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Quantitative risk assessment for skin sensitization: Success or failure? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 83:104-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Basketter D, Safford B. Skin sensitization quantitative risk assessment: A review of underlying assumptions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 74:105-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Skin sensitization associated with allergic contact dermatitis is a common health problem and is an important consideration for toxicologists in safety assessment. Historically, in vivo predictive tests have been used with good success to identify substances that have the potential to induce skin sensitization, and these tests formed the basis of safety evaluation. These original tests are now being replaced gradually either by in vitro assays or by further refinements of in vivo methods such as the local lymph node assay. Human data have also been available to inform classification decisions for some substances and have been used by risk managers to introduce measures for exposure reduction. However, humans encounter hazards in the context of exposure rather than in the form of intrinsic hazards per se, and so in this article, we have examined critically the extent to which human data have been used to refine classification decisions and safety evaluations. We have also evaluated information on the burden of human allergic skin disease and used this to address the question of whether, and to what extent, the identification and evaluation of skin sensitization hazards has led to an improvement of public and/or occupational health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - IR White
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St John’s Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - JP McFadden
- Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St John’s Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - I Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Api AM, Boyd J, Renskers K. Peroxide levels along the fragrance value chain comply with IFRA standards. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.; 50 Tice Boulevard Woodcliff Lake NJ USA
| | | | - K. Renskers
- Takasago International Corporation (USA); 4 Volvo Drive Rockleigh NJ USA
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Api AM, Basketter D, Lalko J. Correlation between experimental human and murine skin sensitization induction thresholds. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2014; 34:298-302. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2014.979425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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