1
|
Gholami M, Jackson NJ, Loeb T, Chung UYR, Ramm K, Shedd K, Soetenga S, Elashoff D, Hamilton AB, Mangione CM, Duru OK, Moin T. Twelve-Month Reach and Effectiveness of a University-Based Diabetes Prevention Initiative. Am J Prev Med 2024; 66:299-306. [PMID: 37741423 PMCID: PMC10842474 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The University of California (UC) implemented the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) to address diabetes and obesity risk. This project examined the reach and effectiveness of this university-based DPP delivery approach. METHODS This project compared 12-month weight change among three groups of UC beneficiaries with overweight/obesity: (1) those who received invitation letters and enrolled in UC DPP, (2) those mailed invitation letters but did not enroll, and (3) those who were not mailed letters and did not enroll (controls). Using 2012-2022 EHR, administrative and DPP cohort data, an interrupted time series was conducted in 2022-2023 to compare group differences in rate of weight change. RESULTS Among 6,231 beneficiaries (132 UC DPP aware enrollees, 1,750 DPP aware non-enrollees, 4,349 controls), UC DPP enrollees were older (mean age 49), mostly women (76%), and more diverse (33% Asian, 8% Black, 20% Hispanic, 4% Multi/Other). Over 12 months of follow-up, UC DPP enrollee postenrollment rate of weight loss was -0.68 lbs./month. UC DPP enrollees had significantly greater weight change from pre- to post-enrollment than DPP aware non-enrollees (adjusted Δ-1.02 vs. Δ-0.07 lbs./month, difference= -0.95, p<0.001). Weight change among all participants who received letters with/without DPP enrollment was similar to controls. CONCLUSIONS UC DPP reached a diverse group and was effective for weight loss at 12-month follow-up. However, UC DPP invitation letters to raise prediabetes and DPP awareness were not associated with significant weight change in the absence of DPP enrollment. University-based approaches to DPP delivery are effective and may enhance reach of DPP among at-risk adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Gholami
- Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Nicholas J Jackson
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tamra Loeb
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Un Young Rebecca Chung
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kate Ramm
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelly Shedd
- Human Resources, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Samantha Soetenga
- Campus Recreation, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alison B Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carol M Mangione
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California; Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - O Kenrik Duru
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tannaz Moin
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Atluri N, Thariath J, McEwen LN, Ye W, Song M, Herman WH. The effect of parental diabetes prevention program participation on weight loss in dependent children: a prospective cohort study. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 9:8. [PMID: 38071328 PMCID: PMC10710703 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-023-00154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in children and adolescents in the United States. Children's behaviors are strongly influenced by parental behaviors, and weight loss in parents is positively associated with weight changes in their overweight/obese children. Research is limited on how parents' National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) participation affects the health outcomes of their dependent children. Analyzing the impact of parental DPP participation on weight loss in their dependent children may provide valuable insight into an important secondary benefit of DPP participation. METHODS In this study, we identified 128 adults with prediabetes who were offered the opportunity to participate in a DPP (n = 54 DPP participants and n = 74 DPP non-participants) and who had at least one child 3 to 17 years of age living with them. Age and BMI percentile for dependent children were collected from insurance claims data for 203 children (n = 90 children of DPP participants and n = 113 children of DPP non-participants). Parental practices related to diet and physical activity were assessed by surveys. RESULTS There were no significant changes in BMI percentiles of overweight or obese children (i.e. BMI percentile ≥ 50%) of DPP participants vs DPP non-participants with prediabetes over one-year. Parents who enrolled and did not enroll in the DPP did not report differences in their parenting practices related to diet and physical activity. DISCUSSION These results are not consistent with the literature that suggests parent-based interventions may influence their children's weight trajectories. Limitations include small sample size, short time span of intervention, and limited availability of additional health/biographic data on dependent children. Future studies should collect primary outcome data on children, investigate whether there is a minimum duration of parental involvement and level of parental adherence, and assess the effect of parent-child dynamics on child weight trajectories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura N McEwen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, Room 6108, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Wen Ye
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - MinKyoung Song
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - William H Herman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, Room 6108, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Herman WH, Villatoro C, Joiner KL, McEwen LN. Uptake, retention, and outcomes of the National Diabetes Prevention Program by enrollee characteristics and program type. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 203:110835. [PMID: 37478975 PMCID: PMC10928672 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To describe National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP) uptake, retention, and outcomes by enrollee characteristics and program type. METHODS We studied 776 adult University of Michigan employees, dependents, and retirees with prediabetes and overweight or obesity who enrolled in one of four CDC-recognized NDPPs at no out-of-pocket cost. Programs included 1) an in-person classroom-based program led by certified diabetes educators in an endocrinology outpatient clinic; 2) an in-person classroom-based program led by trained peer instructors in community settings; 3) an in-person fitness-focused program led by trained lifestyle coaches; and 4) an online digital program led by personal health coaches with virtual group meetings. Data from the insurer and surveys were analyzed. RESULTS Older individuals with hypertension and cardiovascular disease were more likely to enroll in classroom-based programs. Program time, location, and perceived focus on diet or physical activity influenced program selection. Retention, weight loss, and physical activity were greater among enrollees in in-person classroom-based programs. Changes in blood pressure, lipid levels, self-rated health, and health-related quality-of-life did not differ by program, nor did Type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with prediabetes who enrolled in a NDPP achieved health benefits regardless of the type of program they chose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William H Herman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Claudia Villatoro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kevin L Joiner
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laura N McEwen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Herman WH, Villatoro C, Joiner KL, McEwen LN. Retention and outcomes of National Diabetes Prevention Program enrollees and non-enrollees with prediabetes: The University of Michigan experience. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108527. [PMID: 37459781 PMCID: PMC10928673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate retention and outcomes of insured adults with prediabetes who enrolled or did not enroll in National Diabetes Prevention Programs (NDPPs). METHODS Between 2015 and 2019, 776 University of Michigan employees, dependents, and retirees with prediabetes and overweight or obesity enrolled in one-year NDPPs. RESULTS Enrollees attended a median of 18 sessions. Median retention was 38 weeks. Retention was associated with older age, greater initial weight loss, and physical activity. At both 1- and 2-years, body mass index, triglycerides, and HbA1c were significantly improved among enrollees. After adjusting for age group, sex, and race, the odds of developing diabetes based on HbA1c ≥6.5 % was 40 % lower at 1-year and 20 % lower at 2-years, and the odds of self-reported diabetes was 57 % lower at 1-year and 46 % lower at 2-years in enrollees compared to non-enrollees. Enrollees who disenrolled before completing the core curriculum had higher odds and enrollees who completed the NDPP had lower odds of developing diabetes that non-enrollees. CONCLUSIONS In this population with prediabetes, NDPP retention was generally good, risk factors were improved, and diabetes was delayed or prevented for up to two years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William H Herman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Claudia Villatoro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kevin L Joiner
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laura N McEwen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McEwen LN, Hurst TE, Joiner KL, Herman WH. Health Beliefs Associated With Metformin Use Among Insured Adults With Prediabetes. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:2282-2288. [PMID: 35926099 PMCID: PMC9643140 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use the framework of the Health Belief Model (HBM) to explore factors associated with metformin use among adults with prediabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed survey data from 200 metformin users and 1,277 nonmetformin users with prediabetes identified from a large, insured workforce. All subjects were offered the National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) at no out-of-pocket cost. We constructed bivariate and multivariate models to investigate how perceived threat, perceived benefits, self-efficacy, and cues to action impacted metformin use and how demographic, clinical, sociopsychological, and structural variables impacted the associations. RESULTS Adults with prediabetes who used metformin were younger and more likely to be women and to have worse self-rated health and higher BMIs than those with prediabetes who did not use metformin. Those who used metformin were also more likely to be aware of their prediabetes and to have a personal history of gestational diabetes mellitus or a family history of diabetes. After consideration of perceived threat, perceived benefits, self-efficacy, and cues to action, the only independent predictors of metformin use were younger age, female sex, higher BMI, and cues to action, most specifically, a doctor offering metformin therapy. CONCLUSIONS Demographic and clinical factors and cues to action impact the likelihood of metformin use for diabetes prevention. Perceived threat, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy were not independently associated with metformin use. These results highlight the importance of patient-centered primary care and shared decision-making in diabetes prevention. Clinicians should proactively offer metformin to patients with prediabetes to facilitate effective diabetes prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura N. McEwen
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Thomas E. Hurst
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kevin L. Joiner
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - William H. Herman
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Joiner KL, McEwen LN, Hurst TE, Adams MP, Herman WH. Domains from the health belief model predict enrollment in the National Diabetes Prevention Program among insured adults with prediabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2022; 36:108220. [PMID: 35613987 PMCID: PMC10928671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine enrollment in the National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) by insured adults with prediabetes according to domains of the Health Belief Model (HBM). METHODS Between 2015 and 2019, University of Michigan employees, retirees, and dependents with prediabetes were offered the National DPP at no out-of-pocket cost. Individuals with prediabetes were identified and mailed letters encouraging them to enroll. We surveyed those who enrolled and a random sample of those who did not using the HBM as a framework to examine factors associated with enrollment. Analyses were performed using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS Of 64,131 employees, retirees, and dependents, 8131 were identified with prediabetes and 776 (9.5%) enrolled in the National DPP. Of those surveyed, 532 of 776 National DPP enrollees and 945 of 2673 non-enrollees responded to the survey (adjusted response rates 74% and 43%, respectively). Among survey respondents, factors associated with National DPP enrollment included older age, female sex, higher BMI, prediabetes awareness, greater perceived benefits of health-protective action, and one or more cues to action. CONCLUSIONS Optimizing National DPP enrollment among adults with prediabetes will require identifying individuals with prediabetes, increasing personal awareness of the diagnosis, increasing perceived benefits of enrollment, and providing strong cues to action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Joiner
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Laura N McEwen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas E Hurst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mackenzie P Adams
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William H Herman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hurst TE, McEwen LN, Joiner KL, Herman WH. Use of metformin following a population-level intervention to encourage people with pre-diabetes to enroll in the National Diabetes Prevention Program. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e002468. [PMID: 34645617 PMCID: PMC8515441 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP) and metformin are interventions to slow progression from pre-diabetes to type 2 diabetes. When coverage for the NDPP was offered by a public research university's health insurance plan, proactive strategies were used to combat historically low enrollment. Although not specifically targeted by these strategies, metformin use was higher than expected, leading to this evaluation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used insurance enrollment, claims, pharmacy, and laboratory data for 64 131 adult employees, dependents, and retirees to identify individuals with pre-diabetes and invite them to enroll in the NDPP at no out-of-pocket cost. The characteristics of individuals with pre-diabetes who used metformin before and after their invitation were compared with NDPP enrollees. RESULTS 8131 individuals with pre-diabetes were identified. Of these, 776 (9.5%) enrolled in a NDPP and 802 (9.9%) used metformin. Metformin users were younger, had higher body mass index, were more likely to have comorbidities, and had higher baseline hemoglobin A1c levels than non-users. Timing of metformin use varied with 107 (13%) discontinuing, 426 (53%) continuing, and 269 (34%) initiating metformin use after their NDPP invitation. Of NDPP enrollees, 13 (2%) discontinued, 56 (7%) continued, and 34 (4%) initiated metformin use when they enrolled. CONCLUSIONS Despite no active encouragement, use of metformin was similar to the rate of enrollment in the NDPP. Metformin use was higher for individuals with higher likelihood of responding. With the proven cost-effectiveness of metformin, targeted strategies to increase metformin use in individuals with pre-diabetes who are likely to respond, but not willing to enroll in a lifestyle intervention, are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Hurst
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Laura N McEwen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin L Joiner
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William H Herman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|