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Battini N, Giachetti CB, Castro KL, Bortolus A, Schwindt E. Predator–prey interactions as key drivers for the invasion success of a potentially neurotoxic sea slug. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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2
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Page LR, Hildebrand IM, Kempf SC. Siphonariid development: Quintessential euthyneuran larva with a mantle fold innovation (Gastropoda; Panpulmonata). J Morphol 2019; 280:634-653. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise R. Page
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Victoria P.O. Box 3020 STN CSC, Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Ilsa M. Hildebrand
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Victoria P.O. Box 3020 STN CSC, Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Stephen C. Kempf
- Department of Biological Sciences 331 Funchess Hall, University of Auburn, Auburn Alabama
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim T. Haug
- Biocenter, Department of Biology II and GeoBio‐Center Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Planegg‐Martinsried Germany
- GeoBio‐Center Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München Munich Germany
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4
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Yıldırım Y, Anderson MJ, Hansson B, Patel S, Millar CD, Rainey PB. Genetic structure of the grey side-gilled sea slug (Pleurobranchaea maculata) in coastal waters of New Zealand. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202197. [PMID: 30114275 PMCID: PMC6095540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleurobranchaea maculata is a rarely studied species of the Heterobranchia found throughout the south and western Pacific-and recently recorded in Argentina-whose population genetic structure is unknown. Interest in the species was sparked in New Zealand following a series of dog deaths caused by ingestions of slugs containing high levels of the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin. Here we describe the genetic structure and demographic history of P. maculata populations from five principle locations in New Zealand based on extensive analyses of 12 microsatellite loci and the COI and CytB regions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Microsatellite data showed significant differentiation between northern and southern populations with population structure being associated with previously described regional variations in tetrodotoxin concentrations. However, mtDNA sequence data did not support such structure, revealing a star-shaped haplotype network with estimates of expansion time suggesting a population expansion in the Pleistocene era. Inclusion of publicly available mtDNA sequence sea slugs from Argentina did not alter the star-shaped network. We interpret our data as indicative of a single founding population that fragmented following geographical changes that brought about the present day north-south divide in New Zealand waters. Lack of evidence of cryptic species supports data indicating that differences in toxicity of individuals among regions are a consequence of differences in diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşerin Yıldırım
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marti J. Anderson
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bengt Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Selina Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Craig D. Millar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul B. Rainey
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Microbial Population Biology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI ParisTech), CNRS UMR 8231, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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5
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Bökenhans V, Fernández Alfaya JE, Bigatti G, Averbuj A. Diet of the invasive sea slug Pleurobranchaea maculata in Patagonian coastal waters. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2018.1464035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Bökenhans
- LARBIM - IBIOMAR. CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - José E. Fernández Alfaya
- LARBIM - IBIOMAR. CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Gregorio Bigatti
- LARBIM - IBIOMAR. CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Andrés Averbuj
- LARBIM - IBIOMAR. CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
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Rundle SD, Spicer JI. Heterokairy: a significant form of developmental plasticity? Biol Lett 2016; 12:20160509. [PMID: 27624796 PMCID: PMC5046929 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a current surge of research interest in the potential role of developmental plasticity in adaptation and evolution. Here we make a case that some of this research effort should explore the adaptive significance of heterokairy, a specific type of plasticity that describes environmentally driven, altered timing of development within a species. This emphasis seems warranted given the pervasive occurrence of heterochrony, altered developmental timing between species, in evolution. We briefly review studies investigating heterochrony within an adaptive context across animal taxa, including examples that explore links between heterokairy and heterochrony. We then outline how sequence heterokairy could be included within the research agenda for developmental plasticity. We suggest that the study of heterokairy may be particularly pertinent in (i) determining the importance of non-adaptive plasticity, and (ii) embedding concepts from comparative embryology such as developmental modularity and disassociation within a developmental plasticity framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Rundle
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - J I Spicer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
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Farias NE, Wood SA, Obenat S, Schwindt E. Genetic barcoding confirms the presence of the neurotoxic sea slug Pleurobranchaea maculata in southwestern Atlantic coast. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2016.1159582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- NE Farias
- Laboratorio de Invertebrados, FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - SA Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- Environmental Research Institute, Waikato University, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - S Obenat
- Laboratorio de Invertebrados, FCEyN, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - E Schwindt
- Grupo de Ecología en Ambientes Costeros (GEAC- IBIOMAR-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Argentina
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Depuration of tetrodotoxin and changes in bacterial communities in Pleurobranchea maculata adults and egg masses maintained in captivity. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:1342-50. [PMID: 23151964 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Depuration of tetrodotoxin (TTX) was investigated in adult grey side-gilled sea slugs, Pleurobranchaea maculata, maintained in captivity on a TTX-free diet. Three adults were harvested every 21 days for 126 days, and TTX concentrations were measured in organs/tissues and egg masses. Automated rRNA intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) was used to investigate bacterial community structure in selected samples. Linear modeling of adult data demonstrated a decline (P<0.001) in average total TTX concentrations over time. Temporal data obtained from a wild population showed similar depuration rates, indicating that once adults reach a certain size, or sexual maturity, TTX is no longer produced or acquired substantially. Depuration rates differed among organs, with concentrations in the heart declining the fastest. The gonads had the slowest and least significant depuration rate indicating, at most, weak depuration of this tissue. There was a strong correlation (R(2)=0.66) between TTX concentrations in the first-laid egg masses and total TTX in the corresponding adult. These data suggest that adult P. maculata transfer TTX to their offspring, and presumably that functions as a chemical defense. ARISA data showed a shift in bacterial community structure within 3 weeks of introduction to captivity. Based on the combined data, the exact origin of TTX in P. maculata is unclear, with evidence both in favor and against a dietary source, and endogenous or bacterial production.
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Bitterli TS, Rundle SD, Spicer JI. Development of cardiovascular function in the marine gastropod Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus). J Exp Biol 2012; 215:2327-33. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.067967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The molluscan cardiovascular system typically incorporates a transient extracardiac structure, the larval heart, early in development, but the functional importance of this structure is unclear. We documented the ontogeny and regulatory ability of the larval heart in relation to two other circulatory structures, the true heart and the velum, in the intertidal gastropod Littorina obtusata. There was a mismatch between the appearance of the larval heart and the velum. Velar lobes appeared early in development (day 4), but the larval heart did not begin beating until day 13. The beating of the larval heart reached a maximum on day 17 and then decreased until the structure itself disappeared (day 24). The true heart began to beat on day 17. Its rate of beating increased as that of the larval heart decreased, possibly suggesting a gradual shift from a larval heart-driven to a true heart-driven circulation. The true heart was not sensitive to acutely declining PO2 shortly after it began to beat, but increased in activity in response to acutely declining PO2 by day 21. Larval heart responses were similar to those of the true heart, with early insensitivity to declining PO2 (day 13) followed by a response by day 15. Increased velum-driven rotational activity under acutely declining PO2 was greatest in early developmental stages. Together, these findings point to cardiovascular function in L. obtusata larvae being the result of a complex interaction between velum, larval and true heart activities, with the functions of the three structures coinciding but their relative importance changing throughout larval development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha S. Bitterli
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Simon D. Rundle
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - John I. Spicer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Marine Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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Wood SA, Taylor DI, McNabb P, Walker J, Adamson J, Cary SC. Tetrodotoxin concentrations in Pleurobranchaea maculata: temporal, spatial and individual variability from New Zealand populations. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:163-176. [PMID: 22363228 PMCID: PMC3280535 DOI: 10.3390/md10010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin that has been identified in a range of phylogenetically unrelated marine and terrestrial organisms. Tetrodotoxin was recently detected in New Zealand in Pleurobranchaea maculata (the grey side-gilled sea slug). From June 2010 to June 2011 wild specimens were collected from 10 locations around New Zealand. At one site (Narrow Neck Beach, Auckland) up to 10 individuals were collected monthly for 6 months. Attempts were also made to rear P. maculata in captivity. Tetrodotoxin was detected in samples from eight of the ten sites. The highest average (368.7 mg kg−1) and maximum (1414.0 mg kg−1) concentrations were measured in samples from Illiomama Rock (Auckland). Of the toxic populations tested there was significant variability in TTX concentrations among individuals, with the highest difference (62 fold) measured at Illiomama Rock. Tetrodotoxin concentrations in samples from Narrow Neck Beach varied temporally, ranging from an average of 184 mg kg−1 in June 2010 to 17.5 mg kg−1 by December 2010. There was no correlation between TTX levels and mass. The highest levels correspond with the egg laying season (June–August) and this, in concert with the detection of high levels of TTX in eggs and early larval stages, suggests that TTX may have a defensive function in P. maculata. Only one larva was successfully reared to full maturation and no TTX was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna A. Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (D.I.T.); (P.M.); (J.A.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +64-3-548-2319; Fax: +64-3-546-9464
| | - David I. Taylor
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (D.I.T.); (P.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Paul McNabb
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (D.I.T.); (P.M.); (J.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Otago University, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jarrod Walker
- Auckland Council, 1 The Strand, Level 4, Takapuna, Auckland 0622, New Zealand;
| | - Janet Adamson
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (D.I.T.); (P.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Stephen Craig Cary
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
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Osterauer R, Marschner L, Betz O, Gerberding M, Sawasdee B, Cloetens P, Haus N, Sures B, Triebskorn R, Köhler HR. Turning snails into slugs: induced body plan changes and formation of an internal shell. Evol Dev 2011; 12:474-83. [PMID: 20883216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2010.00433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The archetypal body plan of conchiferan molluscs is characterized by an external calcareous shell, though internalization of shells has evolved independently in a number of molluscan clades, including gastropod families. In gastropods, the developmental process of torsion is regarded as a hallmark that is associated with a new anatomical configuration. This configuration is present in extant prosobranch gastropod species, which predominantly bear external shells. Here, we show that short-term exposure to platinum during development uncouples at least two of the processes associated with torsion of the freshwater snail Marisa cornuarietis. That is, the anus of the treated snails is located anteriorly, but the gill and the designated mantle tissue remains in a posterior location, thus preventing the formation of an external shell. In contrast to the prosobranchian archetype, platinum treatment results in the formation of a posterior gill and a cone-shaped internal shell, which persists across the lifetime. This first finding of artificially induced snail-slug conversion was also seen in the pulmonate snail Planorbarius corneus and demonstrates that selective alteration of embryonic key processes can result in fundamental changes of an existing body plan and-if altered regulation is inherited-may give rise to a new one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Osterauer
- Animal Physiological Ecology Department, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
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Furuhashi T, Schwarzinger C, Miksik I, Smrz M, Beran A. Molluscan shell evolution with review of shell calcification hypothesis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 154:351-71. [PMID: 19665573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization research on mollusc shells has mostly focused on nacre formation. Chitin, silk fibroin protein, and acidic macromolecules are important components for shell formation. Although the principle concept behind shell calcification was developed many years ago, the individual components have not been well scrutinized. Besides that, Mollusca are the second largest invertebrate phylum, but comprehensive biochemical research involving a comparison of different taxa is still rare. This study reconsiders the above three components with adding some biochemical data of aculiferans. The presence of chitin in polyplacophorans sclerites was confirmed by IR and pyrolysis GC/MS. DMMB staining data inferred that sulphated groups present in aplacophoran cuticle but not in polyplacophorans cuticle. These insight suggested importance of comparison between acuriferans and conchiferans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Furuhashi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Page LR. Novel embryogenesis in a nudibranch gastropod: segregation, expulsion, and abandonment of deeply pigmented egg cytoplasm. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2007; 213:303-306. [PMID: 18083969 DOI: 10.2307/25066647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise R Page
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada.
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Smirthwaite JJ, Rundle SD, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Spicer JI. An integrative approach identifies developmental sequence heterochronies in freshwater basommatophoran snails. Evol Dev 2007; 9:122-30. [PMID: 17371395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2007.00143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adopting an integrative approach to the study of sequence heterochrony, we compared the timing of developmental events encompassing a mixture of developmental stages and functional traits in the embryos of 12 species of basommatophoran snails in an explicit phylogenetic framework. PARSIMOV analysis demonstrated clear functional heterochronies associated both with basal branches within the phylogeny and with terminal speciation events. A consensus of changes inferred under both accelerated transformation and delayed transformation optimizations identified four heterochronies where the direction of movement was known plus six twin heterochronies where the relative movements of the two events could not be assigned. On average, 0.5 and 0.58 events were inferred to have changed their position in the developmental sequence on internal and terminal branches of the phylogeny, respectively; these values are comparable with frequencies of sequence heterochrony reported in mammals. Directional heterochronies such as the early occurrence of body flexing in relation to the ontogeny of the eye spots, heart beat, and free swimming events occurred convergently and/or at different levels (i.e., familial, generic, and species) within the phylogeny. Such a functional approach to the study of developmental sequences has highlighted the possibility that heterochrony may have played a prominent role in the evolution of this group of invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Smirthwaite
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drakes Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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