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Santo G, Laudicella R, Linguanti F, Nappi AG, Abenavoli E, Vergura V, Rubini G, Sciagrà R, Arnone G, Schillaci O, Minutoli F, Baldari S, Quartuccio N, Bisdas S. The Utility of Conventional Amino Acid PET Radiotracers in the Evaluation of Glioma Recurrence also in Comparison with MRI. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040844. [PMID: 35453892 PMCID: PMC9027186 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM In this comprehensive review we present an update on the most relevant studies evaluating the utility of amino acid PET radiotracers for the evaluation of glioma recurrence as compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS A literature search extended until June 2020 on the PubMed/MEDLINE literature database was conducted using the terms "high-grade glioma", "glioblastoma", "brain tumors", "positron emission tomography", "PET", "amino acid PET", "[11C]methyl-l-methionine", "[18F]fluoroethyl-tyrosine", "[18F]fluoro-l-dihydroxy-phenylalanine", "MET", "FET", "DOPA", "magnetic resonance imaging", "MRI", "advanced MRI", "magnetic resonance spectroscopy", "perfusion-weighted imaging", "diffusion-weighted imaging", "MRS", "PWI", "DWI", "hybrid PET/MR", "glioma recurrence", "pseudoprogression", "PSP", "treatment-related change", and "radiation necrosis" alone and in combination. Only original articles edited in English and about humans with at least 10 patients were included. RESULTS Forty-four articles were finally selected. Conventional amino acid PET tracers were demonstrated to be reliable diagnostic techniques in differentiating tumor recurrence thanks to their high uptake from tumor tissue and low background in normal grey matter, giving additional and early information to standard modalities. Among them, MET-PET seems to present the highest diagnostic value but its use is limited to on-site cyclotron facilities. [18F]labelled amino acids, such as FDOPA and FET, were developed to provide a more suitable PET tracer for routine clinical applications, and demonstrated similar diagnostic performance. When compared to the gold standard MRI, amino acid PET provides complementary and comparable information to standard modalities and seems to represent an essential tool in the differentiation between tumor recurrence and other entities such as pseudoprogression, radiation necrosis, and pseudoresponse. CONCLUSIONS Despite the introduction of new advanced imaging techniques, the diagnosis of glioma recurrence remains challenging. In this scenario, the growing knowledge about imaging techniques and analysis, such as the combined PET/MRI and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), could represent promising tools to face this difficult and debated clinical issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Santo
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.S.); (A.G.N.); (G.R.)
| | - Riccardo Laudicella
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.L.); (F.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Flavia Linguanti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.L.); (E.A.); (V.V.); (R.S.)
| | - Anna Giulia Nappi
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.S.); (A.G.N.); (G.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Abenavoli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.L.); (E.A.); (V.V.); (R.S.)
| | - Vittoria Vergura
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.L.); (E.A.); (V.V.); (R.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Rubini
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.S.); (A.G.N.); (G.R.)
| | - Roberto Sciagrà
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.L.); (E.A.); (V.V.); (R.S.)
| | - Gaspare Arnone
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, A.R.N.A.S. Ospedali Civico, Di Cristina e Benfratelli, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.A.); (N.Q.)
| | - Orazio Schillaci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabio Minutoli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.L.); (F.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Sergio Baldari
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (R.L.); (F.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Natale Quartuccio
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, A.R.N.A.S. Ospedali Civico, Di Cristina e Benfratelli, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.A.); (N.Q.)
| | - Sotirios Bisdas
- Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Correspondence:
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2
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Synthesis of desmosine-BSA/KLH conjugates via Sonogashira/Negishi cross-coupling reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Depke DA, Konken CP, Rösner L, Hermann S, Schäfers M, Rentmeister A. A novel 18F-labeled clickable substrate for targeted imaging of SNAP-tag expressing cells by PET in vivo. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9850-9853. [PMID: 34490435 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03871k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal covalent labeling with self-labeling enzymes like SNAP-tag bears a high potential for specific targeting of cells for imaging in vitro and also in vivo. To this end, fluorescent SNAP substrates have been established and used in microscopy and fluorescence imaging while radioactive substrates for the highly sensitive and whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) have been lacking. Here, we show for the first time successful and high-contrast PET imaging of subcutaneous SNAP-tag expressing tumor xenografts by bioorthogonal covalent targeting with a novel 18F-based radioligand in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Alexej Depke
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Germany.
| | - Christian Paul Konken
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Germany. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Lukas Rösner
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Germany.
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Germany.
| | - Michael Schäfers
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Germany. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Germany
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Zhang X, Basuli F, Abdelwahed S, Begley T, Swenson R. Radiosynthesis of 5-[ 18F]Fluoro-1,2,3-triazoles through Aqueous Iodine-[ 18F]Fluorine Exchange Reaction. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185522. [PMID: 34576993 PMCID: PMC8469629 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, a simple and efficient process to achieve fluorine-18-labeled 1,2,3-triazole is reported. The heteroaromatic radiofluorination was successfully achieved through an iodine–fluorine-18 exchange in an aqueous medium requiring only trace amounts of base and no azeotropic drying of fluorine-18. This methodology was optimized on a model reaction and further validated on multiple 1,2,3-triazole substrates with 18–60% radiochemical conversions. Using this strategy—the radiosynthesis of a triazole-based thiamin analogue—a potential positron emission tomography (PET) probe for imaging thiamin-dependent enzymes was synthesized with 10–16% isolated radiochemical yield (RCY) in 40 min (uncorrected, n > 5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (F.B.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Falguni Basuli
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (F.B.); (R.S.)
| | - Sameh Abdelwahed
- Department of Chemistry, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA;
| | - Tadhg Begley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Rolf Swenson
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (F.B.); (R.S.)
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Hirose M, Yokoo R, Watanabe D, Suzuki R, Tanigawa M, Usuki T. Synthesis of Multi‐Deuterated Desmosine. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Hirose
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences Faculty of Science and TechnologySophia University 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102–8554 Japan
| | - Reiko Yokoo
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences Faculty of Science and TechnologySophia University 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102–8554 Japan
| | - Daisuke Watanabe
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences Faculty of Science and TechnologySophia University 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102–8554 Japan
| | - Rina Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences Faculty of Science and TechnologySophia University 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102–8554 Japan
| | - Miho Tanigawa
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences Faculty of Science and TechnologySophia University 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102–8554 Japan
| | - Toyonobu Usuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences Faculty of Science and TechnologySophia University 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102–8554 Japan
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Wu R, Liu S, Liu Y, Sun Y, Cheng X, Huang Y, Yang Z, Wu Z. Synthesis and biological evaluation of [18F](2S,4S)4-(3-fluoropropyl) arginine as a tumor imaging agent. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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7
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Hall C, Wolfe H, Wells A, Chien HC, Colas C, Schlessinger A, Giacomini KM, Thomas AA. l-Type amino acid transporter 1 activity of 1,2,3-triazolyl analogs of l-histidine and l-tryptophan. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2254-2258. [PMID: 31248771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of 1,2,3-triazole analogs of the amino acids l-histidine and l-tryptophan were modeled, synthesized and tested for l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1; SLC7A5) activity to guide the design of amino acid-drug conjugates (prodrugs). These triazoles were conveniently prepared by the highly convergent Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (Click Chemistry). Despite comparable predicted binding modes, triazoles generally demonstrated reduced cell uptake and LAT1 binding potency relative to their natural amino acid counterparts. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) data for these triazoles has important ramifications for treating cancer and brain disorders using amino acid prodrugs or LAT1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE 69949, USA
| | - Hannah Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE 69949, USA
| | - Alyssa Wells
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE 69949, USA
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Claire Colas
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Allen A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE 69949, USA.
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Optimized and Automated Radiosynthesis of [ 18F]DHMT for Translational Imaging of Reactive Oxygen Species with Positron Emission Tomography. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121696. [PMID: 27941676 PMCID: PMC5505691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in cell signaling and homeostasis. However, an abnormally high level of ROS is toxic, and is implicated in a number of diseases. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of ROS can assist in the detection of these diseases. For the purpose of clinical translation of [18F]6-(4-((1-(2-fluoroethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-5-methyl-5,6-dihydrophenanthridine-3,8-diamine ([18F]DHMT), a promising ROS PET radiotracer, we first manually optimized the large-scale radiosynthesis conditions and then implemented them in an automated synthesis module. Our manual synthesis procedure afforded [18F]DHMT in 120 min with overall radiochemical yield (RCY) of 31.6% ± 9.3% (n = 2, decay-uncorrected) and specific activity of 426 ± 272 GBq/µmol (n = 2). Fully automated radiosynthesis of [18F]DHMT was achieved within 77 min with overall isolated RCY of 6.9% ± 2.8% (n = 7, decay-uncorrected) and specific activity of 155 ± 153 GBq/µmol (n = 7) at the end of synthesis. This study is the first demonstration of producing 2-[18F]fluoroethyl azide by an automated module, which can be used for a variety of PET tracers through click chemistry. It is also the first time that [18F]DHMT was successfully tested for PET imaging in a healthy beagle dog.
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the key considerations for the development and application of molecular imaging agents for brain tumors and the major classes of PET tracers that have been used for imaging brain tumors in humans. The mechanisms of uptake, biological implications, primary applications, and limitations of PET tracers in neuro-oncology are reviewed. The available data indicate that several of these classes of tracers, including radiolabeled amino acids, have imaging properties superior to those of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose, and can complement contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of brain tumors.
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Bouhlel A, Alyami W, Li A, Yuan L, Rich K, McConathy J. Effect of α-Methyl versus α-Hydrogen Substitution on Brain Availability and Tumor Imaging Properties of Heptanoic [F-18]Fluoroalkyl Amino Acids for Positron Emission Tomography (PET). J Med Chem 2016; 59:3515-31. [PMID: 26967318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two [(18)F]fluoroalkyl substituted amino acids differing only by the presence or absence of a methyl group on the α-carbon, (S)-2-amino-7-[(18)F]fluoro-2-methylheptanoic acid ((S)-[(18)F]FAMHep, (S)-[(18)F]14) and (S)-2-amino-7-[(18)F]fluoroheptanoic acid ((S)-[(18)F]FAHep, (S)-[(18)F]15), were developed for brain tumor imaging and compared to the well-established system L amino acid tracer, O-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine ([(18)F]FET), in the delayed brain tumor (DBT) mouse model of high-grade glioma. Cell uptake, biodistribution, and PET/CT imaging studies showed differences in amino acid transport of these tracer by DBT cells. Recognition of (S)-[(18)F]15 but not (S)-[(18)F]14 by system L amino acid transporters led to approximately 8-10-fold higher uptake of the α-hydrogen substituted analogue (S)-[(18)F]15 in normal brain. (S)-[(18)F]15 had imaging properties similar to those of (S)-[(18)F]FET in the DBT tumor model while (S)-[(18)F]14 afforded higher tumor to brain ratios due to much lower uptake by normal brain. These results have important implications for the future development of α-alkyl and α,α-dialkyl substituted amino acids for brain tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlem Bouhlel
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Inserm, Vascular Center of Marseille (UMR_S1076), CERIMED, Aix-Marseille University , Marseille, France
| | - Wadha Alyami
- Doisy College of Health Sciences, Saint Louis University , St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Aixiao Li
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Liya Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Keith Rich
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jonathan McConathy
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama 35249, United States
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11
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Synthesis and conformational behavior of metallacyclicdipeptides derived from coordination of side chain alkynylamino acids to tungsten. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Burkemper JL, Huang C, Li A, Yuan L, Rich K, McConathy J, Lapi SE. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (S)-Amino-2-methyl-4-[(76)Br]bromo-3-(E)-butenoic Acid (BrVAIB) for Brain Tumor Imaging. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8542-52. [PMID: 26444035 PMCID: PMC4764504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The novel compound, (S)-amino-2-methyl-4-[(76)Br]bromo-3-(E)-butenoic acid (BrVAIB, [(76)Br]5), was characterized against the known system A tracer, IVAIB ([(123)I]8). [(76)Br]5 was prepared in a 51% ± 19% radiochemical yield with high radiochemical purity (≥98%). The biological properties of [(76)Br]5 were compared with those of [(123)I]8. Results showed that [(76)Br]5 undergoes mixed amino acid transport by system A and system L transport, while [(123)I]8 had less uptake by system L. [(76)Br]5 demonstrated higher uptake than [(123)I]8 in DBT tumors 1 h after injection (3.7 ± 0.4% ID/g vs 1.5 ± 0.3% ID/g) and also showed higher uptake vs [(123)I]8 in normal brain. Small animal PET studies with [(76)Br]5 demonstrated good tumor visualization of intracranial DBTs up to 24 h with clearance from normal tissues. These results indicate that [(76)Br]5 is a promising PET tracer for brain tumor imaging and lead compound for a mixed system A and system L transport substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Burkemper
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Chaofeng Huang
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Aixiao Li
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Liya Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Keith Rich
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Jonathan McConathy
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Suzanne E. Lapi
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Choi JY, Lee BC. Click Reaction: An Applicable Radiolabeling Method for Molecular Imaging. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 49:258-67. [PMID: 26550044 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-015-0377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the click reaction has found rapidly growing applications in the field of radiochemistry, ranging from a practical labeling method to molecular imaging of biomacromolecules. This present review details the development of highly reliable, powerful and selective click chemistry reactions for the rapid synthesis of new radiotracers for molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumidong, Bundanggu, Seongnam, 13620 Republic of Korea ; Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 16229 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumidong, Bundanggu, Seongnam, 13620 Republic of Korea ; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Suwon, 16229 Republic of Korea
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14
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Yook CM, Lee SJ, Oh SJ, Ha HJ, Lee JJ. Simple preparation of new [(18) F]F-labeled synthetic amino acid derivatives with two click reactions in one-pot and SPE purification. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:317-26. [PMID: 26031401 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
New [(18) F]fluorinated 1,2,3-triazolyl amino acid derivatives were efficiently prepared from Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, well known as click reaction. We developed two simultaneous click reactions in one-pot with a simple solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification method. [(18) F]fluoro-1-propyne was obtained at a 45% non-decay corrected radiochemical yield based on the [(18) F]fluoride ion. The one-pot and simultaneous two click reactions were performed with unprotected azido-alkyl amino acid, [(18) F]fluoro-1-propyne, and lipophilic additive alkyne to produce three synthetic amino acid derivatives, AMC-101 ([(18) F]-6a), AMC-102 ([(18) F]-6b), and AMC-103 ([(18) F]-6c) with 29%, 28%, and 24% of non-decay corrected radiochemical yields, respectively. All radiotracers indicated that radiochemical purities were >95% without any residual organic solvent. Our new method involving two click reactions in one-pot showed high radiochemical and chemical purity by easy removal of the residual precursor from the simultaneous two click reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Min Yook
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Kyunggi-do, 449-719, South Korea
| | - Sang Ju Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Seung Jun Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Joon Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Kyunggi-do, 449-719, South Korea
| | - Jong Jin Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
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Bouhlel A, Zhou D, Li A, Yuan L, Rich KM, McConathy J. Synthesis, Radiolabeling, and Biological Evaluation of (R)- and (S)-2-Amino-5-[(18)F]fluoro-2-methylpentanoic Acid ((R)-, (S)-[(18)F]FAMPe) as Potential Positron Emission Tomography Tracers for Brain Tumors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3817-29. [PMID: 25843369 DOI: 10.1021/jm502023y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel (18)F-labeled α,α-disubstituted amino acid-based tracer, 2-amino-5-[(18)F]fluoro-2-methylpentanoic acid ([(18)F]FAMPe), has been developed for brain tumor imaging with a longer alkyl side chain than previously reported compounds to increase brain availability via system L amino acid transport. Both enantiomers of [(18)F]FAMPe were obtained in good radiochemical yield (24-52% n = 8) and high radiochemical purity (>99%). In vitro uptake assays in mouse DBT gliomas cells revealed that (S)-[(18)F]FAMPe enters cells partly via sodium-independent system L transporters and also via other nonsystem A transport systems including transporters that recognize glutamine. Biodistribution and small animal PET/CT studies in the mouse DBT model of glioblastoma showed that both (R)- and (S)-[(18)F]FAMPe have good tumor imaging properties with the (S)-enantiomer providing higher tumor uptake and tumor to brain ratios. Comparison of the SUVs showed that (S)-[(18)F]FAMPe had higher tumor to brain ratios compared to (S)-[(18)F]FET, a well-established system L substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlem Bouhlel
- †Department of Radiology, and ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Dong Zhou
- †Department of Radiology, and ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Aixiao Li
- †Department of Radiology, and ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Liya Yuan
- †Department of Radiology, and ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Keith M Rich
- †Department of Radiology, and ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Jonathan McConathy
- †Department of Radiology, and ‡Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Facile purification and click labeling with 2-[ 18F]fluoroethyl azide using solid phase extraction cartridges. Tetrahedron Lett 2014; 56:952-954. [PMID: 26989269 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A facile method was developed to purify 2-[18F]fluoroethyl azide ([18F]FEA) using a C18 cartridge and an Oasis® HLB cartridge in series, in which [18F]FEA was exclusively trapped on the HLB cartridge. [18F]FEA can be eluted for reactions in solution; alternatively click labeling can be carried out on the HLB cartridge itself by loading an alkyne substrate and copper (I) catalyst dissolved in DMF onto the cartridge. This solid phase extraction methodology for purification and click labeling with [18F]FEA, either in solution or on the cartridge, is safe, simple, reproducible in high yield, and compatible with automated synthesis of 18F-labeled PET tracers.
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Chiotellis A, Müller A, Weyermann K, Leutwiler DS, Schibli R, Ametamey SM, Krämer SD, Mu L. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of O-2((2-[18F]fluoroethyl)methylamino)ethyltyrosine ([18F]FEMAET) as a potential cationic amino acid PET tracer for tumor imaging. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1947-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Müller A, Chiotellis A, Keller C, Ametamey SM, Schibli R, Mu L, Krämer SD. Imaging Tumour ATB0,+ Transport Activity by PET with the Cationic Amino Acid O-2((2-[18F]fluoroethyl)methyl-amino)ethyltyrosine. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 16:412-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Recent trends in bioorthogonal click-radiolabeling reactions using fluorine-18. Molecules 2013; 18:8618-65. [PMID: 23881051 PMCID: PMC6270032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18078618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing application of positron emission tomography (PET) in nuclear medicine has stimulated the extensive development of a multitude of novel and versatile bioorthogonal conjugation techniques especially for the radiolabeling of biologically active high molecular weight compounds like peptides, proteins or antibodies. Taking into consideration that the introduction of fluorine-18 (t(1/2) = 109.8 min) proceeds under harsh conditions, radiolabeling of these biologically active molecules represents an outstanding challenge and is of enormous interest. Special attention has to be paid to the method of 18F-introduction. It should proceed in a regioselective manner under mild physiological conditions, in an acceptable time span, with high yields and high specific activities. For these reasons and due to the high number of functional groups found in these compounds, a specific labeling procedure has to be developed for every bioactive macromolecule. Bioorthogonal strategies including the Cu-assisted Huisgen cycloaddition and its copper-free click variant, both Staudinger Ligations or the tetrazine-click reaction have been successfully applied and represent valuable alternatives for the selective introduction of fluorine-18 to overcome the afore mentioned obstacles. This comprehensive review deals with the progress and illustrates the latest developments in the field of bioorthogonal labeling with the focus on the preparation of radiofluorinated building blocks and tracers for molecular imaging.
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Sai KKS, Huang C, Yuan L, Zhou D, Piwnica-Worms D, Garbow JR, Engelbach JA, Mach RH, Rich KM, McConathy J. 18F-AFETP, 18F-FET, and 18F-FDG imaging of mouse DBT gliomas. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1120-6. [PMID: 23650628 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.113217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The goal of this study was to evaluate the (18)F-labeled nonnatural amino acid (S)-2-amino-3-[1-(2-(18)F-fluoroethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl]propanoic acid ((18)F-AFETP) as a PET imaging agent for brain tumors and to compare its effectiveness with the more-established tracers O-(2-(18)F-fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine ((18)F-FET) and (18)F-FDG in a murine model of glioblastoma. The tracer (18)F-AFETP is a structural analog of histidine and is a lead compound for imaging cationic amino acid transport, a relatively unexplored target for oncologic imaging. METHODS (18)F-AFETP was prepared using the click reaction. BALB/c mice with intracranially implanted delayed brain tumor (DBT) gliomas (n = 4) underwent biodistribution and dynamic small-animal PET imaging for 60 min after intravenous injection of (18)F-AFETP. Tumor and brain uptake of (18)F-AFETP were compared with those of (18)F-FDG and (18)F-FET through small-animal PET analyses. RESULTS (18)F-AFETP demonstrated focally increased uptake in tumors with good visualization. Peak tumor uptake occurred within 10 min of injection, with stable or gradual decrease over time. All 3 tracers demonstrated relatively high uptake in the DBTs throughout the study. At late time points (47.5-57.5 min after injection), the average standardized uptake value with (18)F-FDG (1.9 ± 0.1) was significantly greater than with (18)F-FET (1.1 ± 0.1) and (18)F-AFETP (0.7 ± 0.2). The uptake also differed substantially in normal brain, with significant differences in the standardized uptake values at late times among (18)F-FDG (1.5 ± 0.2), (18)F-FET (0.5 ± 0.05), and (18)F-AFETP (0.1 ± 0.04). The resulting average tumor-to-brain ratio at the late time points was significantly higher for (18)F-AFETP (7.5 ± 0.1) than for (18)F-FDG (1.3 ± 0.1) and (18)F-FET (2.0 ± 0.3). CONCLUSION (18)F-AFETP is a promising brain tumor imaging agent, providing rapid and persistent tumor visualization, with good tumor-to-normal-brain ratios in the DBT glioma model. High tumor-to-brain, tumor-to-muscle, and tumor-to-blood ratios were observed at 30 and 60 min after injection, with higher tumor-to-brain ratios than obtained with (18)F-FET or (18)F-FDG. These results support further development and evaluation of (18)F-AFETP and its derivatives for tumor imaging.
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Radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of alpha-[F-18]fluoromethyl phenylalanine for brain tumor imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:498-506. [PMID: 23528560 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Radiolabeled amino acids have proven utility for imaging brain tumors in humans, particularly those that target system L amino acid transport. We have prepared the novel phenylalanine analogue, (FMePhe, 9), as part of an effort to develop new system L tracers that can be prepared in high radiochemical yield through nucleophilic [(18)F]fluorination. The tumor imaging properties of both enantiomers of this new tracer were evaluated through cell uptake, biodistribution and microPET studies in the mouse DBT model of high grade glioma. METHODS The non-radioactive form of 9 and the cyclic sulfamidate labeling precursor were prepared from commercially available racemic α-benzylserine. Racemic [(18)F]9 was prepared from the labeling precursor in two steps using standard[(18)F]fluoride nucleophilic reaction conditions followed by acidic deprotection. The individual enantiomers [(18)F]9a and [(18)F]9b were isolated using preparative chiral HPLC. In vitro uptake inhibition assays were performed with each enantiomer using DBT cells. Biodistribution and microPET/CT studies were performed with each enantiomer in male BALB/c mice at approximately 2 weeks after implantation of DBT tumor cells. RESULTS Radiolabeling of the cyclic sulfamidate precursor 5 provides racemic [(18)F]9 in high radiochemical yield (60%-70%, n=4) and high radiochemical purity (>96%, n=4). In vitro uptake assays demonstrate that both [(18)F]9a and [(18)F]9b undergo tumor cell uptake through system L transport. The biodistribution studies using the single enantiomers [(18)F]9a and [(18)F]9b demonstrated good tumor uptake with lower uptake in most normal tissues, and [(18)F]9a had higher tumor uptake than [(18)F]9b. MicroPET imaging demonstrated good tumor visualization within 10 min of injection, rapid uptake of radioactivity, and tumor to brain ratios of approximately 6:1 at 60 min postinjection. CONCLUSIONS The novel PET tracer, [(18)F]FMePhe, is readily synthesized in good yield from a cyclic sulfamidate precursor. Biodistribution and microPET studies in the DBT model demonstrate good tumor to tissue ratios and tumor visualization, with enantiomer [(18)F]9a having higher tumor uptake. However, the brain availability of both enantiomers was lower than expected for system L substrates, suggesting the [(18)F]fluorine group in the β-position affects uptake of these compounds by system L transporters.
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Zhou D, Chu W, Dence CS, Mach RH, Welch MJ. Highly efficient click labeling using 2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyl azide and synthesis of an ¹⁸FN-hydroxysuccinimide ester as conjugation agent. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 39:1175-81. [PMID: 22770647 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Click labeling using 2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyl azide has been proven to be promising methods of radiolabeling small molecules and peptides, some of which are undergoing clinical evaluations. However, the previously reported method afforded low yield, poor purities and under desirable reproducibility. METHODS A vacuum distillation method was used to isolate 2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyl azide, and the solvent effect of acetonitrile and dimethylformamide (DMF) on the click labeling using Cu(I) from copper sulfate/sodium ascorbate was studied. The labeling conditions were optimized to radiosynthesize a hydroxysuccinimide ester (N-hydroxysuccinimide, or NHS). RESULTS 2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethyl azide was isolated by the vacuum distillation method with >80% yield within 10min in a "pure" and click-ready form. It was found that the amount of DMF was critical for maintaining high levels of Cu(I) from copper sulfate/sodium ascorbate in order to rapidly complete the click labeling reaction. The addition of bathophenanthrolinedisulfonic acid disodium salt to the mixture of copper sulfate/sodium ascorbate also greatly improved the click labeling efficiency. Through exploiting these optimizations, a base-labile NHS ester was rapidly radiosynthesized in 90% isolated yield with good chemical and radiochemical purities. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a general method to click-label small molecules efficiently using [¹⁸F]2 for research and clinical use. This NHS ester can be used for conjugation chemistry to label antibodies, peptides and small molecules as positron emission tomography tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhou
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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McConathy J, Yu W, Jarkas N, Seo W, Schuster DM, Goodman MM. Radiohalogenated nonnatural amino acids as PET and SPECT tumor imaging agents. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:868-905. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan McConathy
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology; Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis Missouri
| | - Weiping Yu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences; School of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta Georgia
| | - Nachwa Jarkas
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences; School of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta Georgia
| | - Wonewoo Seo
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences; School of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta Georgia
| | - David M. Schuster
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences; School of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta Georgia
| | - Mark M. Goodman
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences; School of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta Georgia
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