1
|
Ruiz-Haddad L, Ali M, Pronk M, van Loosdrecht MC, Saikaly PE. Demystifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms relevant to wastewater treatment: A review of their phylogeny, metabolism, and detection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 21:100387. [PMID: 38322240 PMCID: PMC10845257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2024.100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Currently, the most cost-effective and efficient method for phosphorus (P) removal from wastewater is enhanced biological P removal (EPBR) via polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs). This study integrates a literature review with genomic analysis to uncover the phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of the relevant PAOs for wastewater treatment. The findings highlight significant differences in the metabolic capabilities of PAOs relevant to wastewater treatment. Notably, Candidatus Dechloromonas and Candidatus Accumulibacter can synthesize polyhydroxyalkanoates, possess specific enzymes for ATP production from polyphosphate, and have electrochemical transporters for acetate and C4-dicarboxylates. In contrast, Tetrasphaera, Candidatus Phosphoribacter, Knoellia, and Phycicoccus possess PolyP-glucokinase and electrochemical transporters for sugars/amino acids. Additionally, this review explores various detection methods for polyphosphate and PAOs in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants. Notably, FISH-Raman spectroscopy emerges as one of the most advanced detection techniques. Overall, this review provides critical insights into PAO research, underscoring the need for enhanced strategies in biological phosphorus removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ruiz-Haddad
- Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Mario Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629 HZ, the Netherlands
| | | | - Pascal E. Saikaly
- Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Diaz R, Mackey B, Chadalavada S, Kainthola J, Heck P, Goel R. Enhanced Bio-P removal: Past, present, and future - A comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136518. [PMID: 36191763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Excess amounts of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) from anthropogenic activities such as population growth, municipal and industrial wastewater discharges, agriculture fertilization and storm water runoffs, have affected surface water chemistry, resulting in episodes of eutrophication. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) based treatment processes are an economical and environmentally friendly solution to address the present environmental impacts caused by excess P present in municipal discharges. EBPR practices have been researched and operated for more than five decades worldwide, with promising results in decreasing orthophosphate to acceptable levels. The advent of molecular tools targeting bacterial genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has also helped us reveal the identity of potential polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAO) and denitrifying PAO (DPAO) responsible for the success of EBPR. Integration of process engineering and environmental microbiology has provided much-needed confidence to the wastewater community for the successful implementation of EBPR practices around the globe. Despite these successes, the process of EBPR continues to evolve in terms of its microbiology and application in light of other biological processes such as anaerobic ammonia oxidation and on-site carbon capture. This review provides an overview of the history of EBPR, discusses different operational parameters critical for the successful operation of EBPR systems, reviews current knowledge of EBPR microbiology, the influence of PAO/DPAO on the disintegration of microbial communities, stoichiometry, EBPR clades, current practices, and upcoming potential innovations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Diaz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Brendan Mackey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Sreeni Chadalavada
- School of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland Springfield, Queensland, 4350, Australia.
| | - Jyoti Kainthola
- Department of Civil Engineering, École Centrale School of Engineering, Mahindra University, Hyderabad, India, 500043
| | - Phil Heck
- Central Valley Water Reclamation Facility, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ramesh Goel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dorofeev AG, Nikolaev YA, Mardanov AV, Pimenov NV. Role of Phosphate-Accumulating Bacteria in Biological Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
4
|
Dorofeev AG, Nikolaev YA, Mardanov AV, Pimenov NV. Cyclic Metabolism as a Mode of Microbial Existence. Microbiology (Reading) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261719040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
5
|
Han YH, Fu T, Wang SS, Yu HT, Xiang P, Zhang WX, Chen DL, Li M. Efficient phosphate accumulation in the newly isolated Acinetobacter junii strain LH4. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:313. [PMID: 30023145 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphate (PO43-) accumulation associated with bacteria contributes to efficient remediation of eutrophic waters and has attracted attention due to its low cost, high removal efficiency and environmental friendliness. In the present study, we isolated six strains from sludge with high concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels. Among them, strain LH4 exhibited the greatest PO43- removal ability. Strain LH4 is typical of Acinetobacter junii based on physiological, biochemical, and molecular analyses and is a PO43--accumulating organism (PAO) based on toluidine blue staining. The strain grew quickly when subjected to aerobic medium after pre-incubation under anaerobic condition, with a maximum OD600 of 1.429 after 8 h and PO43- removal efficiency of 99%. Our data also indicated that this strain preferred utilizing the carbon (C) sources sodium formate and sodium acetate and the nitrogen (N) sources NH4Cl and (NH4)2SO4 over other compounds. To achieve optimal PO43- removal efficiency, a C:N ratio of 5:1, inoculation concentration of 3%, solution pH of 6, incubation temperature of 30 °C, and shaking speed of 100 rpm were recommended for A. junii strain LH4. By incubating this strain with different concentrations of PO43-, we calculated that its relative PO43- removal capacity ranged from 0.67 to 3.84 mg L-1 h-1, ranking in the top three among reported PAOs. Our study provided a new PO43--accumulating bacterial strain that holds promise for remediating eutrophic waters, and its potential for large-scale use warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sumathi M, Vasudevan N. Removal of phosphate by Staphylococcus aureus under aerobic and alternating anaerobic-aerobic conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:1071-1080. [PMID: 28478737 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1320432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication of water bodies due to phosphate enrichment is an ecological problem. Phosphate is removed from wastewaters by enhanced biological phosphate removal worldwide by phosphate accumulating organism. In order to understand the process of treatment, the existing microbial community and its metabolism of phosphate removal are studied widely. This study focuses on the isolation of polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria from different environments and studying their phosphate removal capacity with different carbon supplements under varying culture conditions. The total heterotrophic bacterial population from the diverse environments showed the existence of phosphate-accumulating bacteria. Among them, Staphylococcus aureus removed 81% of phosphate in a polyphosphate-accumulating medium with storage of 93 mM polyphosphate internally. Among the different carbon sources provided, glucose induced a net specific growth rate of 0.816/d. S. aureus removed 70% of phosphate with a phosphate uptake rate of 6.29 mg PO4/g cells and a growth yield of 0.2 g cells/g glucose consumed when 1 g/L glucose was provided. Furthermore, when 2 g/L glucose was provided, 78% of phosphate was removed with a phosphate uptake rate of 13.24 mg PO4/g cells and a growth yield of 0.4 g cells/g glucose consumed under aerobic condition. S. aureus showed enhanced phosphate removal under aerobic condition in the presence of glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malairajan Sumathi
- a Centre for Environmental Studies , Anna University , Chennai 600 025 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Namasivayam Vasudevan
- a Centre for Environmental Studies , Anna University , Chennai 600 025 , Tamil Nadu , India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kristiansen R, Nguyen HTT, Saunders AM, Nielsen JL, Wimmer R, Le VQ, McIlroy SJ, Petrovski S, Seviour RJ, Calteau A, Nielsen KL, Nielsen PH. A metabolic model for members of the genus Tetrasphaera involved in enhanced biological phosphorus removal. ISME JOURNAL 2012. [PMID: 23178666 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2012.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Tetrasphaera are considered to be putative polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) from wastewater. Although abundant in Danish full-scale wastewater EBPR plants, how similar their ecophysiology is to 'Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis' is unclear, although they may occupy different ecological niches in EBPR communities. The genomes of four Tetrasphaera isolates (T. australiensis, T. japonica, T. elongata and T. jenkinsii) were sequenced and annotated, and the data used to construct metabolic models. These models incorporate central aspects of carbon and phosphorus metabolism critical to understanding their behavior under the alternating anaerobic/aerobic conditions encountered in EBPR systems. Key features of these metabolic pathways were investigated in pure cultures, although poor growth limited their analyses to T. japonica and T. elongata. Based on the models, we propose that under anaerobic conditions the Tetrasphaera-related PAOs take up glucose and ferment this to succinate and other components. They also synthesize glycogen as a storage polymer, using energy generated from the degradation of stored polyphosphate and substrate fermentation. During the aerobic phase, the stored glycogen is catabolized to provide energy for growth and to replenish the intracellular polyphosphate reserves needed for subsequent anaerobic metabolism. They are also able to denitrify. This physiology is markedly different to that displayed by 'Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis', and reveals Tetrasphaera populations to be unusual and physiologically versatile PAOs carrying out denitrification, fermentation and polyphosphate accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Kristiansen
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kawakoshi A, Nakazawa H, Fukada J, Sasagawa M, Katano Y, Nakamura S, Hosoyama A, Sasaki H, Ichikawa N, Hanada S, Kamagata Y, Nakamura K, Yamazaki S, Fujita N. Deciphering the genome of polyphosphate accumulating actinobacterium Microlunatus phosphovorus. DNA Res 2012; 19:383-94. [PMID: 22923697 PMCID: PMC3473371 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dss020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) belong mostly to Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria and are quite divergent. Under aerobic conditions, they accumulate intracellular polyphosphate (polyP), while they typically synthesize polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) under anaerobic conditions. Many ecological, physiological, and genomic analyses have been performed with proteobacterial PAOs, but few with actinobacterial PAOs. In this study, the whole genome sequence of an actinobacterial PAO, Microlunatus phosphovorus NM-1T (NBRC 101784T), was determined. The number of genes for polyP metabolism was greater in M. phosphovorus than in other actinobacteria; it possesses genes for four polyP kinases (ppks), two polyP-dependent glucokinases (ppgks), and three phosphate transporters (pits). In contrast, it harbours only a single ppx gene for exopolyphosphatase, although two copies of ppx are generally present in other actinobacteria. Furthermore, M. phosphovorus lacks the phaABC genes for PHA synthesis and the actP gene encoding an acetate/H+ symporter, both of which play crucial roles in anaerobic PHA accumulation in proteobacterial PAOs. Thus, while the general features of M. phosphovorus regarding aerobic polyP accumulation are similar to those of proteobacterial PAOs, its anaerobic polyP use and PHA synthesis appear to be different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akatsuki Kawakoshi
- Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, 2-10-49 Nishihara, Tokyo 151-0066, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gebremariam SY, Beutel MW, Christian D, Hess TF. Research advances and challenges in the microbiology of enhanced biological phosphorus removal--a critical review. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2011; 83:195-219. [PMID: 21466069 DOI: 10.2175/106143010x12780288628534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a well-established technology for removing phosphorus from wastewater. However, the process remains operationally unstable in many systems, primarily because there is a lack of understanding regarding the microbiology of EBPR. This paper presents a review of advances made in the study of EBPR microbiology and focuses on the identification, enrichment, classification, morphology, and metabolic capacity of polyphosphate- and glycogen-accumulating organisms. The paper also highlights knowledge gaps and research challenges in the field of EBPR microbiology. Based on the review, the following recommendations regarding the future direction of EBPR microbial research were developed: (1) shifting from a reductionist approach to a more holistic system-based approach, (2) using a combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques in characterizing microbial composition, (3) integrating ecological principles into system design to enhance stability, and (4) reexamining current theoretical explanations of why and how EBPR occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyoum Yami Gebremariam
- Washington State University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pullman, Washington 99164-2910, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nguyen HTT, Le VQ, Hansen AA, Nielsen JL, Nielsen PH. High diversity and abundance of putative polyphosphate-accumulating Tetrasphaera-related bacteria in activated sludge systems. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 76:256-67. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
11
|
Okunuki S, Nakamura K, Kawaharasaki M, Tanaka H, Uchiyama H, Noda N. Quantification of Rhodocyclus-Related and Actinobacterial Polyphosphate-Accumulating Organisms in an Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Process Using Quenching Probe PCR. Microbes Environ 2007. [DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.22.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Okunuki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Kazunori Nakamura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | | | - Hideo Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Hiroo Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Naohiro Noda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kong Y, Nielsen JL, Nielsen PH. Identity and ecophysiology of uncultured actinobacterial polyphosphate-accumulating organisms in full-scale enhanced biological phosphorus removal plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:4076-85. [PMID: 16000823 PMCID: PMC1169000 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.7.4076-4085.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microautoradiography combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (MAR-FISH) was used to screen for potential polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAO) in a full-scale enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) plant. The results showed that, in addition to uncultured Rhodocyclus-related PAO, two morphotypes hybridizing with gene probes for the gram-positive Actinobacteria were also actively involved in uptake of orthophosphate (Pi). Clone library analysis and further investigations by MAR-FISH using two new oligonucleotide probes revealed that both morphotypes, cocci in clusters of tetrads and short rods in clumps, were relatively closely related to the genus Tetrasphaera within the family Intrasporangiaceae of the Actinobacteria (93 to 98% similarity in their 16S rRNA genes). FISH analysis of the community biomass in the treatment plant investigated showed that the short rods (targeted by probe Actino-658) were the most abundant (12% of all Bacteria hybridizing with general bacterial probes), while the cocci in tetrads (targeted by probe Actino-221) made up 7%. Both morphotypes took up P(i) aerobically only if, in a previous anaerobic phase, they had taken up organic matter from wastewater or a mixture of amino acids. They could not take up short-chain fatty acids (e.g., acetate), glucose, or ethanol under anaerobic or aerobic conditions. The storage compound produced during the anaerobic period was not polyhydroxyalkanoates, as for Rhodocyclus-related PAO, and its identity is still unknown. Growth and uptake of Pi took place in the presence of oxygen and nitrate but not nitrite, indicating a lack of denitrifying ability. A survey of the occurrence of these actinobacterial PAO in 10 full-scale EBPR plants revealed that both morphotypes were widely present, and in several plants more abundant than the Rhodocyclus-related PAO, thus playing a very important role in the EBPR process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhong Kong
- Department of Life Sciences, Section of Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 57, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|