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Luchian I, Surlari Z, Goriuc A, Ioanid N, Zetu I, Butnaru O, Scutariu MM, Tatarciuc M, Budala DG. The Influence of Orthodontic Treatment on Periodontal Health between Challenge and Synergy: A Narrative Review. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:112. [PMID: 38668024 PMCID: PMC11049074 DOI: 10.3390/dj12040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
By correctly repositioning teeth, orthodontic therapy improves both the function and appearance of an occlusion. The relationship between teeth and the tissues that surround and support them significantly influences these alterations. With ever more adults seeking orthodontic care, orthodontists are increasingly seeing patients with periodontal issues. Concerns about the patient's appearance, such as uneven gingival margins or functional issues caused by inflammatory periodontal diseases, should be accounted for when designing orthodontic treatment plans. Furthermore, orthodontics may increase the chances of saving and recovering a degraded dentition in cases of severe periodontitis. Today, general dentists, dontists, and orthodontists play integrative roles that enable them to achieve the best possible results for their patients. This review will improve the results of interdisciplinary treatments and increase cooperation between dental specialists by drawing attention to the essential connection between orthodontics and periodontics in regular clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionut Luchian
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Zenovia Surlari
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (Z.S.); (D.-G.B.)
| | - Ancuta Goriuc
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Ioanid
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (Z.S.); (D.-G.B.)
| | - Irina Zetu
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (I.Z.); (O.B.)
| | - Oana Butnaru
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (I.Z.); (O.B.)
| | - Monica-Mihaela Scutariu
- Department of Oro-Dental Diagnosis, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Monica Tatarciuc
- Department of Dental Technology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Dana-Gabriela Budala
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (Z.S.); (D.-G.B.)
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Nitzsche A, Hennig CL, von Brandenstein K, Döding A, Schulze-Späte U, Symmank J, Jacobs C. GDF15 Modulates the Zoledronic-Acid-Induced Hyperinflammatory Mechanoresponse of Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts. Cells 2024; 13:147. [PMID: 38247838 PMCID: PMC10814077 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is thought to be impeded by bisphosphonate (BP) therapy, mainly due to increased osteoclast apoptosis and changes in the periodontal ligament (PdL), a connecting tissue between the alveolar bone and teeth. PdL cells, mainly fibroblasts (PdLFs), are crucial regulators in OTM by modulating force-induced local inflammatory processes. Recently, we identified the TGF-β/BMP superfamily member GDF15 as an important modulator in OTM, promoting the pro-inflammatory mechanoresponses of PdLFs. The precise impact of the highly potent BP zoledronate (ZOL) on the mechanofunctionality of PdLFs is still under-investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further characterize the ZOL-induced changes in the initial inflammatory mechanoresponse of human PdLFs (hPdLFs) and to further clarify a potential interrelationship with GDF15 signaling. Thus, two-day in vitro treatment with 0.5 µM, 5 µM and 50 µM of ZOL altered the cellular properties of hPdLFs partially in a concentration-dependent manner. In particular, exposure to ZOL decreased their metabolic activity, the proliferation rate, detected using Ki-67 immunofluorescent staining, and survival, analyzed using trypan blue. An increasing occurrence of DNA strand breaks was observed using TUNEL and an activated DNA damage response was demonstrated using H2A.X (phosphoS139) staining. While the osteogenic differentiation of hPdLFs was unaffected by ZOL, increased cellular senescence was observed using enhanced p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1 and β-galactosidase staining. In addition, cytokine-encoding genes such as IL6, IL8, COX2 and GDF15, which are associated with a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, were up-regulated by ZOL. Subsequently, this change in the hPdLF phenotype promoted a hyperinflammatory response to applied compressive forces with an increased expression of the pro-inflammatory markers IL1β, IL6 and GDF15, as well as the activation of monocytic THP1 cells. GDF15 appeared to be particularly relevant to these changes, as siRNA-mediated down-regulation balanced these hyperinflammatory responses by reducing IL-1β and IL-6 expression (IL1B p-value < 0.0001; IL6 p-value < 0.001) and secretion (IL-1β p-value < 0.05; IL-6 p-value < 0.001), as well as immune cell activation (p-value < 0.0001). In addition, ZOL-related reduced RANKL/OPG values and inhibited osteoclast activation were enhanced in GDF15-deficient hPdLFs (both p-values < 0.0001; all statistical tests: one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test). Thus, GDF15 may become a promising new target in the personalized orthodontic treatment of bisphosphonatepatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Nitzsche
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.N.); (C.-L.H.); (K.v.B.); (C.J.)
| | - Christoph-Ludwig Hennig
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.N.); (C.-L.H.); (K.v.B.); (C.J.)
| | - Katrin von Brandenstein
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.N.); (C.-L.H.); (K.v.B.); (C.J.)
| | - Annika Döding
- Section of Geriodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.D.); (U.S.-S.)
| | - Ulrike Schulze-Späte
- Section of Geriodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.D.); (U.S.-S.)
| | - Judit Symmank
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.N.); (C.-L.H.); (K.v.B.); (C.J.)
| | - Collin Jacobs
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.N.); (C.-L.H.); (K.v.B.); (C.J.)
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Lösch L, Stemmler A, Fischer A, Steinmetz J, Schuldt L, Hennig CL, Symmank J, Jacobs C. GDF15 Promotes the Osteogenic Cell Fate of Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts, thus Affecting Their Mechanobiological Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10011. [PMID: 37373159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PdLFs) exert important functions in oral tissue and bone remodeling following mechanical forces, which are specifically applied during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Located between the teeth and the alveolar bone, mechanical stress activates the mechanomodulatory functions of PdLFs including regulating local inflammation and activating further bone-remodeling cells. Previous studies suggested growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) as an important pro-inflammatory regulator during the PdLF mechanoresponse. GDF15 exerts its effects through both intracrine signaling and receptor binding, possibly even in an autocrine manner. The extent to which PdLFs are susceptible to extracellular GDF15 has not yet been investigated. Thus, our study aims to examine the influence of GDF15 exposure on the cellular properties of PdLFs and their mechanoresponse, which seems particularly relevant regarding disease- and aging-associated elevated GDF15 serum levels. Therefore, in addition to investigating potential GDF15 receptors, we analyzed its impact on the proliferation, survival, senescence, and differentiation of human PdLFs, demonstrating a pro-osteogenic effect upon long-term stimulation. Furthermore, we observed altered force-related inflammation and impaired osteoclast differentiation. Overall, our data suggest a major impact of extracellular GDF15 on PdLF differentiation and their mechanoresponse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lösch
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Albert Stemmler
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian Fischer
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Steinmetz
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Schuldt
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Judit Symmank
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Collin Jacobs
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Akbar YM, Maskoen AM, Mardiati E, Wandawa G, Setiawan AS. Potential Use of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies. Eur J Dent 2022; 17:16-23. [PMID: 36220124 PMCID: PMC9949925 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the fundamental principles of tooth movement could reduce the duration of treatment and achieve a stable outcome, resulting in patient satisfaction. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy was a modality in which a patient inhaled 100% O2 while subjected to high atmospheric pressure. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy facilitated the supply of oxygen to the human body's organs and tissues and served a variety of applications, including patient care and wound treatment. This review article aimed to describe animal studies of the potential effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in orthodontic therapy. It was conducted using a systematic literature review method, including searching PubMed and Google Scholar for publications relevant to the research topics. The search was filtered to include only research on orthodontic treatment and hyperbaric oxygen therapy and was published in any year. Articles that did not specify biological components of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) were excluded. The Preferred Reporting Items identified the papers for the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) strategy, which resulted in the selection of 11 publications. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy affected parameters of biomarkers representing the clinical, molecular, and cellular biology of bone formation and resorption in periodontal tissues in responding to orthodontic physical forces, including alkaline phosphatase, collagen synthesis, osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte, type I collagen, vascular endothelial growth factor, osteocalcin, fibroblast, matrix metalloproteinase-8, transforming growth factor-β, partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, trabecular bone density, and tooth mobility. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy induced an inflammatory response to follow OTM events during active orthodontic therapy. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy might play a role in the tissue healing process during passive treatment. Nonetheless, additional research should be conducted to establish the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in orthodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Mukmin Akbar
- Doctoral Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Department of Research Development, Indonesian Naval Dental Institute R.E. Martadinata, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ani Melani Maskoen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Endah Mardiati
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ganesha Wandawa
- Department of Research Development, Indonesian Naval Dental Institute R.E. Martadinata, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Arlette Suzy Setiawan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Address for correspondence Arlette Suzy Setiawan Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas PadjadjaranJl. Sekeloa Selatan 1, Bandung 40132Indonesia
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Liu A, Huang J. Mechanical Tension-Stress in Alveolar Cleft Repaired With Autogenous Bone in Canine Models. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 59:442-452. [PMID: 34098764 DOI: 10.1177/10556656211018950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cleft lip and/or palate is a common birth defect worldwide, always accompanied by alveolar cleft. However, the success rate of secondary alveolar bone grafting is unsatisfactory. Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) often used after bone transplantation provides functional stimulation for bone graft area. This study aimed to investigate the effect of RME force on the bone graft area and midpalatal suture, and screen out the most suitable loaded force and loaded teeth, so as to provide a reference for clinical treatment. METHODS Fourteen 24-week-old male beagles were assigned randomly to 3 groups: blank control, autogenous, and autogenous with RME. Three-dimensional finite element analysis was conducted to evaluate the distribution and value of the stress in the model. The maxillae were collected and subjected to radiography and helical computed tomography to evaluate new bone formation in the graft area. Van Gieson's Picrofuchsin staining was performed for histomorphological observation. RESULTS After 8 weeks of RME treatment, new bone formation of the dogs was markedly accelerated, and bone resorption was significantly reduced compared with the untreated dogs or those only treated with autogenous iliac bone. The treatment with RME evidently made the bone trabecula more abundant and the area of bone formation larger. Three-dimensional finite element analysis showed that the clinical effect can be achieved by using canine teeth as the loaded teeth and applying force of 10 MPa. CONCLUSION Rapid maxillary expansion after bone grafting had a positive effect on osteogenesis in a canine model of alveolar cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Liu
- Department of Oral & Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialiang Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Phutinart S, Krisanaprakornkit S, Makeudom A, Suzuki B, Suzuki EY. Periodontal ligament proliferation and expressions of bone biomolecules upon orthodontic preloading: Clinical implications for tooth autotransplantation. Korean J Orthod 2020; 50:188-196. [PMID: 32475846 PMCID: PMC7270936 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2020.50.3.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Preservation of the periodontal ligament (PDL) is vital to the success of tooth autotransplantation (TAT). Increased PDL volumes and facilitated tooth extraction have been observed upon orthodontic preloading. However, it is unclear whether any changes occur in the expressions of bone biomolecules in the increased PDL volumes. This study aimed to determine the expressions of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in PDL upon preloading. Methods Seventy-two premolars from 18 patients were randomly assigned to experimental groups that received a leveling force for 1, 2, or 4 weeks or to a control unloaded group. Following extraction, PDL volumes from 32 premolars of eight patients (21.0 ± 3.8 years) were evaluated using toluidine blue staining. The expressions of the biomolecules in the PDL from 40 premolars of ten patients (21.4 ± 4.0 years) were analyzed via immunoblotting. Results The median percentage of stained PDL was significantly higher at 2 and 4 weeks after preloading than in the unloaded condition (p < 0.05). The median RUNX2 and ALP expression levels were significantly higher at 2 and 4 weeks after preloading than in the unloaded condition (p < 0.05), whereas the median RANKL/OPG ratios were significantly higher at 1 and 4 weeks after preloading (p < 0.05). Conclusions Orthodontic preloading for 4 weeks enhances PDL volumes as well as the expressions of RUNX2, ALP and the RANKL/OPG ratio in the PDL, suggesting this loading period is suitable for successful TAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasathorn Phutinart
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bangkokthonburi University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suttichai Krisanaprakornkit
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anupong Makeudom
- Center of Excellence in Oral and Maxillofacial Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Boonsiva Suzuki
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bangkokthonburi University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eduardo Yugo Suzuki
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bangkokthonburi University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kaya S, Çifter M, Çekici A, Olgaç V, İşsever H, Işık G. Effects of orthodontic force magnitude on cell apoptosis and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis : Studies in a rat model. J Orofac Orthop 2020; 81:100-112. [PMID: 31925448 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-019-00205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the time course of orthodontic force-induced apoptosis and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in a rat model under light- and heavy-force conditions. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into light-force (10 cN) and heavy-force (60 cN) groups (N = 28/group). Each group was divided into four time-course subgroups to evaluate all phases of orthodontic tooth movement. Mesialization appliances were placed on three united maxillary molars unilaterally and activated. Tooth movements were calculated, and periodontal ligament (PDL) widths were measured. Expression of Bax, Bcl‑2, caspase 3, caspase 9, and RANK-RANKL were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Expression levels at the PDL-alveolar bone border were compared between experimental and control groups and force groups. RESULTS The rate of tooth movement did not differ between the force groups. PDL widths were higher on the tension side in the heavy-force group in the post-lag phase. Pro-apoptotic protein Bax expression was elevated in the heavy-force group, whereas anti-apoptotic protein Bcl‑2 expression was elevated in the light-force group. RANK expression on days 7 and 21 and RANKL expression on day 21 differed between the force groups. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of orthodontic force-induced apoptosis is more robust with stronger forces than with weaker forces. Exuberant RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis that was seen when applying a low force results from increased RANK and RANKL expression in the post-lag phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaya
- Department of Periodontology, Okan University Faculty of Dentistry, Gülbahar Mah. Oya Sok. No:23/A Mecidiyeköy/Şişli, TR 34394, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Department of Periodontology, Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - M Çifter
- Department of Orthodontics, Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Çekici
- Department of Periodontology, Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - V Olgaç
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Cytology, Istanbul University Institute of Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H İşsever
- Public Health, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - G Işık
- Department of Periodontology, Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey
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Baxter SJ, Sydorak I, Ma PX, Hatch NE. Impact of pharmacologic inhibition of tooth movement on periodontal and tooth root tissues during orthodontic force application. Orthod Craniofac Res 2019; 23:35-43. [PMID: 31593373 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate potential negative sequelae of orthodontic force application ±delivery of an osteoclast inhibitor, recombinant osteoprotegerin protein (OPG-Fc), on periodontal tissues. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION Sprague Dawley rats from a commercial supplier were investigated in a laboratory setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7 each): one group with no orthodontic appliances and injected once prior to the experimental period with empty polymer microspheres, one group with orthodontic appliances and injected once with empty microspheres, one group with orthodontic appliances and injected once with polymer microspheres containing 1 mg/kg of OPG-Fc, and one group with orthodontic appliances and injected with non-encapsulated 5 mg/kg of OPG-Fc every 3 days during the experimental period. The animals were euthanized after 28 days of tooth movement for histomorphometric analyses. RESULTS Root resorption, PDL area and widths were similar in animals without appliances and animals with appliances plus high-dose OPG-Fc. PDL blood vessels were compressed and decreased in number in all animals that received orthodontic appliances, regardless of OPG-Fc. Hyalinization was significantly increased only in animals with orthodontic appliances plus multiple injections of 5 mg/kg non-encapsulated OPG-Fc when compared to animals without appliances. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study indicate that while pharmacological modulation of tooth movement through osteoclast inhibition is feasible when delivered in a locally controlled low-dose manner, high-dose levels that completely prevent tooth movement through bone may decrease local blood flow and increase the incidence of hyalinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Baxter
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Inna Sydorak
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter X Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nan E Hatch
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Zaniboni E, Bagne L, Camargo T, do Amaral MEC, Felonato M, de Andrade TAM, Dos Santos GMT, Caetano GF, Esquisatto MAM, Santamaria M, Mendonça FAS. Do electrical current and laser therapies improve bone remodeling during an orthodontic treatment with corticotomy? Clin Oral Investig 2019; 23:4083-4097. [PMID: 30771000 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluate the bone remodeling during orthodontic movement with corticotomy when submitted to low-intensity electrical stimulation application (microcurrent-MC) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT). MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and fifty Wistar rats were divided into the following 5 groups: (C) submitted to tooth movement; (Cort) tooth movement/corticotomy; (Cort-L) tooth movement/corticotomy/laser AsGaAl 808 nm (4.96J/50s); (Cort-Mc) tooth movement/corticotomy/microcurrent (10 μA/5 min); (Cort-L-Mc) tooth movement/corticotomy and laser/microcurrent alternated. Inflammation, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis were evaluated in the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days of orthodontic movement. RESULTS The quantification of inflammatory infiltrate, angiogenesis and expression of TGF-β1, VEGF, and collagen type I were favorably modulated by the application of therapies such as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), MC, or both combined. However, electrical stimulation increased fibroblasts, osteoclasts and RANK numbers, birefringent collagen fiber organization, and BMP-7 and IL-6 expression. CONCLUSIONS Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and MC application both improved the process of bone remodeling during orthodontic treatment with corticotomy. Still, electrical current therapy promoted a more effective tooth displacement but presented expected root resorption similar to all experimental treatments. CLINICAL RELEVANCE It is important to know the effects of minimally invasive therapies on cellular and molecular elements involved in the bone remodeling of orthodontic treatment associated with corticotomy surgery, in order to reduce the adverse effects in the use of this technique and to establish a safer clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewerton Zaniboni
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Herminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Bagne
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Herminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Thaís Camargo
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Herminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Maria Esméria Corezola do Amaral
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Herminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Maira Felonato
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Herminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Thiago Antônio Moretti de Andrade
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Herminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Maria Tech Dos Santos
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Herminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Ferreira Caetano
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Herminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Augusto Marreto Esquisatto
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Herminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Milton Santamaria
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Herminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil. .,Graduate Program of Orthodontics, Herminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Aparecida Sampaio Mendonça
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Herminio Ometto University Center, UNIARARAS, Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
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Edamoto M, Kuroda Y, Yoda M, Kawaai K, Matsuo K. Trans-pairing between osteoclasts and osteoblasts shapes the cranial base during development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1956. [PMID: 30760811 PMCID: PMC6374512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38471-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone growth is linked to expansion of nearby organs, as is the case for the cranial base and the brain. Here, we focused on development of the mouse clivus, a sloping surface of the basioccipital bone, to define mechanisms underlying morphological changes in bone in response to brain enlargement. Histological analysis indicated that both endocranial and ectocranial cortical bone layers in the basioccipital carry the osteoclast surface dorsally and the osteoblast surface ventrally. Finite element analysis of mechanical stress on the clivus revealed that compressive and tensile stresses appeared mainly on respective dorsal and ventral surfaces of the basioccipital bone. Osteoclastic bone resorption occurred primarily in the compression area, whereas areas of bone formation largely coincided with the tension area. These data collectively suggest that compressive and tensile stresses govern respective localization of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Developmental analysis of the basioccipital bone revealed the clivus to be angled in early postnatal wild-type mice, whereas its slope was less prominent in Tnfsf11−/− mice, which lack osteoclasts. We propose that osteoclast-osteoblast “trans-pairing” across cortical bone is primarily induced by mechanical stress from growing organs and regulates shape and size of bones that encase the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Edamoto
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kuroda
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoda
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kawaai
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Expression of biological mediators during orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 95:170-186. [PMID: 30130671 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present systematic review was to offer a timeline of the events taking place during orthodontic tooth movement(OTM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE were searched up to November 2017. All studies describing the expression of signaling proteins in the periodontal ligament(PDL) of teeth subjected to OTM or describing the expression of signaling proteins in human cells of the periodontal structures subjected to static mechanical loading were considered eligible for inclusion for respectively the in-vivo or the in-vitro part. Risk of bias assessment was conducted according to the validated SYRCLE's RoB tool for animal studies and guideline for assessing quality of in-vitro studies for in-vitro studies. RESULTS We retrieved 7583 articles in the initial electronic search, from which 79 and 51 were finally analyzed. From the 139 protein investigated, only the inflammatory proteins interleukin(IL)-1β, cyclooxygenase(COX)-2 and prostaglandin(PG)-E2, osteoblast markers osteocalcin and runt-related transcription factor(RUNX)2, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand(RANKL) and osteoprotegerin(OPG) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases(ERK)1/2 are investigated in 10 or more studies. CONCLUSION The investigated proteins were presented in a theoretical model of OTM. We can conclude that the cell activation and differentiation and recruitment of osteoclasts is mediated by osteocytes, osteoblasts and PDL cells, but that the osteogenic differentiation is only seen in stem cell present in the PDL. In addition, the recently discovered Ephrin/Ephs seem to play an role parallel with the thoroughly investigated RANKL/OPG system in mediating bone resorption during OTM.
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Huelter-Hassler D, Tomakidi P, Steinberg T, Jung BA. Orthodontic strain affects the Hippo-pathway effector YAP concomitant with proliferation in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Eur J Orthod 2018; 39:251-257. [PMID: 28340249 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives During orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) sense, and respond to mechanical forces. Since the molecular constituents involved in these processes are not fully elucidated, the objective of the present study was to identify further key molecules of the cellular strain response. Materials and Methods Primary hPDLFs were strained with a static equiaxial strain of 2.5 per cent for 15 minutes, 1 hour, 6 hours, and 24 hours. Western blot (WB) and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) analyses were performed to investigate the quantity and activation state of proteins involved in mechanotransduction, namely extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and yes-associated protein (YAP). On the cell behavioural level, proliferation was assessed by the marker of proliferation KI-67. Results In response to the applied strain, an early decline of phosphorylated and thus activated ERK1/2 was observed, followed by a mild recovery. Furthermore, both WB and IIF analyses revealed a modulation of nuclear YAP localisation. Concomitant with the modulation of YAP, the applied strain evoked an early increase in nuclear KI-67 amount, followed by a continuous decrease. Limitations Consecutive studies will focus on scrutinising the suggested relationship between YAP and proliferation in response to static strain. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence of ERK1/2 and YAP being biomechanically responsive molecular players in the context of OTM, among which YAP rather than ERK1/2 seems to be mechanistically interrelated with proliferation. Furthermore, the molecular and cell behavioural strain-induced early modulations may point to an involvement of the investigated molecules in the initial and the following lag phase of OTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Huelter-Hassler
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Tomakidi
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Britta A Jung
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
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Hülter-Hassler D, Wein M, Schulz SD, Proksch S, Steinberg T, Jung BA, Tomakidi P. Biomechanical strain-induced modulation of proliferation coincides with an ERK1/2-independent nuclear YAP localization. Exp Cell Res 2017; 361:93-100. [PMID: 29017756 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanical strain induces activation of the transcriptional co-activator yes-associated protein (YAP) by nuclear re-distribution. Recent findings indicate that the mechanically responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 is involved in the amount of nuclear YAP, reflecting its activation. In this context, we conducted experiments to detect how biomechanical strain acts on the subcellular localization of YAP in periodontal cells. To this end, cells were subjected to 2.5% static equiaxial strain for different time periods. Western blot and fluorescence imaging-based analyses revealed a clear modulation of nuclear YAP localization. This modulation fairly coincided with the altered course of the KI-67 protein amount in conjunction with the percentage of KI-67-positive and thus proliferating cells. The inhibition of the ERK1/2 activity via U0126 yielded an unchanged strain-related modulation of nuclear YAP localization, while YAP amount in whole cell extracts of strained cells was decreased. Administration of the YAP-inhibiting drug Verteporfin evoked a clear reduction of KI-67-positive and thus proliferating cells by approximately 65%, irrespective of strain. Our data reveal YAP as a regulator of strain-modulated proliferation which occurs in a MAPK-independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hülter-Hassler
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Wein
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon D Schulz
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Proksch
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Britta A Jung
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Tomakidi
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Bhasin V, Singh M, Goutam M, Singh S, Nigam AS, Joshi A. Comparative Evaluation of Myeloperoxidase Enzymatic Activity in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Subjects having Orthodontic Treatment by Different Aligning Arch Wires. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017; 18:977-980. [PMID: 28989140 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There exist a number of factors that affect the outcome of orthodontic treatment. These factors can be assessed by various gingival markers. One such maker is myeloperoxidase (MPO). Hence, we planned the present study to assess and compare the MPO activity in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment by different aligning arch wires. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study included assessment of patients who underwent orthodontic treatment for crowding of anterior teeth. Diagnostic cast models of all the subjects were made for recording the irregularity index. All the subjects were randomly divided into three study groups with 15 patients in each group based on the type of nickel-titanium (NiTi) arch wires used. A collection of GCF samples was done in all the patients at various time intervals and it was sent to the laboratory for assessment of MPO activity. Activity of the MPO enzyme was expressed in terms of number of units per 100 μL. All the results obtained were compiled and analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. RESULTS We observed that nonsignificant results were obtained while comparing the mean age and mean gingival score in all the study groups. However, significant results were obtained on comparing the mean MPO enzymatic activity in all the study groups at different time intervals. CONCLUSION Both superelastic NiTi and heat-activated NiTi generate optimal forces, which are necessary for higher metabolic response of the periodontal ligament. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In the intimal stages of orthodontic treatment, both superelastic NiTi and heat-activated NiTi wires are superior in leveling and aligning the crowded teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinny Bhasin
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics Hitkarini Dental College & Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh India, Phone: +919501544877, e-mail:
| | - Madhavi Singh
- Dentica Oral Care and Implant Centre Ranchi, Jharkhand India
| | - Manish Goutam
- Dentica Oral Care and Implant Centre Ranchi, Jharkhand India
| | - Shuchi Singh
- Department of Orthodontics, Rishiraj College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Aditya Joshi
- Ur Dentist Centre for Advanced Periodontics and Implantology Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Smuthkochorn S, Palomo JM, Hans MG, Jones CS, Palomo L. Gingival crevicular fluid bone turnover biomarkers: How postmenopausal women respond to orthodontic activation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017; 152:33-37. [PMID: 28651765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone turnover associated with orthodontic tooth movement is evidenced by increased bone turnover markers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Postmenopausal women have an increased concentration of serum bone turnover markers. The filtrate of this serum makes up GCF, but little is known of the bone turnover around teeth in this cohort. The objective of this investigation was to compare the GCF bone turnover markers in premenopausal vs postmenopausal women receiving orthodontic treatment at baseline and at orthodontic activation. METHODS Twenty-eight women were enrolled in the study and separated into 2 groups: premenopausal (16) and postmenopausal (12). Bone turnover was evaluated by GCF at baseline and 24 hours after orthodontic appliance activation. GCF concentrations of RANKL and OPN were measured using ELISA. Baseline and change in concentrations were compared between groups. RESULTS Baseline RANKL and OPN were significantly different between the premenopausal and postmenopausal groups (P <0.05). Both markers increased significantly from baseline to 24 hours after orthodontic appliance activation in both groups (P <0.05). However, the response to orthodontic activation was not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS Although postmenopausal women have a different bone turnover profile at baseline than do their premenopausal counterparts, there is no difference in their response to orthodontic activation. This confers a level of security associated with orthodontic activation. Future studies are warranted to construct biomarker curves throughout orthodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Martin Palomo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mark G Hans
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Leena Palomo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Sclerostin Promotes Bone Remodeling in the Process of Tooth Movement. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167312. [PMID: 28081119 PMCID: PMC5230762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth movement is a biological process of bone remodeling induced by mechanical force. Sclerostin secreted by osteocytes is mechanosensory and important in bone remodeling. However, little is known regarding the role of sclerostin in tooth movement. In this study, models of experimental tooth movement were established in rats and mice. Sclerostin expression was investigated with immunohistochemistry staining, and osteoclastic activity was analyzed with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cells underwent uniaxial compression and tension stress or were cultured in hypoxia conditions. Expression of sclerostin was assessed by RT-qPCR and ELISA. MLO-Y4 cells were cultured with recombinant human sclerostin (rhSCL) interference and then co-cultured with RAW264.7 osteoclast precursor cells. Expressions of RANKL and OPG were analyzed by RT-qPCR, and osteoclastic activity was assessed by TRAP staining. During tooth movement, sclerostin was expressed differently in compression and tension sites. In SOST knock-out mice, there were significantly fewer TRAP-positive cells than in WT mice during tooth movement in compression sites. In-vitro studies showed that the expression of sclerostin in MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cells was not different under a uniaxial compression and tension force, whereas hypoxia conditions significantly increased sclerostin expression in MLO-Y4 cells. rhSCL interference increased the expression of RANKL and the RANKL/OPG ratio in MLO-Y4 cells and the osteoclastic induction ability of MLO-Y4 cells in experimental osteocyte-osteoclast co-culture. These data suggest that sclerostin plays an important role in the bone remodeling of tooth movement.
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Effect of compressive loading and incubation with clodronate on the RANKL/OPG system of human osteoblasts. J Orofac Orthop 2016; 76:531-42. [PMID: 26446504 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-015-0316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In vivo studies have shown that bisphosphonates result in slow rates of orthodontic tooth movement. This study investigated whether clodronate modifies the impact of mechanical loading on the RANKL/OPG system of human osteoblasts. METHODS Osteoblasts were cultured in vitro with 0.5 or 5.0 µM clodronate for 48 h and/or subjected to 3 h of compressive loading at 34.9 g/cm(2). Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunocytochemical staining were used to analyze the cells for their production of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) at the transcriptional and protein levels. RESULTS Compressive loading did not affect osteoblast viability in a significant way. Clodronate (5.0 µM) mildly reduced the viability of both compressed and uncompressed cells. Compressive loading induced a 4.2-fold increase in RANKL gene expression, while clodronate led to a concentration-dependent inhibition of this effect (1.8-fold increase at 5.0 µM). OPG gene expression was decreased by compressive loading both in the presence of 0.5 µM clodronate and in the absence of clodronate, and OPG protein synthesis in the compressed cells was significantly decreased in the presence of clodronate. Immunocytochemical staining revealed an increase of RANKL protein synthesis in compressed cells, while clodronate and cell compression reduced this increase. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that clodronate decreases the compression-induced RANKL/OPG ratio expressed by human osteoblasts. Reported in vivo findings of reduced osteoclast numbers on the compression side of orthodontic tooth movement under the action of clodronate-and the associated slow rate of tooth movement-might be attributable not only to a direct impact on osteoclasts but also to changes in osteoblast-osteoclast interaction resulting from the presence of clodronate.
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Moura AP, Montalvany-Antonucci CC, Rodrigues de Albuquerque Taddei S, Queiroz-Junior CM, Biguetti CC, Garlet GP, Ferreira AJ, Teixeira MM, Silva TA, Andrade, Jr I. Effects of angiotensin II type I receptor blocker losartan on orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016; 149:358-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Otero L, García DA, Wilches-Buitrago L. Expression and Presence of OPG and RANKL mRNA and Protein in Human Periodontal Ligament with Orthodontic Force. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:15-20. [PMID: 26823650 PMCID: PMC4727488 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s35368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the expression and concentration of ligand receptor activator of NFkB (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in human periodontal ligament (hPDL) with orthodontic forces of different magnitudes. METHODS Right premolars in 32 patients were loaded with 4oz or 7oz of orthodontic force for 7 days. Left first premolars were not loaded. After 7 days, premolars were extracted for treatment as indicated. OPG and RANKL mRNA expressions were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and ELISA was used to assess OPG and RANKL protein concentration in compression and tension sides of PDL. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey tests. RESULTS There was statistically significant difference in RANKL concentration on comparing control teeth with tension and compression sides of the experimental teeth (P < 0.0001). The expression of mRNA RANKL was increased in the tension and compression sides with 4oz (P < 0.0001). OPG did not show statistically significant association with any group. Changes in RANKL/OPG protein ratio in experimental and control groups showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS RANKL protein levels are elevated in hPDL loaded with orthodontic forces, suggesting that RANKL protein contributes to bone modeling in response to the initial placement of orthodontic force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Otero
- Director, Dental Center Research, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.; Professor, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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Biological Events in Periodontal Ligament and Alveolar Bone Associated with Application of Orthodontic Forces. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:876509. [PMID: 26421314 PMCID: PMC4572431 DOI: 10.1155/2015/876509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic force-induced stresses cause dynamic alterations within the extracellular matrix and within the cytoskeleton of cells in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, mediating bone remodelling, ultimately enabling orthodontic tooth movement. In the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, the mechanically induced tensile strains upregulate the expression of osteogenic genes resulting in bone formation, while mechanically induced compressive strains mediate predominantly catabolic tissue changes and bone resorption. In this review article we summarize some of the currently known biological events occurring in the periodontal ligament and in the alveolar bone in response to application of orthodontic forces and how these facilitate tooth movement.
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Periodontal Biological Events Associated with Orthodontic Tooth Movement: The Biomechanics of the Cytoskeleton and the Extracellular Matrix. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:894123. [PMID: 26351659 PMCID: PMC4550806 DOI: 10.1155/2015/894123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical stimuli generated by orthodontic forces cause deformation of extracellular matrices and cells, vascular changes, inflammation, and the release of active biological agents generating a complex multifactorial sequence of biological events culminating in bone remodelling enabling orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic forces on the teeth generate stresses in periodontal tissues according to a number of variables including the type (continuous, interrupted, or intermittent), magnitude, direction, and frequency of the applied load. Whether the strain is compressive or tensile determines whether bone deposition or bone resorption will occur. The mechanically induced strains mediate structural changes in extracellular matrices and in cells, consequently affecting cellular gene expression and function. In the extracellular matrix, mechanosensing molecules integrated into the structure of various proteins can be activated upon load-induced protein unfolding. These specialized molecules have the capacity to sense and then to convert microenvironmental biomechanical stimuli into intracellular biochemical signals that interact to generate a coordinated tissue response. It is also possible that the applied force may directly cause nuclear deformation with configurational changes in chromatin, thus influencing gene expression. In this review article we summarize the current general concepts of mechanotransduction influencing the remodelling of periodontal tissues thus enabling tooth movement in response to applied orthodontic loads.
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Accelerated orthodontic tooth movement: Molecular mechanisms. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 146:620-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Jung GB, Kim KA, Han I, Park YG, Park HK. Biochemical characterization of human gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement using Raman spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:3508-20. [PMID: 25360368 PMCID: PMC4206320 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study used Raman spectroscopy to report the first human gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biochemical characterization during the early phase of orthodontic tooth movement. This technique allows for label-free and noninvasive biochemical change monitoring in GCF during orthodontic tooth movement. Ten orthodontic patients (20.8 ± 2.5 years) participated in the study. GCF samples were obtained before (baseline, 0 days) and during orthodontic treatment at 1, 7 and 28 days. For Raman spectroscopic measurement, GCF samples (5 µl) were deposited onto a gold-coated substrate, then dried at room temperature. Raman spectra GCF analysis during orthodontic treatment indicated that the hydroxyapatite to primarily collagen-dominated matrix band (phosphate 984 cm(-1)/amide I 1667 cm(-1)) intensity ratio decreased at day 7 (P < 0.05). The carbonate apatite to hydroxyapatite ratio (carbonate 1088 cm(-1)/phosphate 984 cm(-1)) was significantly higher on day 7 compared to day 0 (P < 0.05). These results indicate that demineralization occurs during the alveolar bone remodeling process. We also found notable peak shifts in the amide I range during orthodontic tooth movement. The 1658 cm(-1) in baseline red shifted to 1667 cm(-1) at orthodontic treatment day 7. Curve fitting in the amide I (1615-1725 cm(-1)) range demonstrated that increased random coil conformation was accompanied by a decrease in β-sheet structure during orthodontic tooth movement. Thus, we suggest Raman spectroscopy could be used for label-free, non-invasive GCF quality assessment during orthodontic tooth movement. Furthermore, this method may prove to be a powerful diagnostic and prognostic tool for monitoring orthodontic tooth movement in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Bok Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Healthcare Industry Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kyung-A Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 130-701, South Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ihn Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Healthcare Industry Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
| | - Young-Guk Park
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 130-701, South Korea
- co-corresponding author:
| | - Hun-Kuk Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Healthcare Industry Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
- Program of Medical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
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Franzen TJ, Monjo M, Rubert M, Vandevska-Radunovic V. Expression of bone markers and micro-CT analysis of alveolar bone during orthodontic relapse. Orthod Craniofac Res 2014; 17:249-58. [DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Franzen
- Department of Orthodontics; Institute of Clinical Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - M. Monjo
- Department of Biomaterials; Institute of Clinical Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences; Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS); Universitat de les Illes Balears; Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - M. Rubert
- Department of Biomaterials; Institute of Clinical Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences; Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS); Universitat de les Illes Balears; Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - V. Vandevska-Radunovic
- Department of Orthodontics; Institute of Clinical Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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Yoshino T, Yamaguchi M, Shimizu M, Yamada K, Kasai K. TNF-α Aggravates the Progression of Orthodontically-induced Inflammatory Root Resorption in the Presence of RANKL. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.23.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kirschneck C, Proff P, Fanghaenel J, Behr M, Wahlmann U, Roemer P. Differentiated analysis of orthodontic tooth movement in rats with an improved rat model and three-dimensional imaging. Ann Anat 2013; 195:539-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Biomarkers of periodontal tissue remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement in mice and men: overview and clinical relevance. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:105873. [PMID: 23737704 PMCID: PMC3655650 DOI: 10.1155/2013/105873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically active substances are expressed by cells within the periodontium in response to mechanical stimuli from orthodontic appliances. Several possible biomarkers representing biological modifications during specific phenomena as simile-inflammatory process, bone resorption and formation, periodontal ligament changes, and vascular and neural responses are proposed. Citations to potentially published trials were conducted by searching PubMed, Cochrane databases, and scientific textbooks. Additionally, hand searching and contact with experts in the area were undertaken to identify potentially relevant published and unpublished studies. Selection criteria were as follows: animal models involving only mice and rats undergoing orthodontic treatment; collection of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) as a noninvasively procedure for humans; no other simultaneous treatment that could affect experimental orthodontic movement. The data suggest that knowledge of the remodeling process occurring in periodontal tissues during orthodontic and orthopedic therapies may be a clinical usefulness procedure leading to proper choice of mechanical stress to improve and to shorten the period of treatment, avoiding adverse consequences. The relevance for clinicians of evaluating the rate of some substances as valid biomarkers of periodontal effects during orthodontic movement, by means of two models of study, mice and men, is underlined.
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Flórez-Moreno GA, Isaza-Guzmán DM, Tobón-Arroyave SI. Time-related changes in salivary levels of the osteotropic factors sRANKL and OPG through orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013; 143:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Lerner UH. Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and Osteocytes: Unveiling Their Intimate-Associated Responses to Applied Orthodontic Forces. Semin Orthod 2012. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Taddei SRDA, Moura AP, Andrade I, Garlet GP, Garlet TP, Teixeira MM, da Silva TA. Experimental model of tooth movement in mice: A standardized protocol for studying bone remodeling under compression and tensile strains. J Biomech 2012; 45:2729-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Li Y, Li M, Tan L, Huang S, Zhao L, Tang T, Liu J, Zhao Z. Analysis of time-course gene expression profiles of a periodontal ligament tissue model under compression. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 58:511-22. [PMID: 23116693 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We recently reported establishment of a periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue model, which may mimic the biological behaviour of human PDL under static compression in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). In the present study, we aimed at investigating the time-course gene expression profiles of the PDL tissue model under compression. DESIGN The PDL tissue model was established through 3-D-culturing human PDL cells (PDLCs) in a thin sheet of porous poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffolds, which was subjected to 25g/cm(2) static compression for 6, 24 and 72h respectively. After that, its gene expression profiles were investigated using microarray assay, followed by signalling pathway and gene ontology (GO) analysis. Real-time RT-PCR verification was done for 15 identified genes of interest. The cell proliferation alteration was detected through EdU labelling. RESULTS (1) Among the genes identified as differentially expressed, there were numerous osteoclastogenesis inducers (including CCL20, COX-1, COX-2, RANKL, PTHrP, IL-11, IL-8, etc.), osteoclastogenesis inhibitors (including IL-1Ra, NOG, OPG, etc.), and other potential bone remodelling regulators (including STC1, CYR61, FOS, etc.). (2) According to analysis of the microarray data, the most significant pathways included Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (containing CCL20, RANKL, IL-11, IL-8, etc.), MAPK (containing FGF7, FOS, MAP3K8, JUN, etc.) and Cell cycle (containing CDK1, CCNA2, etc.); the most significant GOs included Cell-cell signalling (containing CCL20, STC1, FGF7, PTHrP, IL-11, IL-8, etc.), Extracellular space (containing CCL20, IL-1Ra, NOG, PTHrP, IL-11, IL-8, etc.) and Microtubule-based movement (containing KIF11, KIF23, etc.). (3) After prolonged compression, cell proliferation was significantly inhibited. CONCLUSION The present findings have expanded our understandings to the roles that PDL plays under static compression in OTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, PR China.
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Tripuwabhrut P, Mustafa K, Brudvik P, Mustafa M. Initial responses of osteoblasts derived from human alveolar bone to various compressive forces. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120:311-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2012.00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Polbhat Tripuwabhrut
- Department of Clinical Dentistry - Centre for Clinical Dental Research; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Department of Clinical Dentistry - Centre for Clinical Dental Research; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Pongsri Brudvik
- Department of Clinical Dentistry - Orthodontics; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Manal Mustafa
- Department of Clinical Dentistry - Centre for Clinical Dental Research; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
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Cytokines and VEGF induction in orthodontic movement in animal models. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:201689. [PMID: 22665981 PMCID: PMC3361315 DOI: 10.1155/2012/201689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontics is a branch of dentistry that aims at the resolution of dental malocclusions. The specialist carries out the treatment using intraoral or extraoral orthodontic appliances that require forces of a given load level to obtain a tooth movement in a certain direction in dental arches. Orthodontic tooth movement is dependent on efficient remodeling of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, correlated with several biological and mechanical responses of the tissues surrounding the teeth. A periodontal ligament placed under pressure will result in bone resorption whereas a periodontal ligament under tension results in bone formation. In the primary stage of the application of orthodontic forces, an acute inflammation occurs in periodontium. Several proinflammatory cytokines are produced by immune-competent cells migrating by means of dilated capillaries. In this paper we summarize, also through the utilization of animal models, the role of some of these molecules, namely, interleukin-1β and vascular endothelial growth factor, that are some proliferation markers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and the macrophage colony stimulating factor.
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Zainal Ariffin SH, Yamamoto Z, Zainol Abidin IZ, Megat Abdul Wahab R, Zainal Ariffin Z. Cellular and molecular changes in orthodontic tooth movement. ScientificWorldJournal 2011; 11:1788-803. [PMID: 22125437 PMCID: PMC3201678 DOI: 10.1100/2011/761768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth movement induced by orthodontic treatment can cause sequential reactions involving the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone, resulting in the release of numerous substances from the dental tissues and surrounding structures. To better understand the biological processes involved in orthodontic treatment, improve treatment, and reduce adverse side effects, several of these substances have been proposed as biomarkers. Potential biological markers can be collected from different tissue samples, and suitable sampling is important to accurately reflect biological processes. This paper covers the tissue changes that are involved during orthodontic tooth movement such as at compression region (involving osteoblasts), tension region (involving osteoclasts), dental root, and pulp tissues. Besides, the involvement of stem cells and their development towards osteoblasts and osteoclasts during orthodontic treatment have also been explained. Several possible biomarkers representing these biological changes during specific phenomenon, that is, bone remodelling (formation and resorption), inflammation, and root resorption have also been proposed. The knowledge of these biomarkers could be used in accelerating orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrul Hisham Zainal Ariffin
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Brooks PJ, Heckler AF, Wei K, Gong SG. M-CSF accelerates orthodontic tooth movement by targeting preosteoclasts in mice. Angle Orthod 2011; 81:277-83. [DOI: 10.2319/051210-258.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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