An examination of the effect of exercise and creatine monohydrate on oral tissues

Although physical exercise is extremely important for health and a good lifestyle, it can trigger oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle fatigue. The aim of this study was to determine changes in dental tissues and the mandible created by creatines monohydrate (CrM) supplementation together with low and high-intensity exercise (HIE). The study material comprised Balb/c male mices, which were separated into two groups for the application of low and HIE on a running band. CrM supplement was administered together with the exercise. At the end of the experiment period, dental tissue samples were surgically removed and examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically (TNF-α and lL-1β).As a result of the histopathological examinations, in the pulp, oedema, vascular congestion, and capillary dilatation were seen to be statistically significantly increased in the Group 3 mices that performed HIE compared to the control group (p = 0.001, p = 0.003, p = 0.001, respectively). A statistically significant increase was observed in periodontal ligament (PDL) degeneration, and disruption of the continuity and separation of collagen fibers in Group 3 compared to the control group (p = 0.001). In the immunohistochemical examination, TNF-α and IL-1β positivity was observed in Group 3, and this was significantly increased compared to the control group (p = 0.001, p = 0.000).Exposure of the mices to low and HIE caused histological and immunohistochemical changes in dental pulp and PDL, and it was determined that the use of CrM could have a protective effect against these changes. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The results of this study showed negative effects of HIE in the dental pulp and PDL, which play an important role in dental health. CrM was seen to be effective in preventing these negative effects.

Evaluation of the role of mitofusin-1 and mitofusin-2 in periodontal disease

BACKGROUND

Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are key cellular organelles and create contact sites (mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact [MERC]), which plays a major role in calcium metabolism, apoptotic processes, and inflammation. Previously, proteins that have been associated with these MERC contact sites mitofusin-1 (MFN1) and mitofusin-2 (MFN2) have been found to be downregulated in periodontal disease in vitro. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate MFN1 and MFN2 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with periodontal disease compared with healthy controls clinically.

METHODS

A total of 48 participants were divided into three groups including periodontally healthy (n = 16), patients with gingivitis (n = 16), and patients with stage 3 grade B periodontitis (n = 16). GCF levels of MFN1, MFN2, calcium (Ca), caspase-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results were calculated as total amount and concentration.

RESULTS

MFN1 levels (total amount) were significantly higher in patients with periodontitis and gingivitis when compared with healthy controls (p < 0.05). However, concentration levels of MFN1, MFN2, Ca, caspase-1, TNF-α significantly decreased in periodontal disease groups compared with healthy controls (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was detected among all evaluated markers (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The MERC protein MFN1 may have a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease due to its increase in GCF of patients with periodontitis and gingivitis.

Nutritional Modulation of Periodontal Diseases: A Narrative Review of Recent Evidence

The role of nutrition in managing periodontal diseases is a dynamic and evolving area of study. This review presents an in-depth analysis of various nutritional elements, including essential fatty acids, proteins, vitamins (D, E, and C), coenzyme Q10, melatonin, and probiotics, and their impact on periodontal health. It synthesizes findings from randomized clinical trials and observational studies to highlight the multifaceted influence of these nutrients on periodontal disease management. Key areas of focus include their role in reducing inflammation, altering the composition of the oral microbiota, and enhancing tissue repair and bone health. The review consistently points to the potential benefits of these nutrients, either as standalone agents or in conjunction with standard periodontal treatments, offering valuable insights for both clinicians and researchers. It advocates for a more nutritionally informed approach to periodontal disease management, emphasizing the importance of a well-rounded, preventive, and therapeutic strategy in dental health.

Impact of health and lifestyle food supplements on periodontal tissues and health

According to the new classification, periodontitis is defined as a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease associated with dysbiotic biofilms and characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. This definition, based on the current scientific evidence, clearly indicates and emphasizes, beside the microbial component dental biofilm, the importance of the inflammatory reaction in the progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. The idea to modulate this inflammatory reaction in order to decrease or even cease the progressive destruction was, therefore, a logical consequence. Attempts to achieve this goal involve various kinds of anti-inflammatory drugs or medications. However, there is also an increasing effort in using food supplements or so-called natural food ingredients to modulate patients' immune responses and maybe even improve the healing of periodontal tissues. The aim of this chapter of Periodontology 2000 is to review the evidence of various food supplements and ingredients regarding their possible effects on periodontal inflammation and wound healing. This review may help researchers and clinicians to evaluate the current evidence and to stimulate further research in this area.

Effect of Protein Supplement Intake on Oral Health status of Bodybuilders. A Cross-sectional Study

Background: This study was conducted to 1. estimate the effect of protein, creatine, and amino acids supplements on the oral health of bodybuilders. 2. compare the oral health status of bodybuilders with another non-bodybuilder group. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Riyadh city between April and July 2021. About 200 non-smokers Saudi men were recruited in the study which was allocated into two groups (100 subjects each); bodybuilders and non-bodybuilders. Oral health indicators like dental caries, plaque, and gingival indices were measured. Results: D and DMFT were higher in the bodybuilder group than in the non-bodybuilder [4.47 vs 0.89 for D, and 8.75 vs 4.58 for DMFT]. Also, P.I. and G.I. showed the same result. 60 % of participants were taking protein only, while 37% of them were taking a combination of protein, creatine, and amino acids. Only 3% were taking creatine. A positive significant association was found between the frequency of protein intake and D, Pl. I., and G.I. Negative significant association was found between Pl. I score and each of protein and combined intake of protein, creatine, and amino acids. Regarding G.I., combined supplement intake, protein intake, duration, and frequency of brushing were negatively associated with it [p=0.033, 0.026, 0.081, and 0.010 respectively]. Conclusion: From the previous findings we can conclude that poor oral hygiene practices among bodybuilders may be the real cause of their bad oral health. Also, the frequency of protein intake could be directly associated with increased dental caries, plaque accumulation, and gingivitis. While the higher intake of protein and combined supplements were associated with decreased plaque and gingival indices.

Clinical periodontal status and inflammatory cytokines in primary Sjögren syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND

The aim of the present study is to compare the clinical periodontal findings as well as gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and caspase-1 in primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) subjects.

METHODS

In the present case control study plasma and GCF samples were collected, full-mouth recordings comprising plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD) were performed in 44 subjects with pSS, 39 subjects with RA and 30 systemically healthy subjects. Plasma and GCF TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-gamma and caspase-1 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

There were no differences in GCF and plasma levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in all the study groups (p > 0.05). GCF levels of IL-1β were higher in pSS group than healthy group (p = 0.035). Caspase-1 GCF levels were significantly higher in pSS group than RA group (p = 0.032). Highest plasma IL-1β levels were detected in pSS compared to RA and healthy groups (p < 0.001). Healthy group has higher caspase-1 plasma levels than pSS and RA groups (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the present study reveal that the periodontal status of patients with pSS does not differ from systemically healthy subjects. Further studies involving longitudinal assessments on larger populations with standardized patient inclusion criteria are needed to confirm the findings.