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Battelle BA. Opsins and Their Expression Patterns in the Xiphosuran Limulus polyphemus. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2017; 233:3-20. [PMID: 29182506 DOI: 10.1086/693730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of four extant species of xiphosuran chelicerates, the sister group to arachnids. Because of their position in the arthropod family tree and because they exhibit many plesiomorphic characteristics, Xiphosura are considered a proxy for the euchelicerate ancestor and therefore important for understanding the evolution and diversification of chelicerates and arthropods. Limulus polyphemus is the most extensively studied xiphosuran, and its visual system has long been a focus of studies critical for our understanding of basic mechanisms of vision and the evolution of visual systems in arthropods. Building upon a wealth of information about the anatomy and physiology of its visual system, advances in genetic approaches have greatly expanded possibilities for understanding its biochemistry. This review focuses on studies of opsin expression in L. polyphemus, which have been significantly advanced by the availability of transcriptomes and a recent high-quality assembly of its genome. These studies show that the repertoire of expressed opsins in L. polyphemus is far larger than anticipated, that the regulation of their expression in rhabdoms is far more complex than anticipated, and that photosensitivity may be distributed widely throughout the L. polyphemus central nervous system. The visual system of L. polyphemus is now arguably the best understood among chelicerates, and as such, it is a critical resource for furthering our understanding of the evolution and diversification of visual systems in arthropods.
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Key Words
- CNS, central nervous system
- LE, lateral eye
- LWS, long wavelength-sensitive
- LpArthOps, Limulus arthropsin
- LpCOps, Limulus C-type opsin
- LpOps, Limulus opsin
- LpPerOps, Limulus peropsin
- ME, median eye
- MWS, medium wavelength-sensitive
- Rh-LpOps, Limulus opsin in rhabdoms
- SWS, short wavelength-sensitive
- VE, ventral eye
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Battelle BA. Simple Eyes, Extraocular Photoreceptors and Opsins in the American Horseshoe Crab. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:809-819. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Battelle BA, Ryan JF, Kempler KE, Saraf SR, Marten CE, Warren WC, Minx PJ, Montague MJ, Green PJ, Schmidt SA, Fulton L, Patel NH, Protas ME, Wilson RK, Porter ML. Opsin Repertoire and Expression Patterns in Horseshoe Crabs: Evidence from the Genome of Limulus polyphemus (Arthropoda: Chelicerata). Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:1571-89. [PMID: 27189985 PMCID: PMC4898813 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Horseshoe crabs are xiphosuran chelicerates, the sister group to arachnids. As such, they are important for understanding the most recent common ancestor of Euchelicerata and the evolution and diversification of Arthropoda. Limulus polyphemus is the most investigated of the four extant species of horseshoe crabs, and the structure and function of its visual system have long been a major focus of studies critical for understanding the evolution of visual systems in arthropods. Likewise, studies of genes encoding Limulus opsins, the protein component of the visual pigments, are critical for understanding opsin evolution and diversification among chelicerates, where knowledge of opsins is limited, and more broadly among arthropods. In the present study, we sequenced and assembled a high quality nuclear genomic sequence of L. polyphemus and used these data to annotate the full repertoire of Limulus opsins. We conducted a detailed phylogenetic analysis of Limulus opsins, including using gene structure and synteny information to identify relationships among different opsin classes. We used our phylogeny to identify significant genomic events that shaped opsin evolution and therefore the visual system of Limulus We also describe the tissue expression patterns of the 18 opsins identified and show that transcripts encoding a number, including a peropsin, are present throughout the central nervous system. In addition to significantly extending our understanding of photosensitivity in Limulus and providing critical insight into the genomic evolution of horseshoe crab opsins, this work provides a valuable genomic resource for addressing myriad questions related to xiphosuran physiology and arthropod evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara-Anne Battelle
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Departments of Neuroscience and Biology, University of Florida
| | - Joseph F Ryan
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Department of Biology, University of Florida
| | - Karen E Kempler
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Departments of Neuroscience and Biology, University of Florida
| | - Spencer R Saraf
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Departments of Neuroscience and Biology, University of Florida Present address: School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Catherine E Marten
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Departments of Neuroscience and Biology, University of Florida Present address: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
| | - Patrick J Minx
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
| | - Michael J Montague
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
| | - Pamela J Green
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Marine Science and Policy, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware
| | - Skye A Schmidt
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Marine Science and Policy, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware
| | - Lucinda Fulton
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
| | - Nipam H Patel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkley
| | - Meredith E Protas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkley Present address: Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
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Battelle BA. The eyes of Limulus polyphemus (Xiphosura, Chelicerata) and their afferent and efferent projections. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2006; 35:261-74. [PMID: 18089075 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The visual system of the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus (L. polyphemus) is an important preparation for studying the photoresponse, the circadian modulation of the photoresponse and visual information processing. Given its unique position in phylogeny the structure of its visual system also informs studies of the relationships among arthropods and the characteristics of eurarthropods. Much has been learned about the organization of the relatively simple L. polyphemus visual system, but much remains to be discovered. This review summarizes current knowledge of the structure of L. polyphemus eyes and the organization of their afferent and efferent projections and points to important unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-A Battelle
- Whitney Laboratory and Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd., St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
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Miyamoto H, Horiguchi H, Hariyama T, Takano S, Yamagishi H. Photosensitive neurogenic heart of the isopod crustacean Ligia exotica. Proc Biol Sci 2006; 273:2535-40. [PMID: 16959646 PMCID: PMC1634909 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart of animals is regulated through the central nervous system in response to external sensory stimuli. We found, however, that the adult neurogenic heart of the isopod crustacean Ligia exotica has photosensitivity. The beat frequency of the isolated heart decreased in response to a light stimulus. Magnitude of the response was stimulus intensity dependent and the heartbeat frequency decreased to less than 80% of the dark value during illumination of the white light with an intensity of 6.0 mW cm-2. The spectral sensitivity curve of the heart photoresponse peaked at a wavelength around 520 nm. In response to 530 nm monochromatic light, the relationship between light intensity and response magnitude was linear and the threshold intensity was 7.26 x 1012 quanta cm-2 s-1. Bursting activity of the cardiac ganglion, which is located in the heart and acts as the cardiac pacemaker deceased in frequency in response to illumination by white light. This fact suggests that the heart photoresponse of L. exotica results from the photosensitivity of the cardiac ganglion neurons. The photoresponse of the heart therefore contributes to regulation of cardiac output in addition to other regulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of TsukubaTsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroko Horiguchi
- Laboratory of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of MedicineHamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takahiko Hariyama
- Laboratory of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of MedicineHamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of TsukubaTsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of TsukubaTsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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