1
|
Oliveira TTDV, Menegaz AM, Rocha MA, Costa VPP, Barbosa TDS, Goettems ML, Azevedo MS. Agreement between schoolchildren and their parents on rating the child's oral health-related quality of life. Braz Oral Res 2023; 37:e077. [PMID: 37531513 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The perceptions of parents/caregivers regarding their children's oral health can influence the standard of care and decision-making regarding oral health. The children's perspective on their own oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) may differ from the parents/caregivers' views. This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the agreement between the perceptions of parents/caregivers and schoolchildren regarding OHRQoL. It was conducted with a sample of children between 8 and 11 years old and their parents/caregivers from Pelotas. Children answered the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 8-10 (CPQ), and parents/caregivers answered the short form of the Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ). Socioeconomic data were also collected. Children's dental caries, traumatic dental injuries, and malocclusions were examined. The Spearman's correlation test was performed. A total of 119 parents/caregivers-children pairs were included. There was an agreement between the total scores of parents/caregivers and children (0.2770; p = 0.003), in the oral symptoms (0.1907; p = 0.038), and functional limitations (0.2233; p=0.015) domains. The Bland-Altman graph showed an agreement between children's and parents/caregivers' OHRQoL total score, but there was an underestimation of approximately two points in the parents/caregivers' perception compared to the children's score. There was an agreement between the reports of parents/caregivers and children regarding children's OHRQoL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marina Sousa Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Graduate Program of Dentistry, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hope B, Zaror C, Sandoval P, Garay M, Streiner DL. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation in spanish of the malocclusion impact questionnaire (MIQ). Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18:146. [PMID: 32429932 PMCID: PMC7236967 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Malocclusion Impact Questionnaire (MIQ) is a condition-specific measure that assesses the impact of malocclusion on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL). The aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt the original version of MIQ into Spanish and to assess the acceptability, reliability and validity of this version in the Chilean population. Methods The MIQ was cross-culturally adapted for the Spanish language for Chile using recommended standards for the linguistic validation of instruments. To assess its psychometric properties, a cross-sectional study was carried out with 219 children aged 10 to 16 years from public schools in Puerto Montt, Chile, who completed the Chilean versions of the MIQ (MIQCh) and the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11–14 (CPQ11–14). The presence and severity of malocclusions was determined through the Dental Aesthetic Index by a trained dentist. The MIQ was administrated a second time two weeks later. The reliability of the scale was assessed by analysis of its internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and reproducibility (Intraclass correlation coefficient – ICC). The validity of the construct was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis and known groups method. Criterion validity was assessed by calculating the Spearman correlation with the CPQ11–14. Results The content comparison of the back-translation with the original MIQ showed that all items except two were conceptually and linguistically equivalent. The cognitive debriefing showed a suitable understanding of the Chilean version. The MIQCh demonstrated good reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.85 and ICC of 0.91. A moderate correlation was found between the MIQCh and CPQ11–14 (0.58). In the known groups comparison, children who felt that their teeth bothered them and/or affected their life obtained significantly higher scores on the MIQCh. The OHRQoL was worse when the severity of the malocclusion was greater (p = 0.03). Conclusions The results support the applicability, reliability and validity of the Spanish version of MIQ for assessing OHRQoL in Chilean children with malocclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Hope
- Master's Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Odontología, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Carlos Zaror
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Manuel Montt #112, Temuco, Chile. .,Center for Research in Epidemiology, Economics and Oral Public Health (CIEESPO), Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Paulo Sandoval
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, Manuel Montt #112, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mario Garay
- Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Odontología, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - David L Streiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dimberg L, Arvidsson C, Lennartsson B, Bondemark L, Arnrup K. Agreement between children and parents in rating oral health-related quality of life using the Swedish versions of the short-form Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11-14 and Parental Perceptions Questionnaire. Acta Odontol Scand 2019; 77:534-540. [PMID: 31094265 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2019.1614216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the agreement between children and parents on children's oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) when using the Swedish short forms of CPQ11-14 and P-CPQ, and to evaluate the impact on agreement of oral health including malocclusion and background characteristics (dental fear, family situation, gender of informant). Material and methods: A total of 257 children and their accompanying parents were asked to fill in the Swedish versions of the short-form CPQ11-14 and P-CPQ separately in connection with a clinical examination. Results: The participants comprised 247 child-parent pairs: 116 (47%) boys, 131 (53%) girls, 166 (67%) mothers and 81 (33%) fathers. The agreement between the child and parental ratings of the children's OHRQoL was low, with an ICC of 0.22 (95% CI: 0.04-0.37) for the total scale. Conclusions: There was a low agreement between children's and parents' answers. For best care, it is advisable to consider perceptions of both children and parents because they can complement each other in estimating the child's OHRQoL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lillemor Dimberg
- Dental Research Department, Public Dental Service, Örebro County, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Orthodontics, Eastman Institute, Public Dental Service, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Arvidsson
- Department of Orthodontics, Public Dental Service, Region Örebro County, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bertil Lennartsson
- Dental Research Department, Public Dental Service, Örebro County, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lars Bondemark
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristina Arnrup
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brumini M, Slaj M, Katic V, Pavlic A, Trinajstic Zrinski M, Spalj S. Parental influence is the most important predictor of child's orthodontic treatment demand in a preadolescent age. Odontology 2019; 108:109-116. [PMID: 31444594 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to explore the predictive value of objective treatment need, impaired quality of life, and parental influence on orthodontic treatment demand in preadolescents and adolescents. A secondary goal was to validate 16-item Child Perceptions Questionnaire for the 11-14 year age group (CPQ11-14): item-impact and stepwise-regression short-forms. A convenience sample of 287 participants (55% female) was used for validation. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity were evaluated. Predictors of treatment demand were explored in 197 orthodontic patients: 93 preadolescents (51% females), 104 adolescents (55% females). Hierarchical linear regression and multilevel logistic regression models were used to explore the predictive power of age, gender, objective treatment need, impaired quality of life and parental influence on treatment demand. CPQ11-14 regression short-form had acceptable psychometric properties. Significant linear predictors of treatment demand were impaired emotional well-being (EW) (β = 0.335, p = 0.002), parental influence (β = 0.221, p = 0.002), and malocclusion severity (β = 0.152, p = 0.025). In logistic regression, parental influence was revealed as the most important predictor of treatment demand in preadolescents, OR = 7.7 (95% confidence interval CI 2.4-25.1; p = 0.001); objective treatment need in adolescents, OR = 4.5 (95% CI 1.5-12.9; p = 0.006). The increase of impairment in EW by one scalar point increased treatment demand by 1.4 (95% CI 1.1-1.9; p = 0.017) in preadolescents; 1.3 (95% CI 1.0-1.7; p = 0.021) in adolescents. Greater parental agreement and motivation for treatment could result in higher preadolescents' cooperation. Orthodontic treatment in adolescents might be more effective with the patient-oriented approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Brumini
- Community Health Centre of Primorsko-goranska County, Kresimirova 52A, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Martina Slaj
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Visnja Katic
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Andrej Pavlic
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Magda Trinajstic Zrinski
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stjepan Spalj
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jaeken K, Cadenas de Llano-Pérula M, Lemiere J, Verdonck A, Fieuws S, Willems G. Difference and relation between adolescents' and their parents or caregivers' reported oral health-related quality of life related to orthodontic treatment: a prospective cohort study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2019; 17:40. [PMID: 30808364 PMCID: PMC6390370 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-019-1094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents/caregivers play an important role in deciding whether their children will undergo orthodontic treatment or not. Their perceptions also have an influence on other choices involving orthodontic treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference and correlation between the ratings given by children and their parents or caregivers on their oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) before, during and after orthodontic treatment. METHODS In this ongoing observational prospective cohort study, 498 children aged 11 to 16 years-old and one of their parents/caregivers completed questionnaires before (T0), 1 year after start (T1) and 1 month after the end of orthodontic treatment (T2). OHRQoL was scored by using the Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQ11-14) and the Parental-Caregiver Perception questionnaire (P-CPQ). The self-perception of oral aesthetics was evaluated with the Oral Aesthetic Subjective Impact Scale (OASIS) in addition to the aesthetic component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Spearman correlations, Mann-Whitney U-tests and linear models were used to analyze the longitudinal data. RESULTS At T0, the ratings of parents/caregivers were significantly lower for the total CPQ as well as for the subdomains of oral symptoms, functional limitations and emotional well-being. Parents/caregivers also scored significantly lower at T2 for the total CPQ and the subdomain of oral symptoms. The relations between the scores of children and their parents/caregivers were significant at all three time points, as were the changes in scores, but all of them were at most moderate in size. Parents/caregivers scored significantly lower for OASIS than their children at all time points and only at baseline a significant, weak correlation was found. CONCLUSION The reports of parents/caregivers should be seen as important complementary information in OHRQoL research. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was approved by the Medical Ethical Commitee of the University Hospitals Leuven and the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (ML5739), Leuven, Belgium, on the 12th of May of 2009, with the registration number S51642. All procedures performed are in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committees and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Jaeken
- Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Cadenas de Llano-Pérula
- Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Lemiere
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Pediatric Haemato-oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Verdonck
- Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steffen Fieuws
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, KU Leuven and University Hasselt, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Willems
- Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
De Stefani A, Bruno G, Irlandese G, Barone M, Costa G, Gracco A. Oral health-related quality of life in children using the child perception questionnaire CPQ11-14: a review. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2019; 20:425-430. [PMID: 30762210 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-019-00418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11-14 (CPQ11-14) is the most common and effective indicator of paediatric oral health-related quality of life. The aim of this review was to verify if CPQ11-14 can be considered a valid instrument for assessing the impact of oral health on the quality of life of adolescents for the paediatric population aged between 11 and 14 years old and which dental conditions mainly affect it. STUDY DESIGN A literature research from Pubmed Medline database was adopted to identify the eligible studies among the published articles related to CPQ 11-14 using keyword search strategy. From 170 initial articles, a total of 128 articles were included for the full text reading. RESULTS Conditions that mainly interest the oral health-related quality of life are untreated dental caries, dental trauma, increased dental protrusion, wearing orthodontic appliances, and severe periodontal disease. CONCLUSION CPQ 11-14 seems to be a solid and valid indicator to measure oral health-related quality of life, because it has been widely tested and validated in several states including developed, developing and underdeveloped countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A De Stefani
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35136, Padua, Italy.
| | - G Bruno
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35136, Padua, Italy
| | - G Irlandese
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35136, Padua, Italy
| | - M Barone
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35136, Padua, Italy
| | - G Costa
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35136, Padua, Italy
| | - A Gracco
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35136, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Orthodontics is the dental specialty concerned with the position of teeth and the relationship between the maxilla and mandible. Much evidence regarding the characteristics of normal occlusion during childhood/adolescence, the timely referral of children/adolescents to orthodontic treatment, and the impact of orthodontic outcomes on individuals' physical, functioning, and psychosocial well-being exists in the literature. This body of evidence may be helpful for pediatricians and primary care physicians. For those willing to be skilled providers of health care to children/adolescents, knowledge of basic concepts of oral health may contribute to the communication among physicians, the young individual and their parents/caregivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Guimarães Abreu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Maranhão, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30150-331, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oosterhoff JHF, Bexkens R, Vranceanu AM, Oh LS. Do Injured Adolescent Athletes and Their Parents Agree on the Athletes' Level of Psychologic and Physical Functioning? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2018; 476:767-775. [PMID: 29480883 PMCID: PMC6260074 DOI: 10.1007/s11999.0000000000000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a parent's perception of his or her child's physical and emotional functioning may influence the course of the child's medical care, including access to care and decisions regarding treatment options, no studies have investigated whether the perceptions of a parent are concordant with that of an adolescent diagnosed with a sports-related orthopaedic injury. Identifying and understanding the potential discordance in coping and emotional distress within the athlete adolescent-parent dyads are important, because this discordance may have negative effects on adolescents' well-being. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES The purposes of this study were (1) to compare adolescent and parent proxy ratings of psychologic symptoms (depression and anxiety), coping skills (catastrophic thinking about pain and pain self-efficacy), and upper extremity physical function and mobility in a population of adolescent-parent dyads in which the adolescent had a sport-related injury; and (2) to compare scores of adolescents and parent proxies with normative scores when such are available. METHODS We enrolled 54 dyads (eg, pairs) of adolescent patients (mean age 16 years; SD = 1.6) presenting to a sports medicine practice with sports-related injuries as well as their accompanying parent(s). We used Patient-reported Outcomes Measurement Information System questionnaires to measure adolescents' depression, anxiety, upper extremity physical function, and mobility. We used the Pain Catastrophizing Scale short form to assess adolescents' catastrophic thinking about pain and the Pain Self-efficacy Scale short form to measure adolescents' pain self-efficacy. The accompanying parent, 69% mothers (37 of 54) and 31% fathers (17 of 54), completed parent proxy versions of each questionnaire. RESULTS Parents reported that their children had worse scores (47 ± 9) on depression than what the children themselves reported (43 ± 9; mean difference 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], -7.0 to 0.91; p = 0.011; medium effect size -0.47). Also, parents reported that their children engaged in catastrophic thinking about pain to a lesser degree (8 ± 5) than what the children themselves reported (13 ± 4; mean difference 4.5; 95% CI, 2.7-6.4; p < 0.001; large effect size 1.2). Because scores on depression and catastrophic thinking were comparable to the general population, and minimal clinically important difference scores are not available for these measures, it is unclear whether the relatively small observed differences between parents' and adolescents' ratings are clinically meaningful. Parents and children were concordant on their reports of the child's upper extremity physical function (patient perception 47 ± 10, parent proxy 47 ± 8, mean difference -0.43, p = 0.70), mobility (patient perception 43 ± 9, parent proxy 44 ± 9, mean difference -0.59, p = 0.64), anxiety (patient perception 43 ± 10, parent proxy 46 ± 8, mean difference -2.1, p = 0.21), and pain self-efficacy (patient perception 16 ± 5, parent proxy 15 ± 5, mean difference 0.70, p = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS Parents rated their children as more depressed and engaging in less catastrophic thinking about pain than the adolescents rated themselves. Although these differences are statistically significant, they are of a small magnitude making it unclear as to how clinically important they are in practice. We recommend that providers keep in mind that parents may overestimate depressive symptoms and underestimate the catastrophic thinking about pain in their children, probe for these potential differences, and consider how they might impact medical care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I, prognostic study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacobien H F Oosterhoff
- J. H. F. Oosterhoff, R. Bexkens, L. S. Oh, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA A. M. Vranceanu, Department of Psychiatry, Integrated Brain Health Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abreu LG, Melgaço CA, Abreu MH, Lages EMB, Paiva SM. Perception of parents and caregivers regarding the impact of malocclusion on adolescents' quality of life: a cross-sectional study. Dental Press J Orthod 2017; 21:74-81. [PMID: 28125143 PMCID: PMC5278936 DOI: 10.1590/2177-6709.21.6.074-081.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this article was to assess the perception of parents and
caregivers regarding the impact of malocclusion on adolescents’ oral health
-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Methods: This cross-sectional study consisted of a sample of 280 parents/caregivers of 11
and 12-year-old adolescents who answered the Parental-Caregiver Perceptions
Questionnaire (P-CPQ). Parent-assessed quality of life of adolescents was the
dependent variable. The main independent variable was adolescents’ malocclusion
which was diagnosed by means of the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Based on DAI
cut-off points, adolescents were classified into four grades of malocclusion, with
different orthodontic treatment recommendations assigned to each grade: no
need/slight treatment need, elective treatment, highly desirable treatment and
mandatory treatment. Adolescents’ age and sex, as well as family monthly income,
were considered as confounding variables. Statistical analysis involved
descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and Poisson regression with robust
variance. Results: Of the 280 parents/caregivers initially accepted in this study, 18 refused to
answer the P-CPQ. Therefore, 262 individuals participated in this assessment,
providing a response rate of 93.5%. The severity of adolescents’ malocclusion was
significantly associated with a higher negative impact on parents’/caregivers’
perception on the oral symptoms (p< 0.05), functional
limitations (p < 0.001), emotional well-being
(p < 0.001), and social well-being (p <
0.001) subscale scores as well as on the overall P-CPQ score (p
< 0.001), even after having been adjusted for the controlling variables. Conclusions: Parents/caregivers reported a negative impact of malocclusion on adolescents’
OHRQoL. Increased severity of malocclusion is associated with higher adverse
impact on OHRQoL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Guimarães Abreu
- PhD student, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camilo Aquino Melgaço
- Postdoctorate fellow, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro Henrique Abreu
- Professor, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Maria Bastos Lages
- Professor, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Saul Martins Paiva
- Professor, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|