Marginal adaptation of direct class II composite restorations with different cavity liners

Impact of refrigeration of different Resin composite restorative materials on the marginal adaptation in class II restorations

BACKGROUND

The pre-polymerization temperature of resin composite restorative materials could influence their adaptation to cavity details. As a current debate is existing about the refrigeration of resin composite restorative materials, this study was designed to assess the effect of refrigeration of 3 types of resin composite restorative materials with different matrix systems on their marginal adaptation in Class II restorations.

METHODS

Forty-two sound maxillary molars, each with two separated Class II cavities, were used in this study. The teeth were assigned into 3 main groups (n = 14) according to the restorative /adhesive system used; an Ormocer-based composite (Admira Fusion/Futurabond M+, Voco GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany), a methacrylate modified Ormocer-based (Ceram.X SphereTEC One/Prime&Bond Universal, Dentsply Sirona GmbH Konstanz, Germany), and a methacrylate-based (Tetric N-Ceram/Tetric N-Bond Universal, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein). Each group was then divided into 2 subgroups (n = 14) according to the gingival margin location; 1 mm above and 1 mm below the cemento-enamel junction (C.E.J). Each subgroup was further divided into 2 categories (n = 7) according to the storage temperature; stored at room temperature or stored in refrigerator at 4°- 5° C. Epoxy resin replicas were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) to examine the marginal gaps. A gab scoring system was used to assess the marginal adaptation of each restoration by giving scores on the basis of measurements of the maximum marginal gaps. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using the Chi-square test at a significance level of p < 0.05.

RESULTS

None of the tested groups exhibited 100% gap-free margins irrespective of margin location or storage temperature. For both storage temperatures, no statistically significant difference was observed among all tested groups either with margins located above or below C.E.J (p > 0.05). As well, there was no statistically significant difference when comparing both marginal locations for each material (p > 0.05). Regarding the effect of storage temperature, statistically significant difference was only observed between the room-temperature stored groups with margins located above C.E.J and their corresponding groups stored in refrigerator (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The refrigeration of resin composite restorative materials prior to the restorative procedures revealed a deleterious effect on marginal adaptation of the restorations with margins located in enamel regardless the type of material used.

A parametrical finite element analysis for functionally graded material overlay restoration

The main cause of failure in bonded ceramic restorations is material fracture due to excessive stress concentration at the base of the prosthesis. The design of restorative functionally graded materials (FGM) could represent a major advance in dissipating mechanical stresses during occlusal contacts. The aim of this paper is to carry out a complete factorial design of finite element analyses to optimize a multilayer FGM introduced at the bottom of an overlay prosthesis. The number and thickness of layers vary within a spectrum compatible with ceramic shaping processes whereas Young's moduli variations are set in the range of dental tissues. For a 1.5-mm thick prosthesis, the optimal FGM configuration appears to be a 5 layers of 0.2 mm thickness with a linear distribution of Young's modulus from 30 to 70 GPa. This configuration was implemented in a 3D model of a restored tooth with realistic geometry to validate the proof-of-concept.

The Effects of Various Restorative Techniques on the Fracture Resistance of Pulpotomized Permanent Premolars

AIM

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of various restorative techniques on the fracture resistance of pulpotomized premolars with mesioocclusodistal (MOD) cavities treated with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) or calcium enriched mixture (CEM) cement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred and eight sound extracted maxillary premolars were randomly assigned to nine experimental groups (n = 12). The teeth in group 1 did not receive any preparation. Class II MOD cavities were prepared in the other experimental groups. In groups 2, 4, 6, and 8, tooth-colored MTA was used for pulpotomy. In groups 3, 5, 7, and 9, CEM cement was used for pulpotomy. Groups 2 and 3 were left unrestored. Groups 4 and 5 were restored with amalgam. Groups 6 and 7 were restored with a conventional composite resin, and groups 8 and 9 were restored with bulk-fill giomers. Fracture resistance was measured, the fracture pattern of each specimen was assessed, and the results were statistically analyzed.

RESULTS

The fracture resistance of group 1 was significantly higher than those of the other groups (p < 0.05). The fracture resistance of group 2 (MTA + amalgam) was statistically lower than those of all experimental groups (p values < 0.05) except groups 3, 4, and 5 (p values > 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between the groups restored with amalgam, conventional composite resin, and bulk-fill giomer (groups 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) (p values < 0.05). The highest rate of mode 1 fracture (restorable fracture) was observed in group 1 followed by groups 8 and 9.

CONCLUSION

No significant differences were found among the fracture resistances of the restored teeth using various restorative techniques. Bulk-fill giomers followed by conventional composite resin were better able to prevent unfavorable fractures compared to amalgam. Therefore, they seem to be more reliable for the restoration of pulpotomized teeth with MOD cavities.

Evaluating the Failure of Resin-based Materials on the Proximal Cervical Dentin

Background:

Resin-based materials are the popular restorative material in dentistry. The majority of these materials are light cured with a major disadvantage: marginal leakage.

Objective:

To evaluate the gap width of different resin-based materials at the cervical dentin when achieved mechanical force.

Methods:

Class II cavities were prepared on extracted premolar teeth with the gingival margin 1 mm below the Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ). In the first three experimental groups, three different lining materials (flowable resin composite, bulk-fill flowable resin composite, and resin-modified glass ionomer cement) were placed at the cervical dentin with a thickness of 1 mm. The rest of the cavities were restored with conventional resin composite. The other two groups were restored with conventional resin composite (control) or high viscosity bulk-fill resin composite, respectively. All groups were thermocycled and underwent vacuum pressure 2.6 KPa for 30 min in a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

Results:

There was no gap formation at the cervical dentin on the external surface when restored with high-viscosity bulk fill resin composite. Almost all gaps occurred at the interface between restorative materials and the hybrid layer. The flowable bulk fill resin composite showed a significantly smaller gap width on both the external and internal surfaces compared to the other groups (p< 0.05). The resin-modified glass ionomer cement showed the largest gaps in the cervical dentin (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The different types of resin-based materials demonstrated a different failure of gap width under mechanical force. It clearly occurred at the restorative material-hybrid layer interface.

Microleakage Analysis of Different Bulk-Filling Techniques for Class II Restorations: µ-CT, SEM and EDS Evaluations

This study aimed to compare two different bulk-filling techniques, evaluating the internal and external adaptation of class II resin-composite restorations, by analysing the gap formation using microcomputed tomography (µ-CT) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Two standardized mesio/disto-occlusal (MO/DO) cavities were prepared in eight extracted human third molars that were divided, according to the filling technique used, in the following two groups (n = 4): BG (Bulk&Go group) and BT (Bulk Traditional group). After universal bonding application, followed by the light curing, all teeth were restored using a bulk-fill composite. Specimens were scanned with µ-CT to evaluate 3D interfacial gaps. Acquired µ-CT data were analysed to quantify the gap formation. Complementary information to the µ-CT analysis were obtained by SEM. Thereafter, the chemical composition of tooth-restoration interface was analysed using EDS. The µ-CT analysis revealed gaps formation at the tooth-restoration interface for both the BG and BT groups, while within the restoration, only in the BT group there was evidence of microleakage formation. The scanning electron micrographs of both groups showed that the external marginal integrity of the restoration was preserved, while EDS showed the three different structures (tooth surface, adhesive layer and resin composite) of the tooth-restoration interface, highlighting the absence of gap formation. In both BG and BT, the two filling techniques did not show significant differences regarding the internal and external marginal adaptation of the restoration. To achieve a successful restoration, the clinician could be advised to restore a class II cavity using a single increment bulk-filling technique (BG), thus treating it as a class I cavity.

Probing the hierarchy of evidence to identify the best strategy for placing class II dental composite restorations using current materials

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this review is to present a synopsis of the existing clinical and in vitro evidence regarding placement of direct class II restorations with dental composites of varying viscosities, focusing on the marginal integrity achievable.

OVERVIEW

The literature on class II composites placed with various techniques was searched through PubMed, Scopus, and the citations of identified articles, focusing on aspects related to adaptation and clinical performance. Studies comparing layering of conventional composite to layering with a flowable liner, including the "snow plow technique," use of warmed composite, flowable bulk-fill liners with a conventional composite capping layer, and bulk-fill restorative in a single or incremental fill (including placement with sonic energy and dual-curing) CONCLUSIONS: In vitro and clinical evidence does not support any one specific method or material type for achieving optimal performance when restoring class II cavity preparations with current dental composites.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Although there are many available placement methods and types of composite materials on the market for use in class II restorations, the reasonable success presented in the clinical and laboratory literature for the various approaches suggests that the most important factor for achieving success is likely careful and proper placement and light-curing technique, independent of the approach.

Polymerization shrinkage, microhardness and depth of cure of bulk fill resin composites

The present in vitro study assessed the polymerization shrinkage/PS, Knoop microhardness/KHN and depth of cure/DC of 9 different resin composites : Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable (FBF), Surefill SDR flow (SDR), Xtra Base (XB), Filtek Z350XT Flowable (Z3F), Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior (FBP), Xtra Fill (SF), Tetric Evo Ceram Bulk Fill (TBF), Admira Fusion Xtra (ADM), and Filtek Z350XT (Z3XT). PS was assessed with a µ-CT machine, scanning 64 mm³ samples (n=8) before and after 20 s curing. KHN and DC were performed with a microhardness tester (n=8 for each group) right after 20 s light curing, with 3 readings per depth at every 0.5 mm. Low viscosity resin composites showed lower KHN values when compared with high viscosity resins. Z3XT showed the highest microhardness among the tested resin composites. Z3XT and Z3F showed lower DC when compared with bulk fill resin composites. All bulk fill resin composites presented depth of cure higher than 4.5 mm and similar or lower PS than conventional resin composites.

Clinical performance of Class I nanohybrid composite restorations with resin-modified glass-ionomer liner and flowable composite liner: A randomized clinical trial

Background:

Liners play a vital role in minimizing polymerization shrinkage stress by elastic bonding concept and increase the longevity and favorable outcome for composite restorations.

Aims:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of nanohybrid composite restorations using resin-modified glass-ionomer and flowable composite liners.

Settings and Design:

A single-centered, double-blinded randomized clinical trial, with split-mouth design and equal allocation ratio that was conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics.

Materials and Methods:

In forty patients, a total of eighty Class I restorations were placed with resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) liner (FUJI II LC, GC America) in one group and flowable composite liner (smart dentin replacement/SDR, Dentsply Caulk, Milford, DE, USA) in another group. All restorations were clinically evaluated by two examiners, immediately (baseline), 3, 6, and 12 months using US Public Health Service modified criteria.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Statistical analysis was performed using McNemar's test (P < 0.05).

Results:

There was no significant difference in the color match, marginal discoloration, surface roughness, and marginal adaptation. Restorations with RMGIC liner group show 20% Bravo scores on anatomic form at 12 months but are still clinically acceptable.

Conclusion:

Nanohybrid composite restorations with RMGIC (Fuji II LC) and flowable composite liner (SDR) demonstrated clinically acceptable performance after 12 months.

Microcomputed Tomography Evaluation of Volumetric Shrinkage of Bulk-Fill Composites in Class II Cavities

PURPOSE

This study aimed to quantify polymerization shrinkage of one conventional and three bulk-fill composites, under bonded and unbonded conditions, in Class II preparations using 3D microcomputed tomography (μCT) and report its location.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Preparations (2.5 mm occlusal depth × 4 mm wide × 4 mm mesial box and 1 mm beyond the CEJ distal box depth) were made in 48 human extracted molars (n = 6). Four composites were tested, one regular (Vitalescence/VIT) and three bulk-fill: SureFil SDR Flow (SDR), Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (TET), and Filtek flowable Bulk Fill (FIL). Teeth were divided into four groups according to restorative material used and subdivided into two subgroups, according to the presence of an adhesive system (XP Bond) application (bonded [-B]) or its absence (unbonded [-U]). Each tooth was scanned three times: (1) after cavity preparation, (2) before and (3) after composite light-curing. Acquired μCT images were imported into 2D and 3D software for analysis.

RESULTS

Significantly different volumetric shrinkage between bonded and unbonded conditions was observed only for TET group (p < 0.05), unbonded presenting significantly higher volumetric shrinkage. Among the bonded groups, TET-B presented significantly lower shrinkage than both SDR-B and FIL-B but not significantly different from VIT-B. Generally, shrinkage occurred at occlusal and distal surfaces.

CONCLUSIONS

When applied to bonded Class II cavities, TET exhibited significantly lower volumetric shrinkage compared to the other bulk-fill composites. However, it also exhibited the highest difference of volumetric shrinkage values between unbonded and bonded cavities.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Volumetric polymerization shrinkage occurred with all composites tested, regardless of material type (conventional or bulk-fill) or presence or absence of bonding. However, volumetric shrinkage has been reduced or at least maintained when bulk-fill composites were used compared to a conventional composite resin, which makes them a potential time saving alternative for clinicians. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:118-127, 2017).

Improving Composite Resin Performance Through Decreasing its Viscosity by Different Methods

The aim of this work was to present the different current methods of decreasing viscosity of resin composite materials such as (using flowable composites, lowering the viscosity of the monomer mixture, heating composites and applying sonic vibration) and furnish dentists with a basis that can provide criteria for choosing one or another to suit their therapeutic requirements. The four discussed methods proved that lowering composite viscosity improves its handling and facilitates its application to cavities with complicated forms, decreasing time for procedure and improving marginal adaptation. Other properties improved by decreasing composite resin viscosity were controversial between the four methods and affected by other factors such as composite brand and light cure unit.

The evaluation of various restoration techniques on internal adaptation of composites in class v cavities

Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different restoration techniques on the formation of internal microgaps between materials and dentin in class V restorations. Materials and Methods. Twenty-five extracted human premolars were prepared with standardized class V cavity outlines (3 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm). The cavities were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 cavities each and restored according to manufacturer's instructions: Group 1: preheating (55°C) conventional composite (Filtek Z250), Group 2: flowable composite (Filtek Flow), Group 3: Filtek Flow + Filtek Z250 light-cured separately, Group 4: Filtek Flow + Filtek Z250 light-cured simultaneously, and Group 5 (control): Filtek Z250 at room temperature (23°C). The specimens were then thermocycled and cross-sectioned through the center of the restoration. Subsequently, impressions were taken, and epoxy resin replicas were made. The internal adaptation of the materials to the axial wall was analyzed under SEM. Results. The preheated Filtek Z250 (Group 1) showed better internal adaptation than the room temperature groups (P < 0.05). The combination of Filtek Flow with Filtek Z250 which was light-cured separately (Group 3) exhibited better internal adaptation than control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Different restoration techniques exhibit different behavior regarding internal adaptation to dentin after photopolymerization.