Presence of several cellulose-binding proteins in culture supernatant and cell lysate of Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5

Isolation and identification of cellulose-binding proteins from sheep rumen contents

To extend our understanding of the mechanisms of plant cell wall degradation in the rumen, cellulose-binding proteins (CBPs) from the contents of a sheep rumen were directly isolated and identified using a metaproteomics approach. The rumen CBPs were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and some CBPs revealed endoglucanase activities toward carboxymethyl cellulose. Using mass spectrometry analyses, four CBPs were identified and annotated as known proteins from the predominant rumen cellulolytic bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes: tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein, OmpA family protein, fibro-slime domain protein, and cellulose-binding endoglucanase F (EGF). Another CBP was identified as the cellulosomal glycosyl hydrolase family 6 exoglucanase, Cel6A, of Piromyces equi. F. succinogenes cells expressing EGF were found to be major members of the bacterial community on the surface or at the inner surface of hay stems by immunohistochemical analyses using anti-EGF antibody. The finding that four of the five CBPs isolated and identified from sheep rumen contents were from F. succinogenes indicates that F. succinogenes is significantly involved in cellulose degradation in the rumen.

Cloning, sequencing, and expression of a Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5 gene encoding an endoglucanase (Cel5A) with novel carbohydrate-binding modules, and properties of Cel5A

A novel Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5 gene encoding an endoglucanase (Cel5A) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and its enzymatic properties were characterized. The cel5A gene consists of a 3,444-bp open reading frame and encodes a 1,148-amino-acid protein with a molecular mass of 127,047 Da. Cel5A is a modular enzyme consisting of an N-terminal signal peptide, two glycosyl hydrolase family 5 catalytic modules, two novel carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), two linker sequences, and a C-terminal sequence with an unknown function. The amino acid sequences of the two catalytic modules and the two CBMs are 94% and 73% identical to each other, respectively. Two regions that consisted of one CBM and one catalytic module were tandemly connected via a linker sequence. The CBMs did not exhibit significant sequence similarity with any other CBMs. Analyses of the hydrolytic activity of the recombinant Cel5A (rCel5A) comprising the CBMs and the catalytic modules showed that the enzyme is an endoglucanase with activities with carboxymethyl cellulose, lichenan, acid-swollen cellulose, and oat spelt xylan. To investigate the functions of the CBMs and the catalytic modules, truncated derivatives of rCel5A were constructed and characterized. There were no differences in the hydrolytic activities with various polysaccharides or in the hydrolytic products obtained from cellooligosaccharides between the two catalytic modules. Both CBMs had the same substrate affinity with intact rCel5A. Removal of the CBMs from rCel5A reduced the catalytic activities with various polysaccharides remarkably. These observations show that CBMs play an important role in the catalytic function of the enzyme.

Cloning, nucleotide sequence and module structure of the gene encoding the cellulose-binding protein B (CBPB) of Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5

The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the cellulose-binding protein B (CBPB) of Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5 was determined. The gene consists of an open reading frame of 3,429 nucleotides. The deduced amino acid sequence of CBPB contained one module highly similar to a catalytic module of glycosyl hydrolase family 9 (GHF9), one module partially similar to a family 3 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM3), two linkers, one module similar to a CBM of cellulose-binding protein A (CBPA) from E. cellulosolvens 5, and one module almost identical to a cell wall-binding module (CWBM) of CBPA. The module similar to GHF9 showed CMCase activity, and the modules similar to CBM3 and CBM of CBPA bound to cellulose. Moreover, the module highly similar to CWBM of CBPA bound to the cell walls prepared from E. cellulosolvens 5. The amino acid sequence of CBPB had a significant homology (64.15% sequence identity) with that of CBPA. These results suggest that cbpA and cbpB genes descended from the same ancestral cellulase gene.

A possible role of cellulose-binding protein A (CBPA) in the adhesion of Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5 to cellulose

The cellulose-binding protein A (CBPA) of Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5 is a modular enzyme comprised of a catalytic domain, a cellulose-binding domain and a cell wall-binding domain. Cellobiose-grown cells changed their adhesion ability to cellulose depending on the growth phase. On the other hand, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-grown cells bound to cellulose regardless of their growth phase. The distribution of CBPA in the culture supernatant and cell fractions changed depending on the carbon source contained in the medium and growth phase. The cellobiose-grown cells harvested from the culture of the late stationary growth phase did not bind to cellulose, but their adhesion ability was recovered by treatment with recombinant CBPA. Moreover, cellobiose-grown cells harvested from the culture of an early exponential growth phase bound to cellulose, but their adhesion ability was inhibited by treatment with anti-CBPA antiserum. CBPA rapidly decreased the viscosity of CMC, indicating that CBPA was endoglucanase. The results obtained in this study indicate that CBPA plays an important role in the adhesion of E. cellulosolvens 5 cells to cellulose.

Identification of the cellulose-binding and the cell wall-binding domains of Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5 cellulose-binding protein A (CBPA)

The cellulose-binding domain (CBD) and the cell wall-binding domain (CWBD) of Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5 cellulose-binding protein A (CBPA) have been determined. The gene (cbpA) encoding CBPA and its derivatives were expressed in Escherichia coli. We were able to obtain the eight recombinant proteins and examine for their cellulose-binding ability, cell wall-binding ability and carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) activity. Since five recombinant proteins, which contain the unknown domain (UD-2) located between two linker-like regions of CBPA, bound to cellulose, this region has been identified as the CBD. The CBD did not show a significant sequence similarity with any other CBDs. Moreover, the N-terminal region of CBPA showed a significant sequence similarity with a catalytic domain of glycosyl hydrolase family 9, and the recombinant proteins containing the region showed CMCase activity. Since the UD-3, which is located in the C-terminal region of CBPA, bound to the cell walls of E. cellulosolvens 5, the region has been identified as the CWBD. However, the CWBD did not show a significant sequence similarity with any other proteins previously reported.

Cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression of the gene encoding the cellulose-binding protein A (CBPA) of Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5

The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the cellulose-binding protein A (CBPA) of Eubacterium cellulosolvens 5 was determined. The gene consists of an open reading frame of 3453 nucleotides and encodes a protein of 1151 amino acids with a molecular mass of 126408 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence of CBPA contained one domain highly similar to a catalytic domain of glycosyl hydrolases belonging to family 9, two linker-like domains and four domains of unknown function. Among the four domains of unknown function, the domains 1 and 2 region had significant homology in amino acid sequence with the cellulose-binding domains in the family 9 glycosyl hydrolases. The cloned gene was inserted into an expression vector, pBAD-TOPO, and expressed in Escherichia coli as a fused protein. The fused protein was detected by immunoblotting using antiserum against CBPA.