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Evaluation of Mangrove Soil Streptomyces spp. Exhibiting Culture and Biochemical Variation for Determination of Antibacterial Activity. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.4.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Among actinobacteria, the genus Streptomyces are found in abundance in specific soil environments. Streptomyces are cultivable using Streptomyces-specific media, including starch casein, yeast extract, or ISP 2 media. Streptomyces isolates can be identified based on their macroscopic culture morphology and microscopic observations, and can be taxonomically placed within the Streptomyces genus. In the present study, mangrove soil samples collected from the coast of Mangalore harboring a multitude of microorganisms were enriched with calcium carbonate and pre-heated to isolate Streptomyces organisms. Cultures were quantified in colony forming units and their diversity was evaluated based on phenotypic features, enzyme hydrolysis, biochemical testing, and antibiotic sensitivity tests. The cross streaking method was used to select Streptomyces isolates, which were then further subjected to intracellular buffer extraction and evaluated against test organisms to determine their antibacterial efficacy. This study highlights the occurrence of prominent Streptomyces species with effective antibacterial activity in a unique environmental habitat of mangrove soil on the Mangalore coast.
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Budiyanto F, Alhomaidi EA, Mohammed AE, Ghandourah MA, Alorfi HS, Bawakid NO, Alarif WM. Exploring the Mangrove Fruit: From the Phytochemicals to Functional Food Development and the Current Progress in the Middle East. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:303. [PMID: 35621954 PMCID: PMC9146169 DOI: 10.3390/md20050303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the logarithmic production of existing well-known food materials is unable to keep up with the demand caused by the exponential growth of the human population in terms of the equality of access to food materials. Famous local food materials with treasury properties such as mangrove fruits are an excellent source to be listed as emerging food candidates with ethnomedicinal properties. Thus, this study reviews the nutrition content of several edible mangrove fruits and the innovation to improve the fruit into a highly economic food product. Within the mangrove fruit, the levels of primary metabolites such as carbohydrates, protein, and fat are acceptable for daily intake. The mangrove fruits, seeds, and endophytic fungi are rich in phenolic compounds, limonoids, and their derivatives as the compounds present a multitude of bioactivities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant. In the intermediary process, the flour of mangrove fruit stands as a supplementation for the existing flour with antidiabetic or antioxidant properties. The mangrove fruit is successfully transformed into many processed food products. However, limited fruits from species such as Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris, and Avicennia marina are commonly upgraded into traditional food, though many more species demonstrate ethnomedicinal properties. In the Middle East, A. marina is the dominant species, and the study of the phytochemicals and fruit development is limited. Therefore, studies on the development of mangrove fruits to functional for other mangrove species are demanding. The locally accepted mangrove fruit is coveted as an alternate food material to support the sustainable development goal of eliminating world hunger in sustainable ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitri Budiyanto
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.B.); (M.A.G.); (W.M.A.)
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. M.H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
| | - Eman A. Alhomaidi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Afrah E. Mohammed
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed A. Ghandourah
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.B.); (M.A.G.); (W.M.A.)
| | - Hajer S. Alorfi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.S.A.); (N.O.B.)
| | - Nahed O. Bawakid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (H.S.A.); (N.O.B.)
| | - Wailed M. Alarif
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (F.B.); (M.A.G.); (W.M.A.)
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