1
|
Warshaw EM, Peterson MY, Atwater AR, DeKoven JG, Pratt MD, Taylor JS, Belsito DV, Silverberg JI, Reeder MJ, DeLeo VA, Houle MC, Dunnick CA, Yu J, Adler B, Mowad C, Botto NC. Patch Testing to Paraphenylenediamine: The North American Contact Dermatitis Group Experience (1994-2018). Dermatitis 2023; 34:536-546. [PMID: 37523239 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) is an aromatic amine dye that may cause allergic contact dermatitis. This study examines the epidemiology of allergic patch test reactions to PPD. Methods: This retrospective analysis characterizes individuals tested to PPD (1% petrolatum) by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (1994-2018). Demographics and dermatitis site(s) were compared between PPD-allergic and PPD-negative patients. PPD reactions were analyzed by reaction strength, clinical relevance, occupational relatedness, and source as well as coreactivity with structurally related compounds. Results: Of 54,917 patients tested to PPD, 3095 (5.6%) had an allergic patch test reaction. Compared with PPD-negative patients, PPD-allergic patients had significantly greater odds of age >40 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.55 [95% confidence interval; CI 1.43-1.69]) and female gender (OR 1.52 [95% CI 1.41-1.66]), but lower odds of being White (OR 0.66 [95% CI 0.60-0.71]). The most common primary anatomic sites of dermatitis were face (25.5%), hands (21.9%), and scattered/generalized pattern (15.5%). Over half (55.3%) of PPD reactions were ++ or +++ at the final reading and 60.9% were currently relevant. Common exposure sources included hair dye (73.5%) and clothing/shoes/apparel (3.9%). Occupationally related reactions occurred in 8.3%, most commonly in hairdressers/cosmetologists (72.8%). The most common coreactions were benzocaine (11.3%), N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6.7%), disperse dye mix (6.5%), and black rubber mix (5.1%). Conclusions: The 24-year percentage of allergic reactions to PPD was 5.6%. PPD allergy was associated with female gender and age >40 years. PPD allergic patients were less likely to be White. Allergic reactions were usually clinically relevant and hair dye was the most frequently identified source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Warshaw
- From the Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet/Health Partners Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Malina Yamashita Peterson
- From the Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet/Health Partners Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amber R Atwater
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joel G DeKoven
- Division of Dermatology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie D Pratt
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical School, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan I Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Margo J Reeder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vincent A DeLeo
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marie-Claude Houle
- Division of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Cory A Dunnick
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jiade Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brandon Adler
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christen Mowad
- Department of Dermatology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nina C Botto
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Linauskiene K, Zimerson E, Sörensen Ö, Antelmi A, Bruze M, Dahlin J, Malinauskiene L, Stenton J, Svedman C, Isaksson M. Patch test results to extracts of synthetic garments in textile dye positive patients. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:325-330. [PMID: 35818106 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disperse dyes (DDs) are the most prevalent causes of textile-related allergic contact dermatitis and are used for coloring synthetic textile materials based on fibers such as polyester, acrylic, acetate and polyamide. Eight DDs are included in a textile dye mix (TDM) 6.6% petrolatum (pet.) in the European baseline patch test series. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to patch test TDM 6.6% pet. Positive individuals with the extracts of synthetic fiber clothes that do not contain any of the pure DDs present in the TDM 6.6% to study the reactivity pattern. METHODS Seventy-three TDM-positive former patients tested between 2012-2017 at the Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology in Malmö, Sweden were invited to join the study, 10 participated. Twenty-four textile items (collected in 9 countries in Europe, Asia and North America in 2012) were extracted in dichloromethane. The TDM 6.6% was patch tested simultaneously with the 24 textile item preparations in petrolatum made from the extracts. Prior to patch testing the participants filled the 7-question questionnaire regarding possible symptoms from textile exposure. RESULTS Ten individuals, agreed to join the study. Eight of them reacted to TDM 6.6%. Nine participants reacted to 20 of 24 extracts. One reacted to 19 extracts, another to 14, 3 to 5 extracts, 1 to 4, 1 to 3 extracts and 2 to 2 extracts. One was negative to all tested preparations including TDM 6.6%. The participants mainly reacted to 6 textile extracts. All controls tested negatively to tested extracts. Four individuals of the 10 TDM-allergic individuals previously had had problems after wearing clothes. Four out of the 10 participants had had atopic eczema in childhood. All women had dyed their hair with permanent hair dyes but none of the males. CONCLUSION TDM - positive patients react to textile extracts made from synthetic garments, even if they do not contain any of the pure DDs present in TDM 6.6%. More studies are needed to pin-point the culprit haptens in these extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kotryna Linauskiene
- Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest diseases, Immunology and Allergology, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Lund University, Skane University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Erik Zimerson
- Lund University, Skane University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Östen Sörensen
- Lund University, Skane University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Annarita Antelmi
- Lund University, Skane University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Lund University, Skane University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Lund University, Skane University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Laura Malinauskiene
- Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest diseases, Immunology and Allergology, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Lund University, Skane University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Joanna Stenton
- Lund University, Skane University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Lund University, Skane University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Lund University, Skane University Hospital Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Andernord D, Bruze M, Bryngelsson IL, Bråred Christensson J, Glas B, Hagvall L, Isaksson M, Matura M, Nyman G, Stenberg B, Svedman C, Lindberg M. Contact allergy to haptens in the Swedish baseline series: Results from the Swedish Patch Test Register (2010 to 2017). Contact Dermatitis 2021; 86:175-188. [PMID: 34704261 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis has considerable public health impact and causative haptens vary over time. OBJECTIVES To report the prevalence of contact allergy to allergens in the Swedish baseline series 2010 to 2017, as registered in the Swedish Patch Test Register. METHODS Results and demographic information for patients tested with the Swedish baseline series in 2010 to 2017 were analysed. RESULTS Data for 21 663 individuals (females 69%) were included. Females had significantly more positive patch tests (54% vs 40%). The reaction prevalence rates were highest for nickel sulfate (20.7%), fragrance mix I (7.1%), Myroxylon pereirae (6.9%), potassium dichromate (6.9%), cobalt chloride (6.8%), methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI; 6.4%), MI (3.7%), colophonium (3.5%), fragrance mix II (3.2%), and formaldehyde (3.2%). Myroxylon pereirae reaction prevalence increased from 5% in 2010 to 9% in 2017 and that for methyldibromo glutaronitrile from 3.1% to 4.6%. MCI/MI and MI reactions decreased in prevalence after 2014. Nickel reaction prevalence decreased among females aged 10 to 19 years. CONCLUSIONS Nickel remains the most common sensitizing agent, with reaction prevalence decreasing among females younger than 20 years. The changes in MCI/MI and MI reaction prevalence mirrored those in Europe. The register can reveal changes in contact allergy prevalence over time among patients patch tested in Sweden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Andernord
- Department of Dermatology, Central Hospital, Karlstad, Sweden.,Centre for Clinical Research and Education, Region Värmland, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ing-Liss Bryngelsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Johanna Bråred Christensson
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Glas
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mihály Matura
- Department of Dermatology, Skaraborg Hospital Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nyman
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Berndt Stenberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindberg
- Department of Dermatology, Örebro University Hospital and Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Patch Test Results to European Baseline Series in Turkey: A Prospective and Multicenter Study. Dermatitis 2021; 32:397-405. [PMID: 33731647 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patch testing with the European Baseline Series (EBS) is an essential diagnostic tool for the assessment of allergic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVE The aims of the study were to describe the most common contact allergens identified with patch testing in Turkey and to establish the distribution of contact allergens among different regions in Turkey. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twelve centers consisting of tertiary health care institutions were included in the study. A total of 1169 patients were patch tested with the EBS from 2015 to 2017. RESULTS A total of 596 patients (51.0%) had 1 or more positive patch test reactions to the EBS. A total of 30.2% (n = 353) of those tested had clinical relevance. Contact sensitivity was more common in young patients. The most common 10 allergens were nickel sulfate (20.4%), followed by textile dye mix (8.6%), cobalt chloride (8.3%), potassium dichromate (8.0%), p-phenylenediamine base (4.5%), balsam of Peru (4.3%), methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (3.8%), thiuram mix (3.6%), fragrance mix I (3.0%), and methylisothiazolinone (2.9%). CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive profile of patch test results with the EBS in Turkey. An ongoing decrease in contact allergy to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone was observed. Textile dye mix and p-phenylenediamine are beginning to pose a new risk in Turkey.
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Stingeni L, Bianchi L, Marietti R, Ferrucci SM, Zucca M, Foti C, Romita P, Corazza M, Schena D, Pigatto P, Martina E, Patruno C, Napolitano M, Guarneri F, Bini V, Tramontana M, Hansel K. Patch testing with textile dye mix in Italy: A 2-year multicenter SIDAPA study. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 84:265-268. [PMID: 33063872 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Stingeni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Bianchi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rossella Marietti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia M Ferrucci
- UOC Dermatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Myriam Zucca
- Dermatological Clinic/UC of Dermatology, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, AOU Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Romita
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Corazza
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Donatella Schena
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Pigatto
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Martina
- Dermatological Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cataldo Patruno
- Section of Dermatology, Health Sciences Department, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maddalena Napolitano
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences Vincenzo Tiberio, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Guarneri
- Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vittorio Bini
- Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences Section, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marta Tramontana
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Katharina Hansel
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stenton J, Dahlin J, Antelmi A, Bruze M, Svedman C, Zimerson E, Hamnerius N, Pontén A, Isaksson M. Patch testing with a textile dye mix with and without Disperse Orange 3. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:387-390. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Stenton
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Skane University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Skane University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Annarita Antelmi
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Skane University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Skane University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Skane University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Erik Zimerson
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Skane University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Nils Hamnerius
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Skane University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Ann Pontén
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Skane University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Lund University, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology Skane University Hospital Malmö Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Isaksson M, Malinauskiene L. Contact Allergy to Textiles. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_77-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
Textiles. Contact Dermatitis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_77-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
11
|
Malinauskiene L, Bruze M, Isaksson M. Patch testing with the Swedish baseline series supplemented with a textile dye mix and gold in Vilnius, Lithuania and Malmö, Sweden. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:189-190. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Malinauskiene
- Center of Pulmonology ans Allergology, Clinic of Infectious and Chest Diseases, Dermatovenereology and Allergology; Vilnius University; 08661 Vilnius Lithuania
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 205 08 Malmö Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 205 08 Malmö Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; 205 08 Malmö Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Patch Testing To a Textile Dye Mix by the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Dermatitis 2015; 26:170-6. [DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
13
|
Isaksson M, Ryberg K, Goossens A, Bruze M. Recommendation to include a textile dye mix in the European baseline series. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 73:15-20. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; SE-205 02 Malmö Sweden
| | - Kristina Ryberg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; SE-205 02 Malmö Sweden
- Department of Dermatology; Uddevalla Hospital; S-451 80 Uddevalla Sweden
| | - An Goossens
- Contact Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology; University Hospital, KU Leuven; B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology; Skåne University Hospital, Lund University; SE-205 02 Malmö Sweden
| |
Collapse
|