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Peng L, Baradar AA, Aguado J, Wolvetang E. Cellular senescence and premature aging in Down Syndrome. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 212:111824. [PMID: 37236373 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in cognitive impairment, physical abnormalities, and an increased risk of age-related co-morbidities. Individuals with DS exhibit accelerated aging, which has been attributed to several cellular mechanisms, including cellular senescence, a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest that is associated with aging and age-related diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that cellular senescence may play a key role in the pathogenesis of DS and the development of age-related disorders in this population. Importantly, cellular senescence may be a potential therapeutic target in alleviating age-related DS pathology. Here, we discuss the importance of focusing on cellular senescence to understand accelerated aging in DS. We review the current state of knowledge regarding cellular senescence and other hallmarks of aging in DS, including its putative contribution to cognitive impairment, multi-organ dysfunction, and premature aging phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianli Peng
- Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alireza A Baradar
- Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Julio Aguado
- Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Ernst Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Napoli E, Flores A, Mansuri Y, Hagerman RJ, Giulivi C. Sulforaphane improves mitochondrial metabolism in fibroblasts from patients with fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 157:105427. [PMID: 34153466 PMCID: PMC8475276 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CGG expansions between 55 and 200 in the 5'-untranslated region of the fragile-X mental retardation gene (FMR1) increase the risk of developing the late-onset debilitating neuromuscular disease Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). While the science behind this mutation, as a paradigm for RNA-mediated nucleotide triplet repeat expansion diseases, has progressed rapidly, no treatment has proven effective at delaying the onset or decreasing morbidity, especially at later stages of the disease. Here, we demonstrated the beneficial effect of the phytochemical sulforaphane (SFN), exerted through NRF2-dependent and independent manner, on pathways relevant to brain function, bioenergetics, unfolded protein response, proteosome, antioxidant defenses, and iron metabolism in fibroblasts from FXTAS-affected subjects at all disease stages. This study paves the way for future clinical studies with SFN in the treatment of FXTAS, substantiated by the established use of this agent in clinical trials of diseases with NRF2 dysregulation and in which age is the leading risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Amanda Flores
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;,Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Yasmeen Mansuri
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Randi J. Hagerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA;,Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute, University of California Davis, CA 95817
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America; Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M.I.N.D.) Institute, University of California Davis, CA 95817, USA.
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Martínez-Cué C, Rueda N. Cellular Senescence in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:16. [PMID: 32116562 PMCID: PMC7026683 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a homeostatic biological process characterized by a permanent state of cell cycle arrest that can contribute to the decline of the regenerative potential and function of tissues. The increased presence of senescent cells in different neurodegenerative diseases suggests the contribution of senescence in the pathophysiology of these disorders. Although several factors can induce senescence, DNA damage, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and altered proteostasis have been shown to play a role in its onset. Oxidative stress contributes to accelerated aging and cognitive dysfunction stages affecting neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, connectivity, and survival. During later life stages, it is implicated in the progression of cognitive decline, synapse loss, and neuronal degeneration. Also, neuroinflammation exacerbates oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal death through the harmful effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on cell proliferation and maturation. Both oxidative stress and neuroinflammation can induce DNA damage and alterations in DNA repair that, in turn, can exacerbate them. Another important feature associated with senescence is altered proteostasis. Because of the disruption in the function and balance of the proteome, senescence can modify the proper synthesis, folding, quality control, and degradation rate of proteins producing, in some diseases, misfolded proteins or aggregation of abnormal proteins. There is an extensive body of literature that associates cellular senescence with several neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Down syndrome (DS), and Parkinson’s disease (PD). This review summarizes the evidence of the shared neuropathological events in these neurodegenerative diseases and the implication of cellular senescence in their onset or aggravation. Understanding the role that cellular senescence plays in them could help to develop new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Noemí Rueda
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Preshaw PM, Henne K, Taylor JJ, Valentine RA, Conrads G. Age-related changes in immune function (immune senescence) in caries and periodontal diseases: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 44 Suppl 18:S153-S177. [PMID: 28266110 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To systematically review the evidence regarding immune senescence in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and dental caries. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases utilizing medical subject headings (MeSH terms) supplemented by screening of review articles and other relevant texts was undertaken. RESULTS Seventy-three articles were included (43 for periodontitis, 30 for caries). Study results were found to be generally heterogeneous. Regarding periodontitis, human studies suggest evidence for altered neutrophil function and increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 ) in older compared to younger subjects, and animal experiments suggest increased expression of genes that contribute to a pro-inflammatory state in older compared to younger animals. Regarding dental caries, research relating to changes in immune functioning and the impact of ageing is in its infancy. A small number of studies have reported components of innate and adaptive immunity that affect the composition of saliva and dental biofilms with possible impacts on caries progression. CONCLUSION There is evidence that immune functioning related to periodontitis and (less investigated) dental caries alters with increasing age. In both conditions, age-associated mechanistic changes in immune functioning are complex and incompletely understood and it is not clear how these relate to disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Preshaw
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Karsten Henne
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - John J Taylor
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ruth A Valentine
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Georg Conrads
- Division of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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Early-occurring proliferation defects in peripheral tissues of the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome are associated with patched1 over expression. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1648-60. [PMID: 22890555 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic pathology due to the triplication of human chromosome 21. In addition to mental retardation, individuals with DS exhibit a large range of variable traits, including co-occurring congenital malformations. It is now clear that neurogenesis impairment underlies the typically reduced brain size and, hence, mental retardation in individuals with DS. The small body size and the constellation of congenital malformations in children with DS suggest that proliferation defects may involve peripheral tissues, in addition to the brain. The goal of the current study was to establish whether a generalized impairment of cell proliferation is a key feature of the trisomic condition. We used the Ts65Dn mouse, a widely used DS model, and examined proliferation in tissues with different embryological origin by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine immunohistochemistry. We found that 2-day-old (P2) Ts65Dn mice had notably fewer proliferating cells in the heart and liver, and in all proliferating niches of the skin and intestine. A reduced proliferation rate was still present in the intestine at P15. In all tissues, Ts65Dn mice had a similar number of apoptotic cells as euploid mice, indicating no unbalance in cell death. In the skin, liver and intestine of trisomic mice, we found a higher expression of patched1 (Ptch1), a receptor that represses the mitogenic sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway. This suggests that Ptch1-dependent inhibition of Shh signaling may underlie proliferation impairment in trisomic peripheral tissues. In agreement with the widespread reduction in proliferation, neonate trisomic mice had a reduced body weight and this defect was still present at 30 days of age. Our findings show that, in all examined peripheral tissues, Ts65Dn mice exhibit a notable reduction in proliferation rate, suggesting that proliferation impairment may be a generalized defect of trisomic precursor cells.
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Hultén MA, Jonasson J, Nordgren A, Iwarsson E. Germinal and Somatic Trisomy 21 Mosaicism: How Common is it, What are the Implications for Individual Carriers and How Does it Come About? Curr Genomics 2011; 11:409-19. [PMID: 21358985 PMCID: PMC3018721 DOI: 10.2174/138920210793176056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that varying degrees of mosaicism for Trisomy 21, primarily a combination of normal and Trisomy 21 cells within individual tissues, may exist in the human population. This involves both Trisomy 21 mosaicism occurring in the germ line and Trisomy 21 mosaicism documented in different somatic tissues, or indeed a combination of both in the same subjects. Information on the incidence of Trisomy 21 mosaicism in different tissue samples from people with clinical features of Down syndrome as well as in the general population is, however, still limited. One of the main reasons for this lack of detailed knowledge is the technological problem of its identification, where in particular low grade/cryptic Trisomy 21 mosaicism, i.e. occurring in less than 3-5% of the respective tissues, can only be ascertained by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods on large cell populations from the different tissue samples.In this review we summarize current knowledge in this field with special reference to the question on the likely incidence of germinal and somatic Trisomy 21 mosaicism in the general population and its mechanisms of origin. We also highlight the reproductive and clinical implications of this type of aneuploidy mosaicism for individual carriers. We conclude that the risk of begetting a child with Trisomy 21 Down syndrome most likely is related to the incidence of Trisomy 21 cells in the germ line of any carrier parent. The clinical implications for individual carriers may likewise be dependent on the incidence of Trisomy 21 in the relevant somatic tissues. Remarkably, for example, there are indications that Trisomy 21 mosaicism will predispose carriers to conditions such as childhood leukemia and Alzheimer's Disease but there is on the other hand a possibility that the risk of solid cancers may be substantially reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maj A Hultén
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK
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Contestabile A, Fila T, Cappellini A, Bartesaghi R, Ciani E. Widespread impairment of cell proliferation in the neonate Ts65Dn mouse, a model for Down syndrome. Cell Prolif 2009; 42:171-81. [PMID: 19317805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Among the many pathological aspects of Down syndrome, brain hypoplasia and mental retardation have been recently ascribed to defective proliferation of neural precursors during central nervous system development. By analogy, other features of Down syndrome, such as heart defects, gastrointestinal abnormalities, craniofacial dystrophy and reduced growth rate could be related, at least in theory, to similar proliferation impairment in peripheral tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to test this hypothesis, we evaluated cell proliferation in peripheral tissues of the Ts65Dn mouse, one of the animal models most commonly used to investigate Down syndrome. RESULTS In fibroblast cultures from neonatal Ts65Dn mice, we found that cell proliferation was notably impaired. While length of the cell cycle was similar in fibroblasts from Ts65Dn and control mice, the number of actively proliferating cells was significantly smaller in Ts65Dn mice. Moreover, fibroblasts from Ts65Dn animals exhibited limited population-doubling capacity, decreased proliferative lifespan and premature senescence. Analysis of cell proliferation in the skin of neonates, in vivo, showed that in Ts65Dn mice, cell proliferation was significantly reduced compared to control mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that defective proliferation may be a generalized feature of trisomic mice. In view of the genetic and phenotypic similarities between Ts65Dn mice and individuals with Down syndrome, proliferation impairment in various organs may also occur in subjects with Down syndrome. Thus, perturbation of a basic developmental function, cell proliferation, may be a critical determinant that contributes to the many aspects of pathology of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Contestabile
- Department of Human and General Physiology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Krinsky-McHale SJ, Devenny DA, Gu H, Jenkins EC, Kittler P, Murty VV, Schupf N, Scotto L, Tycko B, Urv TK, Ye L, Zigman WB, Silverman W. Successful aging in a 70-year-old man with down syndrome: a case study. INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2008; 46:215-228. [PMID: 18578579 DOI: 10.1352/2008.46:215-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The authors present a case study of a 70-year-old man with Down syndrome ("Mr. C.") who they followed for 16 years and who does not exhibit declines in cognitive or functional capacities indicative of dementia, despite having well-documented, complete trisomy 21. The authors describe the age-associated changes that occurred over 16 years as well as provide detailed information regarding Mr. C.'s health and genetic status. To further emphasize Mr. C.'s successful aging, the authors compared his longitudinal performance profile with that of 2 peers of comparable level of intellectual functioning: 1 similar-aged man with clinical Alzheimer's disease and a younger man who was healthy. The authors present potential explanations for the phenotypic variability observed in individuals with Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon J Krinsky-McHale
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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Thomas P, O’ Callaghan NJ, Fenech M. Telomere length in white blood cells, buccal cells and brain tissue and its variation with ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2008; 129:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
Whilst in part I of this diptych on aging the question why aging exists at all is discussed; this part deals with the question which mechanisms underly aging and, ultimately, dying. It appears that aging is not just an active process as such--although all kinds of internal (e.g., oxigen-free radicals) and external (e.g., UV radiation; disease) actively damage the organism--but more a passive one: it is mainly the result of a diminishing capacity to resist damaging internal and external influences, notably the capacity to repair the ensuing damage of DNA, until, indeed, the genome is entirely beyond repair and all kinds of vital functions detoriate with as a result that, in the end, the body collapses due to some final internal (e.g., a neoplasm or a CVA) or external (e.g., some infection, accident or attack) push. The time-course with which the capacity to repair DNA diminishes, however, is genetically fixed, and is associated with (even determined by) the reproductive strategy of the species in question: once the phase of reproduction is over, the reins are loosened and all kinds of genetic and physiological errors accumulate, giving rise to a large variety of pathology which ultimately carries the pertinent individual to the grave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A Schuiling
- Division of Human Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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