Characterization of Lactobacillus sakei by the type of stereoisomers of lactic acid produced

Latilactobacillus sakei: a candidate probiotic with a key role in food fermentations and health promotion

Latilactobacillus sakei is used extensively in industrial production and food fermentations. The species is primarily derived from fermented meat and vegetable products and is also found in human feces. Genomics and metabolomics have revealed unique metabolic pathways in L. sakei and molecular mechanisms underlying its competitive advantages in different habitats, which are mostly attributed to its flexible carbohydrate metabolism, cold tolerance, acid and salt tolerance, ability to cope with oxygen changes, and heme uptake. In recent years, probiotic effects of L. sakei and its metabolites have been identified, including the ability to effectively alleviate metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and atopic dermatitis. This review summarizes the genomic and metabolic characteristics of L. sakei and its metabolites and describes their applications, laying a foundation for their expanded use across the food and healthcare industries.

Robust Domination of Lactobacillus sakei in Microbiota During Traditional Japanese Sake Starter Yamahai-Moto Fermentation and the Accompanying Changes in Metabolites

The successful production of sake (Japanese rice wine) is brought about by drastic changes in microbial flora and chemical components during fermentation. In the traditional manufacturing process of sake starter (yamahai-moto), spontaneous growth of lactic acid bacteria suppresses inappropriate microorganisms and prepares the optimum environment for the alcohol fermentative yeast. In this study, we analyzed the changes in bacterial flora and chemical components of yamahai-moto. High-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene V4 region revealed that various kinds of bacteria, including nitrate-reducing bacteria, existed in the early fermentation stage; however, Lactobacillus sakei then increased drastically to become dominant in the middle stage. Interestingly, this result was different from that obtained in the previous year at the same manufacturer; the early-stage major bacterium was Lactobacillus acidipiscis. Lactic acid, glucose, isomaltose, and total free amino acids increased throughout the fermentation process, which was attributable to the metabolism of L. sakei and the koji mold. It is noteworthy that significant ornithine accumulation and arginine consumption were observed from the middle to late stages. Thirty-eight percent of the L. sakei isolates from yamahai-moto exhibited significant ornithine production, indicating that the arginine deiminase pathway of L. sakei was working to survive the extremely low pH environment of the moto after the middle stage. This is the first report that includes concurrent analyses of the NGS-based bacterial flora and chemical components of yamahai-moto, providing further knowledge to help understand and improve the process of sake brewing.

Metabolite profile of koji amazake and its lactic acid fermentation product by Lactobacillus sakei UONUMA

The koji amazake is a traditional sweet Japanese beverage. It has been consumed for over a thousand years in Japan; nonetheless, little is yet known of the ingredients in koji amazake. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the metabolites of koji amazake using a metabolomics approach. Additionally, we reformed the flavor of koji amazake by lactic acid fermentation (LAF-amazake) using Lactobacillus sakei UONUMA, which was isolated from snow caverns. The purpose of this article is to identify the ingredients in these beverages. In LAF-amazake and koji amazake, sugars, amino acids, organic acids, and vitamin B complex were determined in the two beverages, and over 300 compounds were detected in total. Thirteen saccharides were identified including two unknown trisaccharides, and there were no differences in these between the two beverages. In LAF-amazake, lactic acid, vitamin B2 (riboflavin), B3 (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide), and B6 (pyridoxine) were significantly increased as compared to koji amazake, whereas malate and glutamine decreased. These results suggested that LAF, malolactic fermentation, and glutamine deamidation occurred simultaneously in LAF-amazake. L. sakei UONUMA strains produced these vitamins. Moreover, it was surprising that acetylcholine, a well-known neurotransmitter, was newly generated in LAF-amazake. Here, we have succeeded in reforming the flavor of koji amazake and obtained these metabolic data on the two beverages. The present study could provide useful basic information for promoting functional analyses of koji amazake and LAF-amazake for human health.

Tracing microbiota changes in yamahai-moto, the traditional Japanese sake starter

Sake is made from steamed rice, malted rice, and water. Sake production begins with the preparation of a small-scale starter (moto); the quality of moto significantly influences the flavor and richness of sake. In the traditional starter, yamahai-moto, the growth of naturally occurring lactic acid bacteria represses the putrefactive micro-organisms, whereas in the modern starter, sokujo-moto, this is achieved by adding lactic acid. In this study, the successive change in bacterial flora of yamahai-moto was analyzed by pyrosequencing 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Lactobacillus was dominant throughout the process (93-98%). Nitrate-reducing bacteria that have been generally assumed to be the first colonizers of yamahai-moto were scarcely found in the early stage, but Lactobacillus acidipiscis dominated. Lactobacillus sakei drastically increased in the middle stage. This is the first report, though one case study, to show how the early stage microbiota in Japanese yamahai-moto is varyingly controlled without nitrate-reducing bacteria using next-generation sequencing.

Identification of Lactobacillus sakei and Lactobacillus curvatus by multiplex PCR-based restriction enzyme analysis

Two closely related lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus sakei and Lactobacillus curvatus, are very difficult to be rapidly differentiated. Here we report multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction enzyme analysis that is useful for rapid and reliable identification of these two species. This method employs both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme analysis (REA). First, multiplex-PCR using three primers that were designed from 16S rDNA sequence produces two bands, a 433-bp and a 623-bp band. A 433-bp band represents only L. sakei and L. curvatus among lactobacilli and genetically related bacteria, and a 623-bp band is used for further identification by restriction analysis. Second, restriction analysis of 623-bp band using Hind III restriction enzyme discriminates L. sakei from L. curvatus. This method could identify 28 strains as L. sakei or L. curvatus, which were frequently isolated from kimchi, a traditional fermented cabbage product in South Korea. Therefore, these results suggest that this method is simple, rapid, and reliable for the identification of L. sakei and L. curvatus species.