in drug outcome prediction. The search uncovered 89 papers that incorporated pharmacogenetic variants in the development of polygenic models. It was found that the most common polygenic models were constructed for drug dosing predictions in anticoagulant therapies (n = 27). While nearly all studies found a significant association with their polygenic model and the investigated drug outcome (93.3%), less than half (47.2%) compared the performance of the polygenic model against clinical predictors, and even fewer (40.4%) sought to validate model predictions in an independent cohort. Additionally, the heterogeneity of reported performance measures makes the comparison of models across studies challenging. These findings highlight key considerations for future work in developing polygenic models in pharmacogenomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Siemens
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Spencer J. Anderson
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - S. Rod Rassekh
- Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
- Division of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Colin J. D. Ross
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Bruce C. Carleton
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
- Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes Programme, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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3
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Guan ZW, Wu KR, Li R, Yin Y, Li XL, Zhang SF, Li Y. Pharmacogenetics of statins treatment: Efficacy and safety. J Clin Pharm Ther 2019; 44:858-867. [PMID: 31436349 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Statins are widely used worldwide in the prevention and treatment of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease and ischaemic stroke. However, in clinical application, statins have shown great individual differences in terms of the efficacy and safety, some of which are related to genetic factors. The purpose of this article was to summarize the recent advances about the correlation between gene polymorphisms and the efficacy/safety of statins. METHODS We searched the databases including PharmGKB and PubMed (published before June 2019) using the keywords such as 'statin', 'gene polymorphism' and 'SNP' and obtained more than 100 articles. In this review, we described the clinical studies of genetic variants associated with both the efficacy and adverse reactions of statins. We also clarified the importance of taking pharmacogenetic variation into account to improve the clinical application of statins. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The available data were collected and analysed to present the polymorphisms of candidate genes encoding the most promising proteins including SLCO1B1 (encoding uptake transporters); ABCB1, ABCC2, ABCG2 (encoding effluent transporter); APOE, APOA5 (encoding apolipoprotein); genes encoding cytochrome P450 enzyme system; KIF6, HMGCR, LDLR, LPA, PCSK9, COQ2, CETP, etc These genes were proved to be related to the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of statins, thus affecting the efficacy and safety. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION In this paper, the correlation between gene polymorphisms and the efficacy/safety of statins was summarized. The authors reached a consensus that the variants of the genes encoding uptake and effluent transporters have the most effect on the efficacy/safety of statins. It pointed out that it is desirable to do genetic testing of these transporter genes to reduce the incidence of myopathy or to achieve better outcomes before patients use statins, especially in the regions with high frequency of risk allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wan Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kun-Rong Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Shu-Fang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Yan Li
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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4
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Arbitrio M, Di Martino MT, Scionti F, Barbieri V, Pensabene L, Tagliaferri P. Pharmacogenomic Profiling of ADME Gene Variants: Current Challenges and Validation Perspectives. High Throughput 2018; 7:E40. [PMID: 30567415 PMCID: PMC6306724 DOI: 10.3390/ht7040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, many efforts have been made to individualize medical treatments, taking into account molecular profiles and the individual genetic background. The development of molecularly targeted drugs and immunotherapy have revolutionized medical treatments but the inter-patient variability in the anti-tumor drug pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics can be explained, at least in part, by genetic variations in genes encoding drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters (ADME) or in genes encoding drug receptors. Here, we focus on high-throughput technologies applied for PK screening for the identification of predictive biomarkers of efficacy or toxicity in cancer treatment, whose application in clinical practice could promote personalized treatments tailored on individual's genetic make-up. Pharmacogenomic tools have been implemented and the clinical utility of pharmacogenetic screening could increase safety in patients for the identification of drug metabolism-related biomarkers for a personalized medicine. Although pharmacogenomic studies were performed in adult cohorts, pharmacogenetic pediatric research has yielded promising results. Additionally, we discuss the current challenges and theoretical bases for the implementation of pharmacogenetic tests for translation in the clinical practice taking into account that pharmacogenomics platforms are discovery oriented and must open the way for the setting of robust tests suitable for daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariamena Arbitrio
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, UOS of Pharmacology, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Di Martino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Francesca Scionti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Vito Barbieri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Mater Domini Hospital, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 8810 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Licia Pensabene
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Pediatric Unit, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Salvatore Venuta University Campus, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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Slob EMA, Vijverberg SJH, Palmer CNA, Zazuli Z, Farzan N, Oliveri NMB, Pijnenburg MW, Koppelman GH, Maitland-van der Zee AH. Pharmacogenetics of inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists in asthma: A systematic review. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018; 29:705-714. [PMID: 29992699 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) are recommended in asthma therapy; however, not all asthma patients respond well to LABA. We performed a systematic review on genetic variants associated with LABA response in patients with asthma. METHODS Articles published until April 2017 were searched by two authors using PubMed and EMBASE. Pharmacogenetic studies in patients with asthma and LABA response as an outcome were included. RESULTS In total, 33 studies were included in this systematic review; eight focused on children (n = 6051). Nineteen studies were clinical trials, while 14 were observational studies. Studies used different outcomes to define LABA response, for example, lung function measurements (FEV1 , PEF, MMEF, FVC), exacerbations, quality of life, and asthma symptoms. Most studies (n = 30) focused on the ADRB2 gene, encoding the beta2-adrenergic receptor. Thirty studies (n = 14 874) addressed ADRB2 rs1042713, 7 ADRB2 rs1042714 (n = 1629), and 3 ADRB2 rs1800888 (n = 1892). The association of ADRB2 rs1042713 and rs1800888 with LABA response heterogeneity was successfully replicated. Other variants were only studied in three studies but not replicated. One study focused on the ADCY9 gene. Five studies and a meta-analysis found an increased risk of exacerbations in pediatrics using LABA carrying one or two A alleles (OR 1.52 [1.17; 1.99]). These results were not confirmed in adults. CONCLUSIONS ADRB2 rs1042713 variant is most consistently associated with response to LABA in children but not adults. To assess the clinical value of ADRB2 rs1042713 in children with asthma using LABA, a randomized clinical trial with well-defined outcomes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M A Slob
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne J H Vijverberg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Population Pharmacogenetics Group, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Zulfan Zazuli
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology-Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Niloufar Farzan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia M B Oliveri
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle W Pijnenburg
- Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Pulmonology & Allergology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- Department of Paediatric, Pulmonology & Paediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute for Asthma & COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke H Maitland-van der Zee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Smit RAJ, le Cessie S, Jukema JW, Trompet S. Response to Ciuculete et al. Clin Genet 2017; 92:565. [PMID: 28990170 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A J Smit
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - S le Cessie
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J W Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - S Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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7
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Ciuculete DM, Schiöth HB, Mwinyi J. Response to Smit et al. Clin Genet 2017; 92:566. [PMID: 28990172 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Ciuculete
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Mwinyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Mehdar A, Hegele RA, Kim RB, Gryn SE. Statin therapy: time for a precision medicine approach? EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2017.1356685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albayda Mehdar
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry and Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Richard B. Kim
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Steven E. Gryn
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Statins are used widely in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease; a treatment effect that has long been thought to be due to their cholesterol-lowering properties. However, statins also have a wide range of anti-inflammatory effects independent of their lipid-lowering mechanisms. In depression, low-grade inflammation is a replicated finding, and several studies have shown antidepressant properties of diverse anti-inflammatory drugs. Large observational studies have suggested reduced risks of depression amongst those taking statins, an effect that is thought to be explained by the anti-inflammatory properties of this class of drugs. Also, preliminary randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have indicated that statins may have adjunctive antidepressant effects when used as add-on treatment to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). However, the RCTs were small and limited by low generalizability, and some early observational studies have pointed towards potential neuropsychiatric adverse effects of statin treatment. Nevertheless, based on the good tolerability and general safety of the statins, researchers are currently investigating the potential antidepressant properties of these agents. The present review aims to give an overview on the potential antidepressant effects of statins based on their anti-inflammatory properties, covering topics such as safety versus treatment effects, potential mechanisms of action and the possibility of targeted treatment (precision medicine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Köhler-Forsberg
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Skovagervej 2, 8240, Risskov, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christiane Gasse
- National Centre for Register-Based Research (NCRR), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Initiative for Integrated Research in Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Søren Dinesen Østergaard
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Skovagervej 2, 8240, Risskov, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Smit RA, Postmus I, Trompet S, Barnes MR, Warren H, Arsenault BJ, Chasman DI, Cupples LA, Hitman GA, Krauss RM, Li X, Psaty BM, Stein CM, Rotter JI, Jukema JW. Rooted in risk: genetic predisposition for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level associates with diminished low-density lipoprotein cholesterol response to statin treatment. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:1621-1628. [PMID: 27648687 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To utilize previously reported lead SNPs for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels to find additional loci of importance to statin response, and examine whether genetic predisposition to LDL-c levels associates with differential statin response. METHODS We investigated effects on statin response of 59 LDL-c SNPs, by combining summary level statistics from the Global Lipids Genetics and Genomic Investigation of Statin Therapy consortia. RESULTS Lead SNPs for APOE, SORT1 and NPC1L1 were associated with a decreased LDL-c response to statin treatment, as was overall genetic predisposition for increased LDL-c levels as quantified with 59 SNPs, with a 5.4% smaller statin response per standard deviation increase in genetically raised LDL-c levels. CONCLUSION Genetic predisposition for increased LDL-c level may decrease efficacy of statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelof Aj Smit
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Section of Gerontology & Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Postmus
- Section of Gerontology & Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Section of Gerontology & Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R Barnes
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.,NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Helen Warren
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.,NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA.,National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702-5827, USA
| | - Graham A Hitman
- Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Department of Atherosclerosis Research, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics & Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology & Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Charles M Stein
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics & Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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