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Ma X, Xin D, She R, Liu D, Ge J, Mei Z. Novel insight into cGAS-STING pathway in ischemic stroke: from pre- to post-disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275408. [PMID: 37915571 PMCID: PMC10616885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, a primary cause of disability and the second leading cause of mortality, has emerged as an urgent public health issue. Growing evidence suggests that the Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)- Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, a component of innate immunity, is closely associated with microglia activation, neuroinflammation, and regulated cell death in ischemic stroke. However, the mechanisms underlying this pathway remain inadequately understood. This article comprehensively reviews the existing literature on the cGAS-STING pathway and its multifaceted relationship with ischemic stroke. Initially, it examines how various risk factors and pre-disease mechanisms such as metabolic dysfunction and senescence (e.g., hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia) affect the cGAS-STING pathway in relation to ischemic stroke. Subsequently, we explore in depth the potential pathophysiological relationship between this pathway and oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, neuroinflammation as well as regulated cell death including ferroptosis and PANoptosis following cerebral ischemia injury. Finally, it suggests that intervention targeting the cGAS-STING pathway may serve as promising therapeutic strategies for addressing neuroinflammation associated with ischemic stroke. Taken together, this review concludes that targeting the microglia cGAS-STING pathway may shed light on the exploration of new therapeutic strategies against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Xin
- Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ruining She
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinwen Ge
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhigang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Zhang W, Yang H, Wang Z, Wu Y, Wang J, Duan G, Guo Q, Zhang Y. miR-320a/SP1 negative reciprocal interaction contributes to cell growth and invasion in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:175. [PMID: 33731131 PMCID: PMC7972346 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcription factors (TFs) may be engaged in reciprocal regulatory circuits with certain miRNAs to maintain cellular homeostasis. Disequilibrium of the reciprocities by certain tumor-related stimuli may give rise to deregulation of downstream cellular signaling pathways, thus promoting malignant tumor phenotypes. Specificity Protein 1 (SP1) is the most representative member of the tumor-related transcription factors. Previous studies disclosed that SP1 can transcriptionally regulate miRNAs and coding genes to facilitate tumor progression. In our study, we used bioinformatic analysis to predict several SP1-binding sites within the miR-320a promoter and found that SP1 is a predicted target gene of miR-320a. Therefore, we hypothesize a reciprocal regulatory link between SP1 and miR-320a that participates in colorectal cancer (CRC) development METHODS: We performed bioinformatic analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunoblotting, dual-luciferase reporter assays, and a series of in vitro and in vivo functional assays to describe a novel SP1/miR-320a reciprocal interaction in CRC RESULTS: First, we found that miR-320a was significantly downregulated in CRC tissues and cell lines. Consistent with findings in other cancers, miR-320a exhibited inhibitory effects on cell growth and invasion of CRC in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we identified SP1 as a target gene of miR-320a, and ectopic SP1 expression partly abolished miR-320a-induced inhibitory effects. Conversely, we confirmed that SP1 interacts with the miR-320a promoter, leading to depression of miR-320a. This illustrates a double-negative feedback loop between miR-320a and SP1. Additionally, based on the fact that SP1 promotes MACC1 transcription, we determined via immunoblotting that the oncogenic MACC1/MET signaling pathway was inactivated in the context of miR-320a-induced SP1 downregulation CONCLUSION: Taken together, our study is the first to describe a miR-320a/SP1 negative reciprocal interaction, which contributes to cell growth and invasion in CRC through modulation of the MACC1/MET signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China.,Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yanting Wu
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Jingzhai Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China.,Yunnan Provincial Clinical Medicine Center of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Guihua Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China.,Yunnan Provincial Clinical Medicine Center of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China. .,Yunnan Provincial Clinical Medicine Center of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Kunming, 650000, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China. .,Yunnan Provincial Clinical Medicine Center of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Kunming, 650000, China.
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Shen L, Hong X, Liu Y, Zhou W, Zhang Y. The miR-25-3p/Sp1 pathway is dysregulated in ovarian endometriosis. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520918437. [PMID: 32299271 PMCID: PMC7169359 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520918437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The transcription factor Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) plays important roles in many critical biological functions; however, its expression and underlying functions in endometriosis remain undefined. Bioinformatics has suggested that Sp1 is potentially regulated by miR-25-3p. This study investigated Sp1 and miR-25-3p expression and their interaction during the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Methods Fifteen women with American Fertility Society stage III/IV ovarian endometriosis and 14 disease-free controls were included. Sp1 expression was detected by qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. Using both bioinformatics and genetics, we identified that Sp1 was a potential target of miR-25-3p. Then, the relationship between miR-25-3p and Sp1 was investigated by knockdown and overexpression experiments. Results Sp1 mRNA and protein levels were increased in ectopic and eutopic endometrium compared with normal endometrium samples, with the highest expression in ectopic endometrium samples. In vitro experiments and luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that Sp1 was upregulated when miR-25-3p was depleted and that Sp1 was a direct target of miR-25-3p, respectively. Conclusions Our study revealed increased Sp1 expression in ovarian endometriosis and subsequently demonstrated that miR-25-3p directly targets Sp1. This suggests a novel miRNA/Sp1 pathway in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, which should be further explored for other potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licong Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, P. R. China
| | - Xiaxia Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, P. R. China
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Wang S, Li Y, Sun S, Cai J, Cao J. Sp1 promotes ovarian cancer cell migration through repressing miR-335 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:211-216. [PMID: 31983431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Decreased miR-335 has been reported in a variety of cancers. We previously showed that miR-335 played an important role in ovarian cancer metastasis and prognosis. However, miR-335 is down-regulated in ovarian cancer by mechanisms that remain unclear. In silico analysis identified putative transcription factor specificity protein 1 (SP1) transcription factor binding sites in the miR-335 promoter. To investigate the relation between SP1 and miR-335, qRT-PCR was performed. Our results showed both Sp1 knockdown and mithramycin A increased miR-335 expression in ovarian cancer cell lines. Luciferase reporter assays indicated that Sp1 knockdown increased miR-335 transcriptional activity. ChIP experiments showed that Sp1 bound directly to miR-335 promoter. Moreover, transwell migration and wound-healing assays showed that Sp1 knockdown resulted in inhibited cell migration, which was in turn mitigated by miR-335 inhibitor. We propose that miR-335 was negatively regulated by SP1, which in turn contributes to miR-335 deregulation and tumor cells migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohai Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jin Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Chen Z, Zhang Q, Wang H, Li W, Wang F, Wan C, Deng S, Chen H, Yin Y, Li X, Xie Z, Chen S. Klf5 Mediates Odontoblastic Differentiation through Regulating Dentin-Specific Extracellular Matrix Gene Expression during Mouse Tooth Development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46746. [PMID: 28440310 PMCID: PMC5404268 DOI: 10.1038/srep46746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Klf5, a member of the Krüppel-like transcription factor family, has essential roles during embryonic development, cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. This study was to define molecular mechanism of Klf5 during the odontoblastic differentiation. The expression of Klf5, odontoblast-differentiation markers, Dspp and Dmp1 was co-localized in odontoblastic cells at different stages of mouse tooth development and mouse dental papilla mesenchymal cells. Klf5 was able to promote odontoblastic differentiation and enhance mineral formation of mouse dental papilla mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, overexpression of Klf5 could up-regulate Dspp and Dmp1 gene expressions in mouse dental papilla mesenchymal cells. In silico analysis identified that several putative Klf5 binding sites in the promoter and first intron of Dmp1 and Dspp genes that are homologous across species lines. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that Klf5 bound to these motifs in vitro and in intact cells. The responsible regions of Dmp1 gene were located in the promoter region while effect of Klf5 on Dspp activity was in the first intron of Dspp gene. Our results identify Klf5 as an activator of Dmp1 and Dspp gene transcriptions by different mechanisms and demonstrate that Klf5 plays a pivotal role in odontoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Developmental Dentistry, Dental School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, School &Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Wang
- Shangyang Dental Clinic, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wentong Li
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Dental School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Dental School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Chunyan Wan
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Dental School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America.,Department of Stomatology, Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Somatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuli Deng
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Yin
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Dental School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Dental School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Zhijian Xie
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Dental School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, United States of America
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Identification of Sp1 as a Transcription Activator to Regulate Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Gene Expression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8402035. [PMID: 28466020 PMCID: PMC5390607 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8402035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a metabolic hormone with multiple beneficial effects on lipid and glucose homeostasis. Previous study demonstrated that FGF21 might be one of the Sp1 target genes. However, the transcriptional role of Sp1 on FGF21 in adipose tissue and liver has not been reported. In this study, we found that the proximal promoter of mouse FGF21 is located between −63 and −20 containing two putative Sp1-binding sites. Sp1 is a mammalian transcription factor involved in the regulation of many genes during physiological and pathological processes. Our study showed that overexpression of Sp1 or suppressing Sp1 expression resulted in increased or reduced FGF21 promoter activity, respectively. Mutation analysis demonstrated that the Sp1-binding site located between −46 and −38 plays a primary role in transcription of FGF21. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that Sp1 specifically bound to this region. Furthermore, the binding activity of Sp1 was significantly increased in adipose tissues of HFD-induced obese mouse and liver of DEN-treated mouse. Thus, our results demonstrate that Sp1 positively regulates the basal transcription of FGF21 in the liver and adipose tissue and contributes to the obesity-induced FGF21 upregulation in mouse adipose tissue and hepatic FGF21 upregulation in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Hewett SJ, Shi J, Gong Y, Dhandapani K, Pilbeam C, Hewett JA. Spontaneous Glutamatergic Synaptic Activity Regulates Constitutive COX-2 Expression in Neurons: OPPOSING ROLES FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS CREB (cAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT BINDING) PROTEIN AND Sp1 (STIMULATORY PROTEIN-1). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27279-27288. [PMID: 27875294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.737353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Burgeoning evidence supports a role for cyclooxygenase metabolites in regulating membrane excitability in various forms of synaptic plasticity. Two cyclooxygenases, COX-1 and COX-2, catalyze the initial step in the metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. COX-2 is generally considered inducible, but in glutamatergic neurons in some brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, it is constitutively expressed. However, the transcriptional mechanisms by which this occurs have not been elucidated. Here, we used quantitative PCR and also analyzed reporter gene expression in a mouse line carrying a construct consisting of a portion of the proximal promoter region of the mouse COX-2 gene upstream of luciferase cDNA to characterize COX-2 basal transcriptional regulation in cortical neurons. Extracts from the whole brain and from the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and olfactory bulbs exhibited high luciferase activity. Moreover, constitutive COX-2 expression and luciferase activity were detected in cortical neurons, but not in cortical astrocytes, cultured from wild-type and transgenic mice, respectively. Constitutive COX-2 expression depended on spontaneous but not evoked excitatory synaptic activity and was shown to be N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-dependent. Constitutive promoter activity was reduced in neurons transfected with a dominant-negative cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and was eliminated by mutating the CRE-binding site on the COX-2 promoter. However, mutation of the stimulatory protein-1 (Sp1)-binding site resulted in an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-dependent enhancement of COX-2 promoter activity. Basal binding of the transcription factors CREB and Sp1 to the native neuronal COX-2 promoter was confirmed. In toto, our data suggest that spontaneous glutamatergic synaptic activity regulates constitutive neuronal COX-2 expression via Sp1 and CREB protein-dependent transcriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Hewett
- From the Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13210,
| | - Jingxue Shi
- From the Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Yifan Gong
- From the Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Krishnan Dhandapani
- the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, and
| | - Carol Pilbeam
- the Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - James A Hewett
- From the Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13210,
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Curcumin protects cardiac myocyte against hypoxia-induced apoptosis through upregulating miR-7a/b expression. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 81:258-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Yen WH, Ke WS, Hung JJ, Chen TM, Chen JS, Sun HS. Sp1-mediated ectopic expression of T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2016; 5:465-77. [PMID: 26763486 PMCID: PMC4799941 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 2 (TIAM2) is a neuron-specific protein that has been found ectopically expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Results from clinical specimens and cellular and animal models have shown that the short form of TIAM2 (TIAM2S) functions as an oncogene in the tumorigenesis of liver cancer. However, the regulation of TIAM2S ectopic expression in HCC cells remains largely unknown. This study aimed to identify the mechanism underlying the ectopic expression of TIAM2S in liver cancer cells. In this report, we provide evidence illustrating that Sp1 binds directly to the GC box located in the TIAM2S core promoter. We further demonstrated that overexpression of Sp1 in HepaRG cells promotes endogenous TIAM2S mRNA and protein expressions, and knockdown of Sp1 in 2 HCC cell lines, HepG2 and PLC/PRF/5, led to a substantial reduction in TIAM2S mRNA and protein in these cells. Of 60 paired HCC samples, 70% showed a significant increase (from 1.1- to 3.6-fold) in Sp1 protein expression in the tumor cells. The elevated Sp1 expression was highly correlated with both TIAM2S mRNA and protein expressions in these samples. Together, these results illustrate that Sp1 positively controls TIAM2S transcription and that Sp1-mediated transcriptional activation is essential for TIAM2S ectopic expression in liver cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsuan Yen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Sian Ke
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Jong Hung
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ming Chen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Shing Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - H S Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
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