PARP inhibitors: the journey from research hypothesis to clinical approval

Targeting autophagy reverses de novo resistance in homologous recombination repair proficient breast cancers to PARP inhibition

BACKGROUND

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) target tumours defective in homologous recombination (HR). Most BRCA-wild-type (WT) HR-proficient breast cancers are intrinsically resistant to PARP inhibitors, e.g., talazoparib. We evaluated the role of autophagy in this de novo resistance and determined the underlying mechanism to overcome this.

METHODS

Autophagosome formation and autophagic flux were assessed by evaluating endogenous LC3-II levels and ectopic expression of EGFP-LC3 and mRFP-EGFP-LC3 in breast cancer cells. Autophagy-defective cells were generated by genetic depletion of BECN1, ATG5, p62/SQSTM1 and LAMP1 by using CRISPR-Cas9 double nickase system. The response of PARPi was evaluated in autophagy-proficient and -defective breast cancer cells and in xenograft SCID-mice model.

RESULTS

Pro-survival autophagy was significantly enhanced upon talazoparib treatment in BRCA-WT breast cancer cell lines. Autophagy-deficient cells were hypersensitive to talazoparib. Targeting autophagy synergistically enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of talazoparib in BRCA1-WT breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo xenograft tumour mouse model. Mechanistically, autophagy inhibition by chloroquine promoted deleterious NHEJ mediated DSB-repair, leading to extensive genomic instability and mitotic catastrophe.

CONCLUSIONS

Autophagy confers de novo resistance to PARP inhibitor, talazoparib. Autophagy inhibition improves the therapeutic outcome of PARPi treatment in preclinical mice model, bearing HR-proficient breast tumours, warranting its usage in the clinical settings.