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Chan DD, Guilak F, Sah RL, Calve S. Mechanobiology of Hyaluronan: Connecting Biomechanics and Bioactivity in Musculoskeletal Tissues. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2024; 26:25-47. [PMID: 38166186 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-073123-120541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) plays well-recognized mechanical and biological roles in articular cartilage and synovial fluid, where it contributes to tissue structure and lubrication. An understanding of how HA contributes to the structure of other musculoskeletal tissues, including muscle, bone, tendon, and intervertebral discs, is growing. In addition, the use of HA-based therapies to restore damaged tissue is becoming more prevalent. Nevertheless, the relationship between biomechanical stimuli and HA synthesis, degradation, and signaling in musculoskeletal tissues remains understudied, limiting the utility of HA in regenerative medicine. In this review, we discuss the various roles and significance of endogenous HA in musculoskeletal tissues. We use what is known and unknown to motivate new lines of inquiry into HA biology within musculoskeletal tissues and in the mechanobiology governing HA metabolism by suggesting questions that remain regarding the relationship and interaction between biological and mechanical roles of HA in musculoskeletal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deva D Chan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert L Sah
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sarah Calve
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Zhou Z, Qin W, Zhang P, He J, Cheng Z, Gong Y, Zhu G, Liang D, Ren H, Jiang X, Sun Y. Potential molecular targets and drugs for basement membranes-related intervertebral disk degeneration through bioinformatics analysis and molecular docking. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:772. [PMID: 37784117 PMCID: PMC10544312 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through bioinformatics analysis to identify the hub genes of Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) associated with basement membranes (BMs) and find out the potential molecular targets and drugs for BMs-related annulus fibrosus (AF) degeneration based on bioinformatic analysis and molecular approach. METHODS Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) related targets were obtained from GeneCards, DisGenet and OMIM databases. BMs related genes were obtained from Basement membraneBASE database. The intersection targets were identified and subjected to protein-to-protein interaction (PPI) construction via STRING. Hub genes were identified and conducted Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis through MCODE and Clue GO in Cytospace respectively. DSigDB database was retrieved to predict therapeutic drugs and molecular docking was performed through PyMOL, AutoDock 1.5.6 to verify the binding energy between the drug and the different expressed hub genes. Finally, GSE70362 from GEO database was obtained to verify the different expression and correlation of each hub gene for AF degeneration. RESULTS We identified 41 intersection genes between 3 disease targets databases and Basement membraneBASE database. PPI network revealed 25 hub genes and they were mainly enriched in GO terms relating to glycosaminoglycan catabolic process, the TGF-β signaling pathway. 4 core targets were found to be significant via comparison of microarray samples and they showed strong correlation. The molecular docking results showed that the core targets have strong binding energy with predicting drugs including chitosamine and retinoic acid. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified hub genes, pathways, potential targets, and drugs for treatment in BMs-related AF degeneration and IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Weicheng Qin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui He
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhaojun Cheng
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yan Gong
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Guangye Zhu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - De Liang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yuping Sun
- Pingshan General Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China.
- Pingshan District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China.
- Rehabilitation Department, Pingshan District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, P.R. China.
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Ladner YD, Alini M, Armiento AR. The Dimethylmethylene Blue Assay (DMMB) for the Quantification of Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2598:115-121. [PMID: 36355288 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2839-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay enables the detection of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs). This assay can be used to quickly quantify the sGAG content in a large number of samples using spectrophotometry. While this widespread assay appears straightforward, there are certain pitfalls that need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann D Ladner
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
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Fiordalisi MF, Ferreira JR, Pinto ML, Ribeiro-Machado C, Teixeira Pinto M, Oliveira MJ, Barbosa MA, Madeira Gonçalves R, Caldeira J. The impact of matrix age on intervertebral disc regeneration. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 143:213192. [PMID: 36403438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the lack of effective treatments for low back pain, the use of extracellular matrix (ECM)-based biomaterials have emerged with undeniable promise for IVD regeneration. Decellularized scaffolds can recreate an ideal microenvironment inducing tissue remodeling and repair. In particular, fetal tissues have a superior regenerative capacity given their ECM composition. In line with this, we unraveled age-associated alterations of the nucleus pulposus (NP) matrisome. Thus, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the impact of ECM donor age on IVD de/regeneration. Accordingly, we optimized an SDS (0.1 %, 1 h)-based decellularization protocol that preserves ECM cues in bovine NPs from different ages. After repopulation with adult NP cells, younger matrices showed the highest repopulation efficiency. Most importantly, cells seeded on younger scaffolds produced healthy ECM proteins suggesting an increased capacity to restore a functional IVD microenvironment. In vivo, only fetal matrices decreased neovessel formation, showing an anti-angiogenic potential. Our findings demonstrate that ECM donor age has a strong influence on angiogenesis and ECM de novo synthesis, opening new avenues for novel therapeutic strategies for the IVD. Additionally, more appropriate 3D models to study age-associated IVD pathology were unveiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Francesca Fiordalisi
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Joana Rita Ferreira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Marta Laranjeiro Pinto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Ribeiro-Machado
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Marta Teixeira Pinto
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Mário Adolfo Barbosa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Raquel Madeira Gonçalves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Joana Caldeira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
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Imaging of exercise-induced spinal remodeling in elite rowers. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:75-80. [PMID: 34400092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As in-vivo knowledge of training-induced remodeling of intervertebral discs (IVD) is scarce, this study assessed how lumbar IVDs change as a function of long-term training in elite athletes and age-matched controls using compositional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). DESIGN Prospective case-control study. METHODS Prospectively, lumbar spines of 17 elite rowers (ERs) of the German national rowing team (mean age: 23.9 ± 3.3 years) were imaged on a clinical 3.0 T MRI scanner. ERs were imaged twice during the annual training cycle, i.e., at training intensive preseason preparations (t0) and 6 months later during post-competition recovery (t1). Controls (n = 22, mean age: 26.3 ± 1.9 years) were imaged once at corresponding time points (t0: n = 11; t1: n = 11). Segment-wise, the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of lumbar IVDs (n = 195) was determined using glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer (gagCEST). Linear mixed models were set up to assess the influence of cohort and other variables on GAG content. RESULTS During preseason, IVD GAG values of ERs were significantly higher than those of controls (ERs(t0): 2.58 ± 0.27% (mean ± standard deviations); controls(t0): 1.43 ± 0.36%; p ≤ 0.001), while during post-competition recovery, such differences were not present anymore (ERs(t1): 2.11 ± 0.18%; controls(t1): 1.89 ± 0.24%; p = 0.362). CONCLUSIONS Professional elite-level rowing is transiently associated with significantly higher gagCEST values, which indicate increased lumbar IVD-GAG content and strong remodeling effects in response to training. Beyond professional rowing, core-strengthening full-body exercise may help to enhance the resilience of the lumbar spine as a potential therapeutic target in treating back pain.
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Crispim JF, Ito K. De novo neo-hyaline-cartilage from bovine organoids in viscoelastic hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2021; 128:236-249. [PMID: 33894352 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative therapies for articular cartilage are currently clinically available. However, they are associated with several drawbacks that require resolution. Optimizing chondrocyte expansion and their assembly, can reduce the time and costs of these therapies and more importantly increase their clinical success. In this study, cartilage organoids were quickly mass produced from bovine chondrocytes with a new suspension expansion protocol. This new approach led to massive cell proliferation, high viability and the self-assembly of organoids. These organoids were composed of collagen type II, type VI, glycosaminoglycans, with Sox9 positive cells, embedded in a pericellular and interterritorial matrix similarly to hyaline cartilage. With the goal of producing large scale tissues, we then encapsulated these organoids into alginate hydrogels with different viscoelastic properties. Elastic hydrogels constrained the growth and fusion of the organoids inhibiting the formation of a tissue. In contrast, viscoelastic hydrogels allowed the growth and fusion of the organoids into a homogenous tissue that was rich in collagen type II and glycosaminoglycans. The encapsulation of organoids to produce in vitro neocartilage also proved to be superior to the conventional method of encapsulating 2D expanded chondrocytes. This study describes a multimodal approach that involves chondrocyte expansion, organoid formation and their assembly into neohyaline-cartilage which proved to be superior to the current standard approaches used in cartilage tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this manuscript, we describe a new and simple methodology to quickly mass produce self-assembling cartilage organoids. Due to their matrix content and structure similarities with native cartilage, these organoids on their own have the potential to revolutionize cartilage research and the manner in which we study signaling pathways, disease progression, tissue engineering, drug development, etc. Furthermore, these organoids and their fast mass production were combined with a key relatively ignored hydrogel characteristic, viscoelasticity, to demonstrate their fusion into a neo-tissue. This has the potential to open the door for large scale cartilage regeneration such as for entire joint surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- João F Crispim
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics group, Regenerative Engineering & Materials cluster, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics group, Regenerative Engineering & Materials cluster, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.
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7
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Song Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Analysis of the Glycosaminoglycan Chains of Proteoglycans. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:121-135. [PMID: 32623943 PMCID: PMC7841699 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420937154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous, negatively charged, macromolecules that are found in animal tissues. Based on the form of component sugar, GAGs have been categorized into four different families: heparin/heparan sulfate, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronan. GAGs engage in biological pathway regulation through their interaction with protein ligands. Detailed structural information on GAG chains is required to further understanding of GAG-ligand interactions. However, polysaccharide sequencing has lagged behind protein and DNA sequencing due to the non-template-driven biosynthesis of glycans. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the analysis of GAG chains, specifically focusing on techniques related to mass spectroscopy (MS), including separation techniques coupled to MS, tandem MS, and bioinformatics software for MS spectrum interpretation. Progress in the use of other structural analysis tools, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and hyphenated techniques, is included to provide a comprehensive perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Song
- National R & D Branch Center for Seaweed Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, P.R. China
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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Silva JC, Han X, Silva TP, Xia K, Mikael PE, Cabral JMS, Ferreira FC, Linhardt RJ. Glycosaminoglycan remodeling during chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-/synovial-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells under normoxia and hypoxia. Glycoconj J 2020; 37:345-360. [PMID: 32086666 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are major components of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM), which play an important role in tissue homeostasis not only by providing mechanical load resistance, but also as signaling mediators of key cellular processes such as adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Specific GAG types as well as their disaccharide sulfation patterns can be predictive of the tissue maturation level but also of disease states such as osteoarthritis. In this work, we used a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to perform a comparative study in terms of temporal changes in GAG and disaccharide composition between tissues generated from human bone marrow- and synovial-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hBMSC/hSMSC) after chondrogenic differentiation under normoxic (21% O2) and hypoxic (5% O2) micromass cultures. The chondrogenic differentiation of hBMSC/hSMSC cultured under different oxygen tensions was assessed through aggregate size measurement, chondrogenic gene expression analysis and histological/immunofluorescence staining in comparison to human chondrocytes. For all the studied conditions, the compositional analysis demonstrated a notable increase in the average relative percentage of chondroitin sulfate (CS), the main GAG in cartilage composition, throughout MSC chondrogenic differentiation. Additionally, hypoxic culture conditions resulted in significantly different average GAG and CS disaccharide percentage compositions compared to the normoxic ones. However, such effect was considerably more evident for hBMSC-derived chondrogenic aggregates. In summary, the GAG profiles described here may provide new insights for the prediction of cartilage tissue differentiation/disease states and to characterize the quality of MSC-generated chondrocytes obtained under different oxygen tension culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA
| | - Xiaorui Han
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA
| | - Teresa P Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA
| | - Paiyz E Mikael
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA.
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Saiyin W, Li L, Zhang H, Lu Y, Qin C. Inactivation of FAM20B causes cell fate changes in annulus fibrosus of mouse intervertebral disc and disc defects via the alterations of TGF-β and MAPK signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165555. [PMID: 31513834 PMCID: PMC7194007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) disorder is often caused by the defect of annulus fibrosus (AF), especially that of the outer AF. Studies about the mechanisms governing the development of the outer AF are needed for a better understanding of pathogenesis of IVD defects. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are essential components of extracellular matrix (ECM) in AF. FAM20B is a newly identified xylose kinase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of GAGs. In this study, we created Fam20B conditional knockout (cKO) mice in which FAM20B was inactivated in type I collagen-expressing cells, the main type of cells in the outer AF of IVD. The cKO mice showed severe spine deformity and remarkable IVD defects associated with AF malformation. The AF of cKO mice had a lower level of chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate, and the outer AF cells lost their normal fibroblast-like morphology and acquired chondrocyte phenotypes, expressing a higher level of Sox 9 and type II collagen along with a reduced level of type I collagen. The level of phospho-Smad 2 and phospho-Smad 3, and that of scleraxis, a downstream target molecule of canonical TGF-β signaling pathway were significantly lower in the AF of cKO mice. The AF in cKO mice also manifested altered levels in the molecules associated with the activations of MAPK pathway; the changes included the increase of phospho-P38 and phospho-ERK and a decrease of phospho-JNK. These results indicate that FAM20B plays an essential role in the development of AF by regulating the TGF-β signaling and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuliji Saiyin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Yongbo Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Chunlin Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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10
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Krupkova O, Greutert H, Boos N, Lemcke J, Liebscher T, Wuertz-Kozak K. Expression and activity of hyaluronidases HYAL-1, HYAL-2 and HYAL-3 in the human intervertebral disc. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2019; 29:605-615. [PMID: 31758257 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-019-06227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyaluronic acid plays an essential role in water retention of the intervertebral disc (IVD) and thus provides flexibility and shock absorbance in the spine. Hyaluronic acid gets degraded by hyaluronidases (HYALs), and some of the resulting fragments were previously shown to induce an inflammatory and catabolic response in human IVD cells. However, no data currently exist on the expression and activity of HYALs in IVD health and disease. METHODS Gene expression, protein expression and activity of HYALs were determined in human IVD biopsies with different degrees of degeneration (n = 50 total). Furthermore, freshly isolated human IVD cells (n = 23 total) were stimulated with IL-1β, TNF-α or H2O2, followed by analysis of HYAL-1, HYAL-2 and HYAL-3 gene expression. RESULTS Gene expression of HYAL-1 and protein expression of HYAL-2 significantly increased in moderate/severe disc samples when compared to samples with no or low IVD degeneration. HYAL activity was not significantly increased due to high donor-donor variation, but seemed overall higher in the moderate/severe group. An inflammatory environment, as seen during IVD disease, did not affect HYAL-1, HYAL-2 or HYAL-3 expression, whereas exposure to oxidative stress (100 µM H2O2) upregulated HYAL-2 expression relative to untreated controls. CONCLUSION Although HYAL-1, HYAL-2 and HYAL-3 are all expressed in the IVD, HYAL-2 seems to have the highest pathophysiological relevance. Nonetheless, further studies will be needed to comprehensively elucidate its significance and to determine its potential as a therapeutic target. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krupkova
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Hoenggerbergring 64, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen Greutert
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Hoenggerbergring 64, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Boos
- Prodorso Spine Center, Walchestrasse 15, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Lemcke
- Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injuries, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Warener Str. 7, 12683, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Liebscher
- Treatment Centre for Spinal Cord Injuries, Trauma Hospital Berlin, Warener Str. 7, 12683, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Hoenggerbergring 64, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), 160 Lomb Memorial Drive Bldg. 73, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA. .,Schön Clinic Munich Harlaching, Spine Center, Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg (Austria), Harlachinger Str. 51, 81547, Munich, Germany.
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Bezci SE, Werbner B, Zhou M, Malollari KG, Dorlhiac G, Carraro C, Streets A, O'Connell GD. Radial variation in biochemical composition of the bovine caudal intervertebral disc. JOR Spine 2019; 2:e1065. [PMID: 31572982 PMCID: PMC6764789 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine caudal discs have been widely used in spine research due to their increased availability, large size, and mechanical and biochemical properties that are comparable to healthy human discs. However, despite their extensive use, the radial variations in bovine disc composition have not yet been rigorously quantified with high spatial resolution. Previous studies were limited to qualitative analyses or provided limited spatial resolution in biochemical properties. Thus, the main objective of this study was to provide quantitative measurements of biochemical composition with higher spatial resolution than previous studies that employed traditional biochemical techniques. Specifically, traditional biochemical analyses were used to measure water, sulfated glycosaminoglycan, collagen, and DNA contents. Gravimetric water content was compared to data obtained through Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Additionally, spatial distribution of lipids in the disc's collagen network was visualized and quantified, for the first time, using multi-modal second harmonic generation (SHG) and Coherent anti-Stokes Raman (CARS) microscopy. Some heterogeneity was observed in the nucleus pulposus, where the water content and water-to-protein ratio of the inner nucleus were greater than the outer nucleus. In contrast, the bovine annulus fibrosus exhibited a more heterogeneous distribution of biochemical properties. Comparable results between orthohydroxyproline assay and SHG imaging highlight the potential benefit of using SHG microscopy as a less destructive method for measuring collagen content, particularly when relative changes are of interest. CARS images showed that lipid deposits were distributed equally throughout the disc and appeared either as individual droplets or as clusters of small droplets. In conclusion, this study provided a more comprehensive assessment of spatial variations in biochemical composition of the bovine caudal disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semih E. Bezci
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Benjamin Werbner
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Minhao Zhou
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | | | - Gabriel Dorlhiac
- Berkeley Biophysics ProgramUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Carlo Carraro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Aaron Streets
- Berkeley Biophysics ProgramUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Chan‐Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Grace D. O'Connell
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
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Urits I, Capuco A, Sharma M, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Cornett EM, Orhurhu V. Stem Cell Therapies for Treatment of Discogenic Low Back Pain: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2019; 23:65. [PMID: 31359164 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-019-0804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Discogenic low back pain (DLBP) stems from pathology in one or more intervertebral discs identified as the root cause of the pain. It is the most common type of chronic low back pain (LBP), representing 26-42% of attributable cases. RECENT FINDINGS The clinical presentation of DLBP includes increased pain when sitting, coughing, or sneezing, and experiencing relief when standing or ambulating. Dermatomal radiation of pain to the lower extremity and neurological symptoms including numbness, motor weakness, and urinary or fecal incontinence are signs of advanced disease with disc prolapse, nerve root compression, or spinal stenosis. Degenerative disc disease is caused by both a decrease in disc nutrient supply causing decreased oxygen, lowered pH, and lessened ability of the intervertebral disc (IVD) to respond to increased load or injury; moreover, changes in the extracellular matrix composition cause weakening of the tissue and skewing the extracellular matrix's (ECM) harmonious balance between catabolic and anabolic factors for cell turnover in favor of catabolism. Thus, the degeneration of the disc causes a shift from type II to type I collagen expression by NP cells and a decrease in aggrecan synthesis leads to dehydrated matrix cells ultimately with loss of swelling pressure needed for mechanical support. Cell-based therapies such as autologous nucleus pulposus cell re-implantation have in animal models and human trials shown improvements in LBP score, retention of hydration in IVD, and increased disc height. Percutaneously delivered multipotent mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has been proposed as a potential means to uniquely ameliorate discogenic LBP holistically through three mechanisms: mitigation of primary nociceptive disc pain, slow or reversal of the catabolic metabolism, and restoration of disc tissue. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can differentiate into cells of all three germ layers in vitro, but their use is hindered related to ethical concerns, potential for immune rejection after transplantation, disease, and teratoma formation. Another similar approach to treating back pain is transplantation of the nucleus pulposus, which, like stem cell therapy, seeks to address the underlying cause of intervertebral disc degeneration by aiming to reverse the destructive inflammatory process and regenerate the proteoglycans and collagen found in healthy disc tissue. Preliminary animal models and clinical studies have shown mesenchymal stem cell implantation as a potential therapy for IVD regeneration and ECM restoration via a shift towards favorable anabolic balance and reduction of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Urits
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | | | - Medha Sharma
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Omar Viswanath
- Valley Anesthesiology and Pain Consultants, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Elyse M Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Vwaire Orhurhu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Compositional and structural analysis of glycosaminoglycans in cell-derived extracellular matrices. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:141-154. [PMID: 30637588 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09858-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic and complex meshwork of proteins and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and organization not only by defining tissue architecture and mechanical properties, but also by providing chemical cues that regulate major biological processes. GAGs are associated with important physiological functions, acting as modulators of signaling pathways regulating several cellular processes such as cell growth and differentiation. Recently, in vitro fabricated cell-derived ECM have emerged as promising materials for regenerative medicine due to their ability of better recapitulate the native ECM-like composition and structure, without the limitations of availability and pathogen transfer risks of tissue-derived ECM scaffolds. However, little is known about the molecular and more specifically, GAG composition of these cell-derived ECM. In this study, three different cell-derived ECM were produced in vitro and characterized in terms of their GAG content, composition and sulfation patterns using a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique. Distinct GAG compositions and disaccharide sulfation patterns were verified for the different cell-derived ECM. Additionally, the effect of decellularization method on the GAG and disaccharide relative composition was also assessed. In summary, the method presented here offers a novel approach to determine the GAG composition of cell-derived ECM, which we believe is critical for a better understanding of ECM role in directing cellular responses and has the potential for generating important knowledge to use in the development of novel ECM-like biomaterials for tissue engineering applications.
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