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Zhao M, Chen Y, Yang D, Lyu C, Bian X, Li X, Qiu W, Huang Z, Hu Z, Zhang J. Regulatory utility of pharmacometrics in the development and evaluation of antimicrobial agents and its recent progress in China. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 10:1466-1478. [PMID: 34651458 PMCID: PMC8674004 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacometrics is an emerging science that interprets drug, disease, and trial information in a mathematical fashion to inform and facilitate efficient drug development and/or regulatory decisions. Pharmacometrics study is increasingly adopted in the regulatory review of new antimicrobial agents. We summarized the 31 antimicrobial agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the 26 antimicrobial agents approved by European Medicines Agency (EMA) from January 2001 to May 2019. We also reviewed recent examples of utilizing pharmacometrics to support antimicrobial agent's registration in China, including modeling and simulation methods, effects of internal/external factors on pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, safety and efficacy evaluation in terms of exposure-response analysis, refinement of the wording of product labeling and package leaflet, and possible postmarketing clinical trial. Ongoing communication among regulator, academia, and industry regarding pharmacometrics is encouraged to streamline and facilitate the development of new antimicrobial agents. The industry can maximize its benefit in drug development through continued pharmacometrics education/training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Office of Clinical Evaluation II, Center for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Yuancheng Chen
- Phase I Unit, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Covance Pharmaceutical Research and Development (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Lyu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Development Business Unit, CSPC Zhongqi Pharmaceutical Technology (Shijiazhuang) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.,Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingchen Bian
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiyi Qiu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijian Hu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Development Business Unit, CSPC Zhongqi Pharmaceutical Technology (Shijiazhuang) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
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Vinks AA, Touw DJ, van Rossen RC, Heijerman HG, Bakker W. Stability of aztreonam in a portable pump reservoir used for home intravenous antibiotic treatment (HIVAT). PHARMACY WORLD & SCIENCE : PWS 1996; 18:74-7. [PMID: 8739261 DOI: 10.1007/bf00579709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The stability of the monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic aztreonam in portable pump reservoirs was studied during storage at temperatures of -20 degrees C and +5 degrees C and during drug delivery at 37 degrees C. Three 100-ml drug reservoirs and three glass containers containing 60 mg/ml aztreonam were stored at -20 degrees C and 2-ml samples were analysed in the freshly prepared solution and after thawing at days 7, 21, 28, 70 and after 6 months of storage. A separate triplicate batch of 100-ml prefilled drug reservoirs and glass containers containing a similar aztreonam concentration (60 mg/ml) were refrigerated and tested immediately after preparation and daily for 8 days and after 70 days. Solutions of aztreonam in duplicate freshly prepared reservoirs were tested for stability when the solution was pumped at 37 degrees C over a 24-h period. All solutions were inspected for visual changes and tested for pH. Drug concentration was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. No colour changes or pH differences were observed in any of the solutions in the reservoirs of containers. No statistically significant decrease in aztreonam concentration could be detected after 6 months of storage at -20 degrees C. Aztreonam was stable at 5 degrees C for at least 8 days. A 24-h pumping period at 37 degrees C showed a 3.6% decrease in aztreonam concentration. Aztreonam at a concentration of 60 mg/ml in a pump reservoir is sufficiently stable to be used in home intravenous antibiotic treatment programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Vinks
- Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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