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Sahin B, Ozbey-Unal B, Dizge N, Keskinler B, Balcik C. Optimization of immobilized urease enzyme on porous polymer for enhancing the stability, reusability and enzymatic kinetics using response surface methodology. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 240:113986. [PMID: 38795587 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The study examines the immobilization of the urease enzyme on a range of High Internal Phase Emulsion (polyHIPE) materials, assessing characteristics, efficiency, and performance. It also investigates the impact of polyHIPE type, quantity, incubation time, and various parameters on the process and enzyme activity. Surface morphology and functional groups of polyHIPE materials were determined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses, revealing significant alterations after modification with polyglutaraldehyde (PGA). The maximum immobilization efficiency of 95% was achieved by adding PGA to polyHIPE materials with an incubation period of 15 h. The optimized conditions for immobilized enzyme using a Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM) were as follows: temperature (40.8 °C), pH (7.1) and NaCl concentration (0.007 g/L). Furthermore, the immobilized enzyme demonstrated remarkable reusability, retaining 75% of its initial activity after six cycles, and sustained shelf-life stability, retaining over 40% activity after 10 days at room temperature. Kinetic analyses revealed that immobilized urease exhibited higher affinity for the substrate, but lower rate of substrate conversion compared to the free enzyme. These findings offer valuable insights into optimizing urease immobilization processes and enhancing urease stability and activity, with potential applications in various fields, including biotechnology and biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Sahin
- Department of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400, Turkey
| | - Bahar Ozbey-Unal
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400, Turkey; Institute of Earth and Marine Sciences, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400, Turkey
| | - Nadir Dizge
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin 33343, Turkey
| | - Bulent Keskinler
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Balcik
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400, Turkey.
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Anchidin-Norocel L, Savage WK, Gheorghita R, Amariei S. Biopolymers Used for Receptor Immobilization for Nickel-Detection Biosensors in Food. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1529. [PMID: 37630065 PMCID: PMC10456834 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Food is humans' main source of nickel intake, which is responsible for the prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis and other pathological afflictions. While robust, the classical methods for nickel detection-atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry-are expensive and laborious; in contrast, modern methods that utilize sensors-of which most are electrochemical-have rapid run times, are cost-effective, and are easily assembled. Here, we describe the use of four biopolymers (alginate, agar, chitosan, and carrageenan) for receptor immobilization on biosensors to detect nickel ions and use an optimization approach with three biopolymer concentrations to assay analytical performance profiles. We measured the total performance of screen-printed carbon electrodes immobilized with the biopolymer-sensor combinations using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Voltammetric behavior favored the carrageenan biosensor, based on performance characteristics measured using CV, with sensitivities of 2.68 (for 1% biopolymer concentration) and 2.08 (for 0.5% biopolymer concentration). Our results indicated that among the four biopolymer combinations, carrageenan with urease affixed to screen-printed electrodes was effective at coupling for nickel detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Anchidin-Norocel
- Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Wesley K. Savage
- Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| | - Roxana Gheorghita
- Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Sonia Amariei
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
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Adetunji AI, Olaniran AO. Biocatalytic Profiling of Free and Immobilized Partially Purified Alkaline Protease from an Autochthonous Bacillus aryabhattai Ab15-ES. REACTIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/reactions4020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Partially purified alkaline protease produced by an indigenous bacterial strain, Bacillus aryabhattai Ab15-ES, was insolubilized in alginate beads using an entrapment technique. Maximum entrapped enzyme activities of 68.76% and 71.06% were recorded at optimum conditions of 2% (w/v) sodium alginate and 0.3 M calcium chloride. Biochemical profiling of free and immobilized proteases was investigated by determining their activity and stability as well as kinetic properties. Both enzyme preparations exhibited maximum activity at the optimum pH and temperature of 8.0 and 50 °C, respectively. However, in comparison to the free enzyme, the immobilized protease showed improved pH stability at 8.0–9.0 and thermal stability at 40–50 °C. In addition, the entrapped protease exhibited a higher Vmax and increased affinity to the substrate (1.65-fold) than the soluble enzyme. The immobilized protease was found to be more stable than the free enzyme, retaining 80.88% and 38.37% of its initial activity when stored at 4 °C and 25 °C, respectively, for 30 d. After repeated use seven times, the protease entrapped in alginate beads maintained 32.93% of its original activity. These findings suggest the efficacy and sustainability of the developed immobilized catalytic system for various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adegoke Isiaka Adetunji
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Summit University, Offa 250101, Nigeria
- Centre for Mineral Biogeochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9031, South Africa
| | - Ademola Olufolahan Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Hormozi Jangi SR, Akhond M. Introducing a covalent thiol-based protected immobilized acetylcholinesterase with enhanced enzymatic performances for biosynthesis of esters. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ismail AMS, Helal GEDA, El-Khouly DMA, Esawy MA. Design of an innovative technique for application of the immobilized Rhizomucor miehei (CBS: 370.65) rennin-like enzyme on paraffin wax in cheese-making process and the kinetic properties of the immobilized enzyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:718-724. [PMID: 35134452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This research aimed to invent a new method for cheese making using Rennin-like enzyme from fungus with high efficiency and reusability. Accordingly, Rhizomucor miehei (CBS: 370.65) showed a promising milk clotting (MCF) activity and the mycotoxin test was negative. The partially purified enzyme was immobilized by entrapment in paraffin wax using different techniques. Wax-enzyme tablets preparation exhibited complete immobilization yield (100%). Ca2+ had a marked stimulating effect on the activities of both the free and immobilized enzyme forms. The immobilized enzyme (MCI) exhibited more than sixteen effective reuses to produce cheese in a batch reactor. The free and the immobilized forms recorded their optimum activities at pH 5.6 and 55 °C, respectively. The immobilization process reduced the consumed activation energy (Ea) to 39%. The immobilized enzyme was more stable than the free form. Among all the used substrates, buffalo milk and full cream milk showed the highest immobilized enzyme activity (7142.9 U). km value was unaffected by the immobilization process and was 600 mg reaction-1, for both. Schematic setup was used as semi-pilot example for a repeated batch of MCI wax tablets. This design solved the clotting problem completely by the refine bundle nominated its agreeability in the cheese-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Mohsen S Ismail
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Doaa M A El-Khouly
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Mona A Esawy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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Hormozi Jangi SR, Akhond M. High throughput urease immobilization onto a new metal-organic framework called nanosized electroactive quasi-coral-340 (NEQC-340) for water treatment and safe blood cleaning. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Jamwal S, Ranote S, Dautoo U, Chauhan GS. Improving activity and stabilization of urease by crosslinking to nanoaggregate forms for herbicide degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:521-529. [PMID: 32360462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioremediation is the most effective green protocol for degradation of environmental contaminants. Present study involves carrier free urease immobilization with synthesis of its new crosslinked aggregates using two different crosslinkers, divinyl benzene (DVB) and tripropyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TPGDA) via free radical mechanism. Resulting crosslinked ureases were further converted to nanoform (CLUNAs) using solvent evaporation technique. The activity of free and the crosslinked ureases was studied as a function of operational parameters viz. temperature (20-80), pH (2-11) and substrate concentration (5-20 mM) using urea as substrate at contact time of 10 min. Storability study of the pristine urease and CLUNAs was carried out for 40 days, and the CLUNAs were reused in 10 repeat cycles to assess their reusability. Isoproturone degradation was studied under the above-cited range of pH and temperature and results were recorded after 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Jamwal
- Himachal Pradesh University, Department of Chemistry, Summerhill, Shimla 171005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sunita Ranote
- Himachal Pradesh University, Department of Chemistry, Summerhill, Shimla 171005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Umesh Dautoo
- Himachal Pradesh University, Department of Chemistry, Summerhill, Shimla 171005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ghanshyam S Chauhan
- Himachal Pradesh University, Department of Chemistry, Summerhill, Shimla 171005, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Hormozi Jangi SR, Akhond M, Dehghani Z. High throughput covalent immobilization process for improvement of shelf-life, operational cycles, relative activity in organic media and enzymatic kinetics of urease and its application for urea removal from water samples. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Alatawi FS, Monier M, Elsayed NH. Amino functionalization of carboxymethyl cellulose for efficient immobilization of urease. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:1018-1025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gong A, Zhu CT, Xu Y, Wang FQ, Tsabing DK, Wu FA, Wang J. Moving and unsinkable graphene sheets immobilized enzyme for microfluidic biocatalysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4309. [PMID: 28655888 PMCID: PMC5487366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic catalysis in microreactors has attracted growing scientific interest because of high specific surface enabling heat and mass transfer and easier control of reaction parameters in microreactors. However, two major challenges that limit their application are fast inactivation and the inability to the biocatalysts in microchannel reactors. A fluid and unsinkable immobilized enzyme were firstly applied in a microchannel reactor for biocatalysis in this study. Functionalized forms of graphene-immobilized naringinase flowing in microchannels have yielded excellent results for isoquercitrin production. A maximum yield of 92.24 ± 3.26% was obtained after 20 min in a microchannel reactor. Ten cycles of enzymatic hydrolysis reaction were successively completed and an enzyme activity above 85.51 ± 2.76% was maintained. The kinetic parameter V m/K m increased to 1.9-fold and reaction time was decreased to 1/3 compared with that in a batch reactor. These results indicated that the moving and unsinkable graphene sheets immobilized enzyme with a high persistent specificity and a mild catalytic characteristic enabled the repetitive use of enzyme and significant cost saving for the application of enzyme catalysis. Thus, the developed method has provided an efficient and simple approach for the productive and repeatable microfluidic biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Gong
- School of Biotechnology & School of the Environment and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Tong Zhu
- School of Biotechnology & School of the Environment and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology & School of the Environment and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Qin Wang
- School of Biotechnology & School of the Environment and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, P.R. China
| | - D'assise Kinfack Tsabing
- School of Biotechnology & School of the Environment and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, P.R. China
| | - Fu-An Wu
- School of Biotechnology & School of the Environment and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, P.R. China.,Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biotechnology & School of the Environment and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, P.R. China. .,Sericulture Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, 212018, P.R. China.
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Acetylcholinesterase immobilization and characterization, and comparison of the activity of the porous silicon-immobilized enzyme with its free counterpart. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20150154. [PMID: 26839417 PMCID: PMC4793299 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The physically adsorbed acetylcholinesterase on mesoporous silicon surface is presented. The catalytic behavior of immobilized enzyme was assessed by spectrophotometric bioassay. The immobilization enhanced the reusability, shelf life and thermal as well as pH stability A successful prescription is presented for acetylcholinesterase physically adsorbed on to a mesoporous silicon surface, with a promising hydrolytic response towards acetylthiocholine iodide. The catalytic behaviour of the immobilized enzyme was assessed by spectrophotometric bioassay using neostigmine methyl sulfate as a standard acetycholinesterase inhibitor. The surface modification was studied through field emission SEM, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, cathode luminescence and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, photoluminescence measurement and spectrophotometric bioassay. The porous silicon-immobilized enzyme not only yielded greater enzyme stability, but also significantly improved the native photoluminescence at room temperature of the bare porous silicon architecture. The results indicated the promising catalytic behaviour of immobilized enzyme compared with that of its free counterpart, with a greater stability, and that it aided reusability and easy separation from the reaction mixture. The porous silicon-immobilized enzyme was found to retain 50% of its activity, promising thermal stability up to 90°C, reusability for up to three cycles, pH stability over a broad pH of 4–9 and a shelf-life of 44 days, with an optimal hydrolytic response towards acetylthiocholine iodide at variable drug concentrations. On the basis of these findings, it was believed that the porous silicon-immobilized enzyme could be exploited as a reusable biocatalyst and for screening of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from crude plant extracts and synthesized organic compounds. Moreover, the immobilized enzyme could offer a great deal as a viable biocatalyst in bioprocessing for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, and bioremediation to enhance productivity and robustness.
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Garg S, De A, Mozumdar S. pH‐dependent immobilization of urease on glutathione‐capped gold nanoparticles. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:1771-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Garg
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007 India
| | - Arnab De
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyColumbia UniversityNew York City New York
| | - Subho Mozumdar
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007 India
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Optimization and Immobilization of Purified Labeo rohita Visceral Protease by Entrapment Method. Enzyme Res 2013; 2013:874050. [PMID: 23533718 PMCID: PMC3600187 DOI: 10.1155/2013/874050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purified fish visceral protease enzyme was immobilized by using various concentrations of sodium alginate and calcium chloride to optimize the best concentration for the formation of the beads. Then it was characterized by assaying the optimal pH, temperature, storage stability and reusability. The results on immobilization with sodium alginate and calcium chloride showed that a combination of 2% sodium alginate and 0.3 M calcium chloride weas found to be the optimum concentration for the formation of spherical and stable beads, this gave a maximal entrapped activity of 48.31%, and there was no change in the optimum pH 8.0 and temperature 40°C of protease before and after entrapment. The results on stability and reusability indicated that it was stable at 4°C retaining 100% residual activity after 5 days of storage and 67% loss of activity after ten days of storage and it retained 100% residual activity on the first reuse, 75% residual activity on the second reuse, 25% residual activity on the third use and complete loss in the activity on the fourth reuse.
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Mishra N, Pithawala K, Bahadur A. Byssus thread: a novel support material for urease immobilization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:1568-76. [PMID: 21938419 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Byssus threads are tough biopolymer produced by mussels (Mytilus viridis) to attach themselves to rocks. These were collected from mussels in their natural habitat (N) and from animals maintained in laboratory condition (L) as a novel support. Byssus thread surfaces were characterized by SEM analysis, chemically modified and used for adsorption of urease. The efficiency of the immobilization was calculated by examining the relative enzyme activity of free and the immobilized urease. The pH stabilities of immobilized urease were higher (0.5 unit) than free enzyme. Immobilized enzymes on byssus (both N and L) when stored at 6 °C retained 50% of its activity after 30 days, but they were more stable in dry condition. The optimum temperature of immobilized enzymes was found to increase (25 °C). A Michaelis-Menten constant (K (m)) value for immobilized urease was also elevated (2.08 mol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Sir P. T. Sarvajanik College of Science, Surat 395001, India.
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