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Mandava J, Angadala P, Ravi R, Hanumanthu K, Penmatsa P, Pulidindi H. An in vitro micro-CT assessment of bioactive restorative materials interfacial adaptation to dentin. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.351345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Shimizu S, Sawada T, Asano A, Kan T, Noda M, Takemoto S. Effects of different bonding systems with various polymerization modes and root canal region on the bond strength of core build-up resin composite. J Prosthodont Res 2021; 65:521-527. [PMID: 34657928 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr-d-20-00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of different bonding systems (BSs) with various polymerization modes and root canal regions on the bond strength of core build-up resin composite to dentin.Methods Post cavities were prepared in the roots of 54 bovine teeth. Three types of BS with various polymerization modes (light, chemical, and dual-cure) were applied to the walls of the cavities, which were subsequently filled with core build-up resin composite, and stored in 37°C water for 7 days. Each tooth was then sectioned perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth into 9-disk from the coronal to the apical side. Bond strengths were measured on two-thirds of the disks, while dye penetration was examined in the remaining third.Results Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the bond strengths of BSs with different polymerization modes, indicating chemical-cured BS had higher bond strength than light-cured BS. The chemical-cured BS group showed cohesive failure in both resin composite and dentin regardless of the root canal region, while adhesive failure was observed in the coronal region for dual-cured BS and in the apical region for light-cured BS. Dye penetration was significantly more at the bonding interface at the apical region of the light-cured BS.Conclusions Chemical-cured BS displayed a greater bond strength than light-cured BS. Cohesive failure was observed in both core build-up resin and dentin, indicating that the integration of tooth structure with resin composite was effective for retaining the resin core and sealing the root canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Shimizu
- Division of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Sawada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Akiko Asano
- Division of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kan
- Division of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Mamoru Noda
- Division of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shinji Takemoto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
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Shimizu S, Sawada T, Asano A, Kan T, Noda M, Takemoto S. Effects of different bonding systems with various polymerization modes and root canal region on the bond strength of core build-up resin composite. J Prosthodont Res 2021; 65:521-527. [PMID: 34657928 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_20_00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of different bonding systems (BSs) with various polymerization modes and root canal regions on the bond strength of core build-up resin composite to dentin. METHODS Post cavities were prepared in the roots of 54 bovine teeth. Three types of BS with various polymerization modes (light, chemical, and dual-cure) were applied to the walls of the cavities, which were subsequently filled with core build-up resin composite, and stored in 37ºC water for 7 days. Each tooth was then sectioned perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth into 9-disk from the coronal to the apical side. Bond strengths were measured on two-thirds of the disks, while dye penetration was examined in the remaining third. RESULTS Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the bond strengths of BSs with different polymerization modes, indicating chemical-cured BS had higher bond strength than light-cured BS. The chemical-cured BS group showed cohesive failure in both resin composite and dentin regardless of the root canal region, while adhesive failure was observed in the coronal region for dual-cured BS and in the apical region for light-cured BS. Dye penetration was significantly more at the bonding interface at the apical region of the light-cured BS. CONCLUSIONS Chemical-cured BS displayed a greater bond strength than light-cured BS. Cohesive failure was observed in both core build-up resin and dentin, indicating that the integration of tooth structure with resin composite was effective for retaining the resin core and sealing the root canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Shimizu
- Division of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate
| | - Tomofumi Sawada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Iwate Medical University, Iwate
| | - Akiko Asano
- Division of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate
| | - Tetsuya Kan
- Division of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate
| | - Mamoru Noda
- Division of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Iwate
| | - Shinji Takemoto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Iwate Medical University, Iwate
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Salagalla UR, Mandava J, Ravi RC, Nunna V. Effect of intratooth location and thermomechanical cycling on microtensile bond strength of bulk-fill composite resin. J Conserv Dent 2018; 21:657-661. [PMID: 30546214 PMCID: PMC6249940 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_30_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: The initial bond strength and potential durability of an adhesive restoration are significantly affected by regional variations in dentin composition. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of dentin location and thermomechanical cyclic loading on microtensile bond strength of bulk-fill composite resin to coronal dentin. Materials and Methods: Disto-occlusal cavity preparations were done on 60 extracted human mandibular molars with pulpal floor depth of 1.5 and 3.5 mm for superficial and deep dentin and 1.5 mm axial wall depth and are restored with bulk-fill restorative composite. Bond strength evaluation was done using universal testing machine, and mode of bond failure was observed under scanning electron microscope. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analyses were done using ANOVA and Tukey's multiple post hoc test. For comparison of failure mode, Mann–Whitney U-test was used. Results: Superficial dentin has shown higher bond strength compared to deep dentin and gingival wall dentin (P = 0.001). The bond strength values decreased with the thermomechanical cycling (P = 0.001). Deep dentin and gingival dentin have exhibited more of adhesive failures. Conclusion: Bond strength of bulk-fill composite was negatively influenced by the depth of dentin and thermomechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaya Ramya Salagalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, GITAM Dental College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Jyothi Mandava
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, GITAM Dental College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Chandra Ravi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, GITAM Dental College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vasavi Nunna
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, GITAM Dental College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Impact of Dentinal Tubule Orientation on Dentin Bond Strength. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:721-726. [PMID: 30128884 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the impact of dentinal tubule orientation on dentin bond strength to provide a reference for clinical cavity preparation in resin-bonded restoration. Patients aged 13-16 years were selected, including 18 males and 21 females. Forty-eight human maxillary first premolars from orthodontic extractions were chosen to prepare the test models with the dentinal tubule orientations perpendicular and parallel to the bonding substrate. The test models in the vertical and parallel groups were divided into three groups: total-etching with 20% phosphoric acid, total-etching with 35% phosphoric acid and self-etching, with the dentinal tubule surfaces bonded with composite resin blocks in each group. After the standard test models of dentinal tubule-composite resin blocks were placed in distilled water and stored at 37°C for 24 h, shearing tests were performed using a universal material testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The bond strength values in the vertical group were 19.33±1.59 MPa for the 20% phosphoric acid group, 21.39±2.34 MPa for the 35% phosphoric acid group, and 16.88±1.54 MPa for the self-etching group. The bond strength values in the parallel group were 24.53±1.99 MPa for the 20% phosphoric acid group, 25.16±2.88 MPa for the 35% phosphoric acid group, and 20.83±1.99 for the self-etching group. After using same total-etching adhesive, the shear bond strength of the parallel group was higher than that of the vertical group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Regardless of vertical group or parallel group, the difference in the bond strength value between the total-etching groups and the self-etching group was statistically significant (P<0.05). It was concluded that the dentin bonding substrate which was parallel to the direction of the dentin tubule achieved an improved bond strength; the total-etching adhesives achieved higher bond strengths in dentin bond than the self-etching adhesives.
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Sinhoreti MAC, Soares EF, Abuna GF, Correr L, Roulet JF, Geraldeli S. Microtensile Bond Strength of Adhesive Systems in Different Dentin Regions on a Class II Cavity Configuration. Braz Dent J 2018; 28:474-481. [PMID: 29160400 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201701541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of self-etch and etch-and-rinse adhesives systems compared in different dentin regions (central-CD or proximal-PD) in a class II cavity configuration. A class II (mesial-oclusal-distal) cavity configuration was simulated on 20 extracted human third-molars (4 mm wide/3 mm deep). Etch-and-rinse adhesive (Scotchbond Multi Purpose, n=5, SBMP and Optibond FL, n=5, OPFL) and self-etch adhesives (Clearfil SE Bond, n=5, CSE and Optibond XTR, n=5, OPXTR) were applied. Class II restorations were performed by incremental technique and photo-activated (Bluephase/G2). Samples were sectioned to beam shape (1 mm² cross-section), placed on Geraldeli's device for µTBS test (0.5 mm/min cross-head speed). Fracture patterns were analyzed on stereomicroscope and classified as cohesive-resin, adhesive, mixed/resin or mixed/dentin. Samples (n=4) were prepared for scanning electron microscope observation. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA with Split-Plot arrangement and Tukey's test (α=0.05). There were no statistically significant differences among SBMP, OPFL, CSE and OPXTR on CD (p>0.05). However, on PD for SBMP and OPFL, µTBS values were significantly lower compared to CSE and OPXTR (p<0.05). In all groups, mixed failure pattern was more frequently observed, except for SBMP/CD (adhesive). In class II type cavity configuration, PD location negatively influenced bond strength of etch-and-rinse adhesive systems. Opposite to self-etching adhesives, which presented higher bond strength values compared to etch-and-rinse adhesives in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Alexandre Coelho Sinhoreti
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP - Universidade de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Eveline Freitas Soares
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP - Universidade de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Flores Abuna
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP - Universidade de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lourenço Correr
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP - Universidade de Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jean-François Roulet
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Saulo Geraldeli
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Long-Term Bond Strength of Two Benzalkonium Chloride-Modified Adhesive Systems to Eroded Dentin. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1207208. [PMID: 28875148 PMCID: PMC5569750 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1207208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) modification of two adhesive systems on long-term bond strength to normal and artificially eroded dentin. A total of 128 extracted human molars were sectioned and the buccal and oral surfaces of each molar were ground until the dentin. One half was left untreated (normal dentin) while the other half underwent artificial erosion. Resin composite was bonded to the buccal or oral surface following treatment with Adper Scotchbond 1XT or OptiBond FL without or with 1% BAC incorporation. Shear bond strength (SBS) was measured after 24 h (100% humidity, 37°C) or 1 year (tap water, 37°C). SBS results were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). SBS was significantly lower to artificially eroded dentin than to normal dentin (p < 0.001). Storage for 1 year had no effect on SBS to normal dentin but led to a significant decrease in SBS to artificially eroded dentin (p < 0.001). BAC incorporation decreased the 24 h SBS to normal dentin (p = 0.018), increased the 24 h SBS to eroded dentin (p = 0.001), and had no effect on the 1-year SBS for either substrate. Consequently, BAC incorporation did not improve bond durability.
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Carvalho MPM, Morari VHC, Susin AH, Rocha RDO, Valandro LF, Soares FZM. Endodontic Irrigation Protocols: Effects on Bonding of Adhesive Systems to Coronal Enamel and Dentin. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2017; 29:222-228. [DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Paulo Marchiori Carvalho
- Post Graduate Program in Dental Science; Federal University of Santa Maria; Rua Marechal Floriano Peixoto, 1184 Santa Maria RS 97015-270 Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Carvalho Morari
- Post Graduate Program in Dental Science; Federal University of Santa Maria; Rua Marechal Floriano Peixoto, 1184 Santa Maria RS 97015-270 Brazil
| | - Alexandre Henrique Susin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Federal University of Santa Maria; Rua Marechal Floriano Peixoto, 1184 Santa Maria RS 97015-270 Brazil
| | - Rachel De Oliveira Rocha
- Department of Stomatology; Federal University of Santa Maria; Rua Marechal Floriano Peixoto, 1184 Santa Maria RS 97015-270 Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Valandro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Federal University of Santa Maria; Rua Marechal Floriano Peixoto, 1184 Santa Maria RS 97015-270 Brazil
| | - Fabio Zovico Maxnuck Soares
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Federal University of Santa Maria; Rua Marechal Floriano Peixoto, 1184 Santa Maria RS 97015-270 Brazil
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Montagner AF, Skupien JA, Borges MF, Krejci I, Bortolotto T, Susin AH. Effect of 180-Day Water Storage on Bonding Effectiveness of Self-Adhesive Systems to Occlusal and Proximal Dentin. J Prosthodont 2015; 26:64-69. [PMID: 26393820 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the microshear bond strength (μSBS) values of adhesive systems to occlusal and proximal dentin submitted to water storage aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Occlusal and proximal dentin surfaces were obtained from 90 molars, polished with 600-grit SiC and divided according to the type of adhesive system: one total-etch and two self-etch. Starch tubing was used to perform 1 mm2 cylindrical composite resin restorations. The specimens were aged in distilled water during different storage times: 24 hours, 3 months, and 6 months (n = 10). The specimens were submitted to μSBS test. The μSBS values in MPa were subject to three-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test (p < 0.05). RESULTS There was no statistical difference in the μSBS values among the storage times (p = 0.72); however, the dentin region (p < 0.01) and the adhesive system (p < 0.01) significantly affected the μSBS. The proximal surface (14.7 ± 3.3 MPa) presented higher μSBS values than the occlusal dentin (10.9 ± 4.1 MPa). The all-in-one adhesive system (GB) achieved the highest μSBS mean (17.0 ± 1.7 MPa). CONCLUSION Both material and dentin surface factors affected the composite-dentin bond strength; however, the water storage did not influence bonding effectiveness over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise Fernandes Montagner
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Jovito Adiel Skupien
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Marciano Freitas Borges
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ivo Krejci
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tissiana Bortolotto
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Henrique Susin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Tedesco TK, Calvo AFB, Domingues GG, Mendes FM, Raggio DP. Bond Strength of High-Viscosity Glass Ionomer Cements is Affected by Tubular Density and Location in Dentin? MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:849-854. [PMID: 26137917 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615013021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of tubular density of different dentin depths and location on the bond strength of high-viscosity glass ionomer cements (GIC). A total of 20 molars were selected and assigned into six experimental groups, considering two different high-viscosity GICs-Fuji IX (FIX) or Ketac Molar (KM), and dentin location-proximal, occlusal superficial, or occlusal deep dentin (n=10). Teeth were cut and a topographical analysis of four sections per group was performed to obtain data about the tubular density of each different dentin location and depths by laser scanning confocal microscopy (100×). Polyethylene tubes were placed over the pretreated surfaces and filled with one of the GICs. Microshear bond strength (µSBS) test was performed after storage in distilled water (24 h at 37°C). Failure modes were evaluated using a stereomicroscope (400×). Multilevel regression analysis was performed to compare the results at a significance level set at 5%. The tubule density was inversely proportional to the bond strength for both GICs (p<0.05). Adhesive/mixed failure prevailed in all experimental groups. Proximal (30036.5±3433.3) and occlusal superficial 29665.3±1434.04 dentin shows lower tubule density, resulting in a better GIC bonding performance (proximal: FIX-3.61±1.05; KM-3.40±1.62; occlusal superficial: FIX-4.70±1.85; KM-4.97±1.25). Thus, we can concluded that the lowest tubule density in proximal and occlusal superficial dentin results in a better GIC bond strength performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara K Tedesco
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry,School of Dentistry,University of São Paulo,São Paulo 05508-000,Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia B Calvo
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry,School of Dentistry,University of São Paulo,São Paulo 05508-000,Brazil
| | - Gabrielle G Domingues
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry,School of Dentistry,University of São Paulo,São Paulo 05508-000,Brazil
| | - Fausto M Mendes
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry,School of Dentistry,University of São Paulo,São Paulo 05508-000,Brazil
| | - Daniela P Raggio
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry,School of Dentistry,University of São Paulo,São Paulo 05508-000,Brazil
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Zhang Z, Beitzel D, Mutluay M, Tay FR, Pashley DH, Arola D. On the durability of resin-dentin bonds: Identifying the weakest links. Dent Mater 2015; 31:1109-18. [PMID: 26169318 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fatigue of resin-dentin adhesive bonds is critical to the longevity of resin composite restorations. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to characterize the fatigue and fatigue crack growth resistance of resin-dentin bonds achieved using two different commercial adhesives and to identify apparent "weak-links". METHODS Bonded interface specimens were prepared using Adper Single Bond Plus (SB) or Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBMP) adhesives and 3M Z100 resin composite according to the manufacturers' instructions. The stress-life fatigue behavior was evaluated using the twin bonded interface approach and the fatigue crack growth resistance was examined using bonded interface Compact Tension (CT) specimens. Fatigue properties of the interfaces were compared to those of the resin-adhesive, resin composite and coronal dentin. RESULTS The fatigue strength of the SBMP interface was significantly greater than that achieved by SB (p≤0.01). Both bonded interfaces exhibited significantly lower fatigue strength than that of the Z100 and dentin. Regarding the fatigue crack growth resistance, the stress intensity threshold (ΔKth) of the SB interface was significantly greater (p≤0.01) than that of the SBMP, whereas the ΔKth of the interfaces was more than twice that of the parent adhesives. SIGNIFICANCE Collagen fibril reinforcement of the resin adhesive is essential to the fatigue crack growth resistance of resin-dentin bonds. Resin tags that are not well hybridized into the surrounding intertubular dentin and/or poor collagen integrity are detrimental to the bonded interface durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihou Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dylan Beitzel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mustafa Mutluay
- Adhesive Dentistry Research Group, Department of Cariology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Endodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David H Pashley
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Dwayne Arola
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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