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Schmitt C, Lippert AH, Bonakdar N, Sandoghdar V, Voll LM. Compartmentalization and Transport in Synthetic Vesicles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:19. [PMID: 26973834 PMCID: PMC4770187 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale vesicles have become a popular tool in life sciences. Besides liposomes that are generated from phospholipids of natural origin, polymersomes fabricated of synthetic block copolymers enjoy increasing popularity, as they represent more versatile membrane building blocks that can be selected based on their specific physicochemical properties, such as permeability, stability, or chemical reactivity. In this review, we focus on the application of simple and nested artificial vesicles in synthetic biology. First, we provide an introduction into the utilization of multicompartmented vesosomes as compartmentalized nanoscale bioreactors. In the bottom-up development of protocells from vesicular nanoreactors, the specific exchange of pathway intermediates across compartment boundaries represents a bottleneck for future studies. To date, most compartmented bioreactors rely on unspecific exchange of substrates and products. This is either based on changes in permeability of the coblock polymer shell by physicochemical triggers or by the incorporation of unspecific porin proteins into the vesicle membrane. Since the incorporation of membrane transport proteins into simple and nested artificial vesicles offers the potential for specific exchange of substances between subcompartments, it opens new vistas in the design of protocells. Therefore, we devote the main part of the review to summarize the technical advances in the use of phospholipids and block copolymers for the reconstitution of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schmitt
- Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna H. Lippert
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Navid Bonakdar
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars M. Voll
- Division of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Staehr P, Löttgert T, Christmann A, Krueger S, Rosar C, Rolčík J, Novák O, Strnad M, Bell K, Weber APM, Flügge UI, Häusler RE. Reticulate leaves and stunted roots are independent phenotypes pointing at opposite roles of the phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator defective in cue1 in the plastids of both organs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:126. [PMID: 24782872 PMCID: PMC3986533 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) serves not only as a high energy carbon compound in glycolysis, but it acts also as precursor for plastidial anabolic sequences like the shikimate pathway, which produces aromatic amino acids (AAA) and subsequently secondary plant products. After conversion to pyruvate, PEP can also enter de novo fatty acid biosynthesis, the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids, and the non-mevalonate way of isoprenoid production. As PEP cannot be generated by glycolysis in chloroplasts and a variety of non-green plastids, it has to be imported from the cytosol by a phosphate translocator (PT) specific for PEP (PPT). A loss of function of PPT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana results in the chlorophyll a/b binding protein underexpressed1 (cue1) mutant, which is characterized by reticulate leaves and stunted roots. Here we dissect the shoot- and root phenotypes, and also address the question whether or not long distance signaling by metabolites is involved in the perturbed mesophyll development of cue1. Reverse grafting experiments showed that the shoot- and root phenotypes develop independently from each other, ruling out long distance metabolite signaling. The leaf phenotype could be transiently modified even in mature leaves, e.g. by an inducible PPT1RNAi approach or by feeding AAA, the cytokinin trans-zeatin (tZ), or the putative signaling molecule dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside (DCG). Hormones, such as auxins, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, ethylene, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid did not rescue the cue1 leaf phenotype. The low cell density1 (lcd1) mutant shares the reticulate leaf-, but not the stunted root phenotype with cue1. It could neither be rescued by AAA nor by tZ. In contrast, tZ and AAA further inhibited root growth both in cue1 and wild-type plants. Based on our results, we propose a model that PPT1 acts as a net importer of PEP into chloroplast, but as an overflow valve and hence exporter in root plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Staehr
- Department of Botany II, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologne, Germany
- Lophius BiosciencesRegensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Löttgert
- Department of Botany II, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologne, Germany
- Quintiles GmbHNeu-Isenburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Christmann
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenMunich, Germany
| | - Stephan Krueger
- Department of Botany II, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - Christian Rosar
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jakub Rolčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký UniversityOlumouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký UniversityOlumouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký UniversityOlumouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kirsten Bell
- Department of Botany II, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - Andreas P. M. Weber
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulf-Ingo Flügge
- Department of Botany II, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rainer E. Häusler
- Department of Botany II, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologne, Germany
- *Correspondence: Rainer E. Häusler, Department of Botany II, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicherstr. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany e-mail:
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